Abstract: A membrane cartridge in an immersion type membrane separation apparatus capable of suppressing vibrations applied to the membrane cartridge by an ascending force of membrane cleaning gas and others by firmly coupling the adjacent membrane cartridges disposed in parallel. In a membrane cartridge in an immersion type membrane separation apparatus, selvages larger in thickness than a membrane cartridge main body are formed at both sides of the membrane cartridge, and a header forming part is formed on one selvage, and a guide hole is formed in other selvage relatively, and the header forming part and the guide hole of the membrane cartridge disposed adjacently by varying the direction mutually are formed to communicate and connect with each other.

Abstract: A hollow fiber membrane fluid transport device and its method of manufacture are disclosed wherein the fibers are comprised of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and the potting materials are comprised of fluorocopolymer and or fluoroterpolymer based materials. The potting method described herein, utilizes a compressed chemically resistant fluorocopolymer and or fluoroterpolymer film, allows for ease of manufacture without destruction of the PTFE hollow fibers, with high packing densities, and without the processing complexity of pre-melting, extruding, or chemical crosslinking of any polymeric adhesives. Furthermore, the PTFE hollow fibers can be treated with a fluoropolymeric solvent solution before the chemically resistant film is applied to enhance the adhesion of the PTFE fiber to the film.

Abstract: A hollow fiber membrane module characterized by having a tubular module case; a bundle of a multiplicity of hollow fiber membranes housed in the module case; adhesively fixing parts for fixing both side edge portions of the bundle in the module case in such a fashion that raw fluid can pass through the interior of the hollow fiber membranes; a permeated fluid communication part adapted for passable connection between both end faces outside the adhesively fixing parts by a pipe of diameter significantly larger than that of the hollow fiber membranes; and a raw fluid distribution supply part capable of feeding the raw fluid into the module case at one of the adhesively fixing parts, wherein the raw fluid distribution supply part has multiple raw fluid introduction holes made in hollow fiber membrane interspaces so as to be able to supply the raw fluid along the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membranes.

Abstract: A filter cartridge includes a one-piece housing having a port and a filtration element disposed in the housing. The filtration element is a coherent filter block that can be larger in cross dimension than the port. The filtration element can be a coherent filter block that generally conforms to the shape of the hollow interior, but is slightly smaller than the hollow interior so as to define a gap between the filtration element and the inner surface. One method for constructing a filter cartridge includes providing a housing having a hollow interior and at least one port, introducing a granular material into the hollow interior via the port, and transforming the granular material in the hollow material into a coherent filter block. Another method for constructing a filter cartridge includes providing a filtration element in the form of a coherent filter block, and overmolding a housing around the filtration element.

Abstract: A hollow-fiber membrane assembly having the function of preventing the membrane filaments from cracking, which comprises: hollow-fiber membrane filaments (1), protective film(s) (2) and fastening material (3), wherein the protective film (2) enwraps the outside of the hollow-fiber membrane filament(s) (1) near the end head (5), and a portion of the protective film (2) is immobilized in the fastening material (3), while the rest portion of the protective film (2) outside of the fastening material (3) is left free.

Abstract: A system, method and device are disclosed for bio-processing a feed stream and providing a constant output by operating a continuous single-pass tangential-flow process. The single-pass process provides high conversion concentration while operating at relatively low feed flow rates, and the process can also be used to provide constant output diafiltration.

Abstract: There is provided a hollow fiber membrane module (1) comprising: a membrane bundle (20) of a plurality of hollow fiber membranes (10); a cylindrical body (30) housing the membrane bundle (20); a fixing portion (40, 50) in which at least one end of the membrane bundle (20) is fixed to the cylindrical body (30); and a raw water outflow nozzle (34) for allowing raw water to flow out from the vicinity of the fixing portion (40). Raw water supplied into the cylindrical body (30) is allowed to permeate from the outside into the inside of each hollow fiber membrane (10). A soft potting portion (42) has, in its surface to be in contact with raw water, at least one groove (43).

Abstract: A hollow fiber membrane separation device with two flow spaces, of which a first space is formed by the capillary tube passages of a hollow-fiber bundle cast at its ends into a sealing compound, and a second space is formed by a housing enclosing the fiber bundle. The first space is sealed off by caps, placed on the sealing compounds, with seals running over the peripheral areas of the sealing compounds. The housing, into which the hollow-fiber bundle is drawn, at each end of its casing has tooth-like or pinnacle-like projections formed by axial notches or indentations running out freely. The tooth-like or pinnacle-like projections have extensions extending from the sides of the projections and extending to the adjacent tooth-like or pinnacle-like projection.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing the effect of integrity loss in a hollow fiber membrane module, said module including a plurality of hollow fiber membranes (5), at least one end of the fiber membranes (5) being supported in a pot (6), the method including the step of increasing flow resistance of the liquid through the lumen (8) of the fiber membrane (5) in the region of the pot (6).

Abstract: A fluid filter module including an end cap assembly disposed about at least one end of a tubular-shaped housing. The end cap assembly includes a base, fluid port and sealed boss which may optionally comprise an integrally molded structure.

Abstract: A system, method and device are disclosed for bio-processing a feed stream and providing a constant output by operating a continuous single-pass tangential-flow process. The single-pass process provides high conversion concentration while operating at relatively low feed flow rates, and the process can also be used to provide constant output diafiltration.

Abstract: Device (5) for filtering blood including a filter unit (7) having a blood filter, an inlet (8) for blood to be filtered and being connectable to an artery of a patient and a blood outlet (9) for filtered blood and being connectable to a vein of the patient, and having a filtrate container (6,14), that encloses the filter unit (7), for receiving filtrate (12) passing through the blood filter during a filtering process and that the filtrate container (6,14) is a closed container, which in a filled state is arranged to establish a counter-pressure over the blood filter, whereby the filtering process is interrupted. The invention also concerns a system including the above device.

Abstract: The invention concerns a composite support comprising a base support for the treatment of a biological fluid, in which: “the base support is essentially-constituted by a first polymer carrying anionic or anionizable groups;” at least a part of the surface of the base support is coated with a second polymer ionically bonded to the first polymer, the second polymer carrying the cationic or cationizable groups which are capable of forming an ionic bond with the anionic or anionizable groups of the first polymer; in which the second polymer is in the colloidal form and in mixture with a polyacid during application to the support, allowing the composite membrane to adsorb at least one entity containing anionic or anionizable groups by bonding with cationic or cationizable groups of the second polymer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing a hollow fiber membrane bundle having an end fixed with a casting material wherein the ends of hollow fiber membranes are fixed with the casting material in a condition that an insert is placed inside a hollow fiber membrane bundle at a position inner than a region where a fixing portion is formed, and then the insert is removed from the inside of the hollow fiber membrane bundle; and relates to a method of producing a hollow fiber membrane filter element through this method. The hollow fiber membrane bundle produced by the method of the present invention can be used in various types of filtration treatment such as external pressure filtration.

Abstract: The invention is a pervaporation process and pervaporation equipment, using a series of membrane modules, and including inter-module reheating of the feed solution under treatment. The inter-module heating is achieved within the tube or vessel in which the modules are housed, thereby avoiding the need to repeatedly extract the feed solution from the membrane module train.

Abstract: The object of the invention is a unit element forming a membrane comprising a semi-permeable material able to separate in two compartments a filtration device for extracorporeal treatment of a fluid such as blood or plasma, said material being negatively charged, said element having a first internal face intended to be in direct contact with blood or plasma and a second external face intended to be in contact with filtrate, wherein said second face of said element is treated on the surface by one selected in the group comprising at least a cationic polymer, a mixture of polymers of which at least one polymer is cationic. The unit element can also have said first face treated on the surface by one selected in the group comprising: at least one cationic polymer, a mixture of polymers of which at least one polymer is cationic.

Abstract: A rapid one-pass liquid filtration system efficiently concentrates biological particles that are suspended in liquid from a dilute feed suspension. A sample concentrate or retentate suspension is retained while eliminating the separated fluid in a separate flow stream. Suspended biological particles include such materials as proteins/toxins, viruses, DNA, and/or bacteria in the size range of approximately 0.001 micron to 20 microns diameter. Concentration of these particles is advantageous for detection of target particles in a dilute suspension, because concentrating them into a small volume makes them easier to detect. Additional concentration stages may be added in “cascade” fashion, in order to concentrate particles below the size cut of each preceding stage remaining in the separated fluid in a concentrated sample suspension. This process can also be used to create a “band-pass” concentration for concentration of a particular target size particle within a narrow range.

Abstract: A filtration device is provided having a large number of filters, each comprising a filter element and a casing. The device includes filter strings constructed so that a plurality of filters are connected in a row by header tubes, at least two rows of filter strings are further connected in parallel by a filtrate recovery collecting tube, and the filtrate recovery collecting tube is placed at a higher position than the filtrate recovery header tubes.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for desalination of salt water based on an engineered acoustic field that causes constructive and destructive interference at pre-computed spatial positions. The engineered acoustic field can cause high-pressure and low-pressure regions where desalination membranes are located. The induced pressure from the acoustic field can force pure water through the membranes leaving ionic and dissolved molecular species behind.

Abstract: To provide a method for manufacturing a module having a selectively permeable membrane wherein the surface of the selectively permeable membrane thereof can be washed with good efficiency and further contaminants having been exfoliated from the surface of the membrane by a washing operation can be discharged from the inside of a housing with good efficiency; and the above module having a selectively permeable membrane. A module wherein a selectively permeable membrane is held in a housing and both ends of the above selectively permeable membrane are fixed, the both ends of the above selectively permeable membrane are fixed to an upper holder and an under holder connected by at least one washing tube, and then, the membrane is held in the housing; and a module having a selectively permeable membrane manufactured by the above manufacturing method.

Abstract: The invention provides a sealing gasket for mounting in a passage (5) of a support plate (4) to surround the end of a tubular-shaped filter element (3) provided with at least one fluid flow channel (31), the channel lying within a flow section Sc, the gasket being constituted in the form of a sleeve: possessing a height h not less than the height hps of the passage (5) in the support plate (4); and presenting an overlap bore (15) for the filter element (3) defined between one end (16) of the sleeve and a shoulder (17) which co-operates with the other end of the sleeve to define a channel bore (19) for the fluid, the shoulder (17) possessing a surface for acting as an abutment for the terminal portion of the filter element and presenting dimensions that are adapted to extend outside the flow section Sc so as to avoid impeding fluid circulation, the overlap bore (15) being provided with a groove (28) adjacent to the shoulder (17) in order to allow the gasket to creep.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and method for simultaneous extrarenal blood purification therapy and respiration support therapy. The apparatus includes a CO2 removing means having a first inlet for receiving a flow of blood for CO2 removal and a first outlet for expelling blood deprived of CO2. The apparatus also includes filtering means having a first inlet for receiving the flow of blood, a first outlet for expelling purified blood, and at least one drain channel. The drain channel directs a diluting liquid obtained from the blood expelled during purification of the blood. The drain channel is directly connected to the first inlet of the CO2 removing means to supply the diluting liquid to the CO2 removing means without submitting the diluting liquid to any filtering treatment during passage along the drain channel.

Abstract: The present invention provides a hollow fiber membrane where the membrane strength and pressure resistance to pressurization from the dialysate side is ensured, the retaining rate of water permeability after the repeated pressure load from outside is high, the resistance to the pressure from outside is excellent and the assembling property into module (low leakage rate at the adhered part) is satisfactory at the same time. The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing the same, and a blood purification module. An annealing spinning method was found where a spinning dope is discharged from a nozzle into a coagulation bath, an appropriate elongation is applied so as to enhance the membrane strength, an elongation is continued during a water-washing step so as not to relax the elongation, and no elongation is applied during drying whereby the strain is relaxed.

Abstract: A degassing device (203) comprises a first chamber (21) having an inlet for a liquid, and a second chamber (22) having an opening (23) closed by a hydrophobic membrane (24) and an outlet (25) for discharging the liquid. The first chamber (21) has a downstream portion that partially extends within the second chamber (22) and communicates therewith by a passageway (28). The second chamber (22) has a downstream portion that extends below the passageway (28) and asymmetrically surrounds the downstream portion of the first chamber (21).

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for increasing the duration of uninterrupted filtering flow by using crossflow filtration and ultrasonic energy in difficult to filter process liquids (e.g. of the kind having (1) a carrier liquid, (2) coalescing solids particles which tend to adhere and bridge filter element gaps sized substantially larger than such particles, and (3) larger impurity elements to be filtered out of such process liquid and sized larger than such filter element gaps).

Abstract: A separation module which contains at least one bundle of ceramic capillaries (9), in which, for controlling the material transport and the flow in the separation module, a certain distance is established between the capillaries (9) by joining. The separation module can be used in a variety of ways in the separation of substances by filtration, also in combination with further measures of chemical process engineering.

Abstract: A cartridge apparatus for water treatment includes a header having a permeate cavity, a plurality of support elements spaced apart from the header, and a plurality of subgroups of hollow fiber membranes, the membranes in each subgroup having first ends potted in the header, and second ends potted in a respective one of the plurality of support elements.

Abstract: A tubular pressure vessel for cross-flow filtration having two centrally located side ports that penetrate the sidewall and communicate with a central chamber that divides the pressure vessel bore into two axially separated sections that each contain a plurality of cylindrical, cross-flow filtration cartridges. The pair of diametrically opposed, central side ports are provided through the use of a short length of tubing that provides structural stability to the overall pressure vessel arrangement. A feedstream may enter the pressure vessel centrally and flow in both axial directions, creating two permeate streams and two concentrate streams, the latter of which might exit through horizontal side ports located near each end of the pressure vessel. Interconnecting such tubular side port structures in adjacent pressure vessels in a vertical stack provides a load-bearing vertical column and allows a single feed line to supply multiple pressure vessels.

Abstract: The invention relates to a membrane filter unit for liquid or gaseous media, comprising a bundle of capillary membranes which are open on at least one front surface side and which are cast in an area which is close to the end of the open membrane ends, in a sealing layer forming a hardened head part. The open membrane ends protrude on the outer side of the sealing layer. The sealing layer is arranged on a spacer element which has a layer which is penetrated by the capillary membranes and which is non-permeable in relation to the casting material which hardens in order to form the sealing layer. The invention also relates to a method for the production of a membrane filter unit.

Abstract: A gas-separation membrane module assembly and a gas-separation process using the assembly. The assembly includes a set of tubes, each containing gas-separation membrane elements, arranged within a housing. The housing contains tube sheets that divide the space within the housing into three separate, gas-tight spaces, with the tubes mounted in the central space. Feed gas enters the tubes through apertures positioned to feed multiple membrane elements within a tube in parallel, and one or more manifolds are used to collect residue gas from the membrane elements and direct the gas to the residue port or to a second group of membrane elements within the tube. The assembly can be used in various ways to carry out gas separation processes.

Abstract: A hollow fiber membrane module with good ventilativity is disclosed, which is capable of reducing a time period for completely filling a water space of housing with water introduced through a water inlet by quickly replacing the air in the water space with the water thereby improving the efficiency of water flow.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the combining of hollow fibers to form a bundle, wherein after a batch-wise taking of continuously manufactured hollow fibers onto a reel apparatus the hollow fibers placed together to form bundles are wound around by means of a winding film and are subsequently welded. Such hollow fibers represent intermediate products in the manufacture of dialyzers for use in hemodialysis.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a membrane module including a first plurality of fibers capable of filtering fluids that are helically wound in layers creating a mono helix. Fluids to be treated can flow radially with respect to a longitudinal axis of the mono helix or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the mono helix. The membrane module can further include a second plurality of fibers that are helically wound with the first plurality of fibers to create a dual helix. The second plurality of fibers can have different properties than the first plurality of fibers in order to achieve different filtering functionalities.

Abstract: The invention relates to extracorporeal blood circuits, and components thereof (e.g., hollow fiber membranes, potted bundles, and blood tubing), including 0.005% to 10% (w/w) surface modifying macromolecule. The extracorporeal blood circuits have an antithrombogenic surface and can be used in hemofiltration, hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration, hemoconcentration, blood oxygenation, and related uses.

Abstract: A filled epoxy tubesheet comprises an epoxy filled with a metal, such as aluminum flakes. Embodiments of the filled epoxy tubesheets can bend due to stress on the surface rather than crack. Embodiments of the filled epoxy tubesheet can be used to improve Air Separation Module performance by reducing or eliminating leakage through crack in the tubesheet.

Abstract: A membrane module (3) comprising a plurality of porous hollow membranes (8). The membranes (8) extend between and are fixed at each end in a header (5, 6). One header (6) has one or more of openings (12) formed therein. The openings (12) are in fluid communication with a source of gas and/or liquid (13, 14, 15). The other of the headers (5) is sealingly connected to and in fluid communication with a head-piece (9). The head-piece (9) is adapted to couple to an associated head-piece of a further module to form a rack of modules (17). A potting head (6) for use in mounting porous hollow membranes (8) is also disclosed comprising a preformed potting element (29). The potting element (29) includes one or more cavities (30) for receiving curate potting material which, in use, supports said membranes (8).

Abstract: A membrane filtration device has a multiplicity of hollow fiber membranes, or fibers, unconfined in a shell of a module; a first header and a second header disposed in vertically spaced-apart relationship; said first header and said second header having opposed ends of each fiber sealingly secured therein, all open ends of said fibers open to a permeate-discharging face of at least one header; permeate collection means to collect said permeate, sealingly connected in open fluid communication with a permeate-discharging face of at least one of said headers; means to withdraw said permeate; said fibers, said headers and said permeate collection means together forming an integrated combination wherein said fibers are essentially vertically disposed and ends of individual fibers are potted in closely spaced-apart relationship in cured resin; with opposed faces at a fixed distance; each of said fibers having a length from 0.1% to less than 5% greater.

Abstract: The invention discloses a kind of porous membrane filtration component for treating water, specifically it discloses a kind of suspending porous hollow fiber membrane bundle for treating highly turbid waste water. The component includes some porous hollow fiber membrane yarns and casting heads arranged at both ends of respective yarns, wherein the connections between the said casting heads and membrane filtration module are flexible connections, at least one end of the flexible connection the cast header is connected with a hollow tube or cord, and the membrane bundle hangs on the said membrane filtration module, suspending freely. The invention provides a suspending porous hollow membrane bundle that can effectively remove contaminants adhered to the surface of the membrane yarns, makes its membrane yarns difficult to rupture, has a longer service life, and produces water with steady quality.

Abstract: A filtration system includes two end manifolds formed from blocks which are adapted to receive two or more reverse osmosis filtration tubes and to provide separate flow channels for the feed and filtered flows through the tubes. The end manifolds are machined from a block of nylon or similar resilient material and have cylindrical grooves formed to receive the outer and inner tubes of the filtration tubes and annular grooves formed within these cylindrical grooves to restrain O rings which seal the outer and inner tubes have channels formed between the cylindrical grooves which receive the outer and inner tubes of the filtration tubes which channels provide separate flow paths for the feed and filtered flows.

Abstract: A connector apparatus is provided which is configured to replace a separation module in a system for dispensing a fluid. When it is desired to purge the system of a dispensed fluid, the connector apparatus, having the same configuration of an inlet and an outlet as the separation module, replaces the separation module and a purging fluid is passed through the system.

Abstract: Multiple water purifier modules are stacked in a rack having manifolds for each of the various water filtration functions: feed, concentrate, and filtrate. Each module connects to the rack by a quick connect for each of the filtration tubes. The quick connects are of the self-sealing type. A handle on the end of the module away from the rack has a lever for causing the quick connects to release the module from the rack while the system remains in operation. The, module can then be totally removed from the rack for testing, service, or replacement while the overall system remains in operation. Each module contains complete filtration media. The water is passed into the feed tubes under pressure where it passes into an elongated cavity filled with elongated hollow fibers. Filtrate, such as purer water, passes through the walls of the hollow fibers to an outlet, while concentrate, which is fluid with a high percent of impurities, flows from the cavity into concentrate tubes to another outlet for disposal.

Abstract: [Problem] To present a membrane cartridge in an immersion type membrane separation apparatus capable of suppressing vibrations applied to the membrane cartridge by an ascending force of membrane cleaning gas and others by firmly coupling the adjacent membrane cartridges disposed in parallel. [Solving Means] In a membrane cartridge A in an immersion type membrane separation apparatus, selvages 3 larger in thickness than a membrane cartridge main body 1 are formed at both sides of the membrane cartridge A, and a header forming part 4 is formed on one selvage 3, and a guide hole 5 is formed in other selvage 3 relatively, and the header forming part 4 and the guide hole 5 of the membrane cartridge A disposed adjacently by varying the direction mutually are formed to communicate and connect with each other.

Abstract: A concentrator is used for concentrating a fluid, particularly a plasma component out of blood, for treatment of a patient. The concentrator apparatus includes a main housing defining a centrifuge chamber, that also holds the filter. The concentrator allows viewing of the fluid after centrifuging, with an outlet port positionable at a height corresponding to the level of the fraction of the fluid to be further concentrated. Once the fluid is centrifuged, a portion of the fluid is drawn through the outlet, and then pressured past the filter to further concentrate the fluid using the same vessel as used for centrifuging. The same plunger is preferably used to draw centrifuged fluid from the centrifuge chamber as to pressure the centrifuged fluid past the filter.

Abstract: A contained liquid membrane contactor includes a perforated center tube, first and second membrane mats each with a first and a second end both being open, four tube sheets affixing the membrane mats to the center tube, a shell sealed to the tube sheets, and two end caps. The first end of the first mat extends a first distance beyond the second end of the second mat. The first end of the first mat is open at the first tube sheet while the first end of the second mat is open at the second tube sheet. The second end of the first mat is between the second and fourth tube sheets and the second end of the second mat is between the first and third tube sheets.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide: a screen-like object made of hollow fibers, a method of manufacturing a hollow fiber bundle, a cylindrical module of hollow fiber membrane, and an immersion type module of hollow fiber membrane wherein the hollow fibers are easy to bundle while keeping fiber-to-fiber intervals. The screen-like object made of hollow fibers includes: porous hollow fibers 10 disposed parallel at even intervals, tapes 26 for tying together the hollow fibers respectively at both ends of the hollow fibers, and a water-soluble tape for tying together the hollow fibers at a position apart from both ends of the hollow fibers across the hollow fibers.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a membrane module including a first plurality of fibers capable of filtering fluids that are helically wound in layers creating a mono helix. Fluids to be treated can flow radially with respect to a longitudinal axis of the mono helix or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the mono helix. The membrane module can further include a second plurality of fibers that are helically wound with the first plurality of fibers to create a dual helix. The second plurality of fibers can have different properties than the first plurality of fibers in order to achieve different filtering functionalities.

Abstract: A filter device having filter means, in particular hollow fiber membranes, arranged in more than one filtration compartment within a filter housing. The filter device thereby allows more than one filtration process to be carried out serially and/or simultaneously within a single housing. For example a dialysis type filtration process such as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration or hemodialysis may be carried out at the same time as an ultrafiltration process or as another hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration or hemodialysis process. The device may have a split shell construction bonded or welded together along longitudinal seams. Internal separating walls within the housing are formed integrally with the shell portions of the housing to form adjacent filtration compartments when the housing portions are joined together.

Abstract: A separation system including a pressure vessel containing a plurality of membrane cartridge assemblies is provided for the separation of a fluid feed. The separation system typically includes an elongated pressure vessel having a feed stream inlet, a residual stream and at least one permeate stream outlet. Disposed within the pressure vessel are a first tube sheet assembly defining a first permeate reservoir, a first fluid reservoir, and a plurality of membrane cartridge assemblies. The first tube sheet assembly includes a first pair of tube sheets, which define the first permeate reservoir therebetween, and a plurality of first sleeves disposed between the first pair of tube sheets. The first permeate reservoir is in fluid communication with the at least one permeate stream outlet. The at least one membrane cartridge assembly includes a membrane cartridge and a first permeate adapter joined to a first end of the membrane cartridge.

Abstract: Devices, methods, and system that prevent clotting of blood during blood-processing procedures such as hemofiltration, hemodialysis, and hemodiafiltration are described. A filter with a cap has a housing that is shaped to receive a blood filter. The housing has an inlet for blood and may have an outlet for waste and ultrafiltrate. The cap is attached to the housing. The cap has an outlet for blood and a port adjacent the outlet for receiving dilution fluid. Methods of use during blood-processing procedures to provide immediate hemodilution to blood exiting entering and/or exiting a filter are also described.

Abstract: A gas-scrubbed vertical cylindrical skein of “fibers” has their opposed terminal portions held in headers unconfined in a modular shell, and aerated with a cleansing gas supplied by a gas-distribution means which produces a mass of bubbles serving the function of a scrub-brush for the outer surfaces of the fibers. The skein is surprisingly effective with relatively little cleansing gas, the specific flux through the membranes reaching an essentially constant relatively high value because the vertical deployment of fibers allows bubbles to rise upwards along the outer surfaces of the fibers. The effectiveness is critically dependent upon the length of each fiber in the skein. That length is in the range from at least 0.1% more than the fixed distance between opposed faces of the skein's headers, but less than 5% greater than the fixed distance.