Abstract: A chemical feed system for use in industrial fluid systems is disclosed. The system comprises a fluid source, containers for storing additives, pumps for proportionally dispensing the additives, and a filter to remove unwanted matter from the fluid stream. The invention is partially applicable to poultry drinking water systems.

Abstract: A method for reducing cyanide contaminants in refinery waste waters prior to reuse or release into the environment comprising adding to the waters a cyanide reactive scavenger comprising at least one amine-aldehyde reaction product.

Abstract: A tertiary treatment unit is provided that has a first filtration unit operatively connected to an influent for filtering solids therefrom to form an effluent, a second filtration unit operatively connected to the first filtration unit to receive the effluent and to filter finer solids and bacteria and viruses from the effluent, a supply tank operatively connected to the effluent to provide chemicals that are mixed into the effluent, and a reactor that receives the effluent and removes nitrogen and some phosphorous therefrom to form a treated effluent. The treatment unit further has a first adsorption unit that receives the treated effluent and adsorbs additional nitrogen, BOD, TSS and certain chemicals from the treated effluent, and a second adsorption unit that receives the partially adsorbed treated effluent from the first adsorption unit and adsorbs additional phosphorous from the treated effluent to form the final effluent.

Abstract: A process wherein a liquid influent stream containing such an amount of a reactant that decomposition thereof to a desired concentration evolves, at the prevailing pressure and temperature, at least 0.5 volumes of gas per volume of the influent stream, is continuously passed through a volume of a particulate catalyst that is sufficient to decompose said reactant to said desired concentration and the evolved gas rises to the surface of said liquid and disengages therefrom into a gas space above said liquid, thereby providing an effluent stream having said desired concentration of said reactant.

Abstract: A system for the preparation of a lime slurry and metering of the slurry, which prevents scaling and plugging of equipment and piping. The elimination of scaling and ease of metering are achieved by a combination of process steps in an automated operating sequence. The system is particularly adaptable to the addition of lime to municipal water systems for reduction of the acidity of the water.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition and method of administering same for inhibiting the growth of aerobic microorganisms. The composition of the present invention includes sufficient amounts of an oxidant and glutaraldehyde. The method of the present invention includes the step of adding the oxidant and glutaraldehyde to industrial process waters.

Abstract: The invention is a process for purifying wastewater containing organic and color-causing pollutants. The three unit processes include a first stage aerobic or anaerobic biophysical treatment, a second stage oxidizer treatment, and a third stage adsorbent contact treatment. The biophysical treatment removes the majority of the pollutants while the oxidizer treatment destroys residual organics and color-causing pollutants. The adsorbent contact treatment destroys any residual oxidizer in the wastewater and/or adsorbs any residual oxidation products. The preferred adsorbent is powdered activated carbon and the preferred oxidizer is some form of chlorine, e.g. sodium hypochlorite. The process may be operated in either a continuous flow mode or a batch flow mode.

Abstract: A method and process for the treatment of liquids, including moving injection wands into a tank containing the liquid to be treated and injecting a treating solution through the injection wands to increase the reaction mixing between the injected treating solution and the liquid being treated.

Abstract: A process for the removal of mercury from industrial waste streams is disclosed wherein the waste stream is a nitrate based solution that has been decomposed by the addition of hypochlorite. The method involves adding a reducing agent to reduce the hypochlorite and/or adjusting the pH by the use of a strong acid to less than about 2.0, converting any residual chlorine to a soluble unreactive salt, adding a soluble precipitating agent, such as sodium sulfide, to the solution in a ratio to the mercury present of greater than 1:1 to about 2:1 to precipitate out the mercury as a mercury compound. The solution is then filtered to remove the precipitated mercury compound.

Abstract: A chemical process for the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde and other organic compounds contained in a dilute aqueous solution, particularly waste water. The inventive feature resides in the use of a cobalt catalyst, at ambient temperature, at a pH of 5.5, to increase the rate of oxidation of the organic compounds when hypochlorous acid is the oxidant. The latter may be provided by a chlorine compound, such as sodium hypochlorate, calcium hypochlorite or chlorine gas dissolved in water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to specific activated carbon materials including from 1 to 5% by weight of nitrogen, from 3 to 30% by weight of oxygen and from 40 to 95% by weight of carbon, and having an average pore radius of from 15 to 30 .ANG., with the proviso that mesopores occupy at least 50% by volume based on the total pore volume, and also relates a process for the preparation thereof, and to the use thereof as catalysts.

Abstract: A method is provided for treating a sewage sludge-derived oil having a particular chemical composition, to reduce its odor. The method includes the first step of distilling the sewage sludge-derived oil to 150.degree. C. to remove water and volatile organic components, and then the essential step of circulating a gas consisting essentially of carbon dioxide gas therethrough.

Abstract: A chemical method of removing thiourea from spent hydrochloric acid cleaning solutions comprising the steps of: adjusting the pH to not less than 12 by addition of base to remove metal hydroxides; oxidizing thiourea to urea by the addition of at least a stoichimetric amount of oxidant per mole of thiourea; and further oxidizing urea to nonregulated/nonhazardous compounds by the addition of at least 3 moles of a hypochlorite per mole of urea. UV analysis confirms a greater than 98% removal of thiourea from solutions containing 0.4 to 2.7 wt. % thiourea after as little as 3 hours with an exotherm, .DELTA.t, of less than 105.degree. F.

Abstract: This invention relates to controlling corrosion in aqueous systems and more particularly to using certain calcium insensitive phosphonomethyl amine oxide compounds. The compounds of this invention are water soluble phosphonomethyl amine oxides having at least one oxidized tertiary amine group of the formula: ##STR1## and water soluble salts thereof and having a cloud point of at least about 25 ppm.

Abstract: A method of removing undesired ions, such as chlorine, hypochlorite, chromium, cyanide and heavy metal ions, from an aqueous preparation containing one or more of said ions consists of adding to the aqueous preparation an effective amount of magnesium bisulfite to inactivate the undesired ions and then adjusting the pH of the mixture to an appropriate pH. Compositions containing magnesium bisulfite and divalent and trivalent ions are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for sanitizing swimming pool water comprises introducing in controlled amounts, a bromide donor and an oxidizing agent therefor to provide the desired sanitizing action in the pool, measuring the levels of both active bromine and bromide in the treated water and regulating the quantity of materials introduced into the pool accordingly.

Abstract: A process for treatment of waste aqueous process streams from industrial process containing both cyanide ions and dissolved ammonia to reduce the cyanide content, comprising the consecutive steps: (a) adding a halogenating agent to the solution while maintaining the pH of the solution at greater then 7; (b) removing ammonia from the solution by aeration; (c) acidifying the solution to a pH of less then 7; (d) substantially neutralizing the solution; and (e) removing the ammonia from the solution by aeration.

Abstract: A process for treating wastewater the improvement which comprises admixing with the wastewater at least 0.5 percent by weight of a solution consisting of hypochlorous acid having a pH of less than 3 to prepare disinfected wastewater having substantially no available chlorine residual.The novel process of the present invention provides rapid, intimate mixing of the highly pure, highly acidic hypochlorous acid solution with the wastewater stream to disinfect wastewater bodies while minimizing unwanted side effects. The process eliminates the need for storing and handling pressurized gaseous or liquid chlorine.

Abstract: A process for sanitizing impotable water the improvement which comprises admixing with the impotable water a solution consisting of hypochlorous acid containing at least 0.5 percent by weight of HOCl and having a pH of less than 3 to prepare potable water having an available chlorine residual.

Abstract: An integrated process for heavy metal and cyanide removal in aqueous waste stream from plating processes wherein cyanide is oxidized by hypochlorite at approximately pH of 11.5 and hexavalent chromium is reduced to trivalent chromium at ambient temperature with ferrous sulfate at pH of 9.5; excess hypochlorite from cyanide destruction reacts with ferrous sulfate and additional ferrous sulfate is added to reduce hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium to allow hydroxide co-precipitation with hydroxides of the ferric iron and hydroxides of copper, chromium, zinc, cadmium, manganese, etc., which are then separated by settling and filtration.

Abstract: A dewatering porocess and apparatus for recovering water from waste drilling fluid for concurrent reutilization in an active drilling operation includes a storage area, an intermixer for introducing treatment chemicals into the waste drilling fluid and a centrifuge. Flocculation is chemically induced in the waste drilling fluid as it passes through the intermixing means for introducing treatment chemicals into the waste drilling fluid. The waste drilling fluid is then transferred to the centrifuge wherein it is separated into solid waste and clear reuseable water. The water is returned to the storagge area and may be chemically adjusted prior to being returned to the drilling rig.

Abstract: A process for removing color and oxidizable organic matter from thermally conditioned sludge liquor is disclosed. The process comprises treating the liquor with 250 to 430 mg/l chlorine which removes 20 to 70 percent of the color and produces a chlorine residual in the liquor. The chlorine-treated liquor is mixed with a small volume of untreated thermal conditioning liquor to remove the chlorine residual, and the dechlorinated mixture is returned to the treatment plant influent for additional treatment.

Abstract: The ability of a waste treatment process to remove selenium from a waste stream is improved by pretreating the waste with a compound selected from the group having the formulaX(ZO.sub.a).sub.b,Q.sub.m O.sub.n,ClO.sub.3,Cl.sub.2 O.sub.6,Br.sub.3 O.sub.8,I.sub.2 O.sub.5, andmixtures thereof, wherein X is a cation, Z is halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, a is an integer from 1-3, b is an integer equal to the valence of X, Q is chlorine or bromine, and m and n are each 1 or 2, provided than m+n equals 3.

Abstract: A process for decomposing a solution of a hydroxylammonium compound includes raising the pH of the solution to about 8 or higher and reacting the alkaline solution with a source of hypohalite ions. The process decomposes solutions of hydroxylammonium salts in a manner which produces benign liquid and gas effluents which can be readily disposed of or discharged.

Abstract: A process for recovering sulfuric acid from an aqueous sulfuric acid solution containing ferrous sulfate is disclosed, which comprises electrolyzing the aqueous sulfuric acid solution containing ferrous sulfate to thereby oxidize ferrous ion dissolved in the solution to ferric ion, and then removing the ferric ion by solvent extraction using a solvent and an extractant.

Abstract: Water supply contamination is reduced within a formation or eliminated in a flooding procedure utilizing an alkaline aqueous solution. Biodegradable polymer provides a desired viscosity and mobility. Biodegradable surfactant and alkali provide any needed interfacial tension reduction. Additives, e.g., chelating agents, can be utilized for solubilization of insoluble contaminants.

Abstract: A solid calcium hypochlorite composition contains hydrated calcium hypochlorite and an alkali metal salt of phosphonobutane polycarboxylic acid having an available chlorine concentration of at least 50 percent by weight and a water content of at least 4 percent by weight.It has been found that the use of the novel compositions of the present invention can significantly reduce scale formation in dispensers for calcium hypochlorite particularly where water having high total alkalinity is used. The prevention or inhibition of scale formation is accomplished without harmfully affecting other properties of the pool water such as the pH.

Abstract: A calcium hypochlorite tablet useful as a toilet bowl cleaner, said tablet being prepared by compressing a dry mixture of granular calcium hypochlorite and a finely divided water-insoluble resin having a molecular weight of between about 10,000 to about 1,000,000, which resin is inert to calcium hypochlorite and which has good cold flow characterisitics, said resin comprising from about 10 to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.

Abstract: The method for the deoxidation of chlorinated water, more particularly sea water, by means of a low oxygen content stripping gas, comprises a closed circuit in which a liquid absorbent circulates. For dechlorination, the liquid absorbent is brought into contact in an absorption column with the stripping gas charged with oxygen and chlorine. The absorbent is of a nature not to absorb at least one of the components comprising carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrocarbons, and is fed to the absorption column by a pump from a reservoir in the circuit.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting the corrosion of the metal surfaces of beer pasteurizing units in contact with halogenated water vapor which comprise treating these halogenated waters with at least 1/4 ppm sulfamic acid for each ppm of halogen present in these waters.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the removal of biofilms composed of microorganisms from submerged surfaces in an aqueous medium comprising contacting said biofilm with an aqueous stabilized chlorine dioxide and at least one nutrient source, wherein said nutrient source is provided in an amount effective to result in the generation of one or more acidic compounds by said biofilm, and the aqueous stabilized chlorine dioxide is provided in an amount sufficient, when activated by said one or more acidic compounds generated by said microorganisms, to kill a sufficient number of microorganisms in the biofilm to result in the biofilm's removal. Optionally a second biocide may be provided with or after the nutrient source to kill any microorganisms released from the biofilm during its removal and thereby inhibit the reformation of the biofilm.

Abstract: Recreational water, e.g., swimming pools, as opposed to industrial water, containing a source of free available halogen, e.g., chlorine, is treated with amounts of a 2-oxazolidinone, e.g., 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone to thereby inhibit the growth of algae during the absence of biocidal amounts of free available halogen.

Abstract: A chlorine compound containing chemical tablet for dissolution into a surrounding body of water which includes an elongated tablet with length longer than thickness having an elongate central section connecting two opposing obliquely tapered ends along a longitudinal axis and an elongate tablet shell encasing the tablet having a corresponding elongate central section connecting two opposing obliquely tapered ends. The ends of the shell have openings therein and form an inwardly sloping and obliquely angled junction with the shell's elongate central section. The encased tablet lies in a skimmer unit on its side along a longitudinal axis and dissolves in a generally uniform and slow rate.

Abstract: A method of treating bodies of water such as lakes to correct chemical, biological or other imbalances in the aquatic environment by accurately dispensing a treatment agent into the water in an amount based upon the volume of water being passed over and continuously determined by detection means for the speed of the boat or vessel carrying the dispensing means and the depth of the weater being passed over. When the water is being neutralized by a chemical addition, the pH of the water may also be continuously monitored. A boat particularly designed and adapted for practicing the method is also disclosed. The boat includes a main tank partially supported or floated by the water at least when the tank is loaded and also stabilized and partially or additionally supported by lateral inwardly and outwardly adjustable pontoons when loaded. The boat includes sparging, or mixing, and above or below water dispensing means to dispense the treatment agent.

Abstract: A catalyst for decomposing an oxidising agent, such as hypochlorite ions, in an effluent comprises an intimate mixture of at least one finely divided Group IIA oxide and finely divided nickel oxide, and/or hydrates thereof, supported on pieces of a non-porous substantially inert material. Some of the nickel may be replaced by cobalt. The Group IIA oxide forms 0.5 to 50% by weight of said intimate mixture. The nickel and Group IIA oxides may be applied by contacting the support with a solution of a suitable salt, eg nitrates. Where the support is a Group IIA compound, eg magnesia, the Group IIA oxide may be incorporated into the intimate mixture by contacting the support with an acid solution of the nickel salt. In use the nickel oxide as oxidised to a higher oxidation state than NiO.

Abstract: Granular calcium hypochlorite containing from about 0.001 to about 1.0 weight percent of finely-divided polyfluorinated polymer, e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene, dispersed throughout the granules is described. The product may be compressed and formed into shaped articles, e.g., tablets. The granules may be prepared by admixing the polyfluorinated polymer with particulate calcium hypochlorite, compacting the mixture and granulating the compacted product. Tablets prepared from the polyfluorinated polymer containing granular clacium hypochlorite dissolve in water at a rate slower than tablets prepared without the polyfluorinated polymer. Finely-divided calcium hypochlorite powder, e.g., powder of less than about 10 microns in size, is rendered more conveyable and compactible by the addition of the finely-divided polyfluorinated polymer; and mixtures of finely-divided calcium hypochlorite powder and particulate calcium hypochlorite is rendered more readily compactible.

Abstract: Iron pentacarbonyl is removed from sludge containing iron particles by treating with surfactants followed by oxidation with hydrochlorite ion.

Abstract: A chemical method of removing thiourea from spent hydrochloric acid cleaning solutions comprising the steps of: adjusting the pH to not less than 12 by addition of base to remove metal hydroxides; oxidizing thiourea to urea by the addition of at least 4 moles of hydrogen peroxide per mole of thiourea; and further oxidizing urea to nonregulated/nonhazardous compounds by the addition of at least 3 moles of a hypochlorite per mole of urea. UV analysis confirms a greater than 98% removal of thiourea from solutions containing 0.4 to 2.7 wt. % thiourea after as little as 3 hours with an exotherm, .DELTA.t, of less than 105.degree. F.

Abstract: An improved apparatus and process for feeding hypochlorite solution from a source of the solution to a device for removing impurities from water in a water treatment system is disclosed. The improvement comprises a first means for continuously measuring the oxidation/reduction potential of the effluent water of the device, and a second means operatively connected to the first means and the pump means continuously controlling the feed-rate of the pump means in response to the measured oxidation/reduction potential of the effluent water, thereby maintaining a predetermined oxidation/reduction potential in the effluent water of the device.

Abstract: Small quantities of monosulfide organic compounds are removed from low boiling hydrocarbon fractions, e.g., n-hexane and lower by contacting the hydrocarbon stream with a dilute aqueous solution of NaOCl, which converts low boiling (n-hexane and lower range) monosulfides to high boiling sulfones allowing separation by fractionating the n-hexane through the lower boiling pentanes away. The NaOCl process does not appreciably effect disulfides, which boil at temperatures higher than Hexane, except for CS.sub.2. Hence a hydrocarbon stream that also contains carbon disulfide, produces a hydrocarbon fraction sustantially free of monosulfides, but containing CS.sub.2. The hydrocarbon fraction is then contacted with a quaternary ammonium cation exchange resin which removes CS.sub.2 to produce a substantially sulfur free n-hexane through lower boiling pentanes cut, which is useful for isomerization to higher octane feed stock.

Abstract: A process for treating a waste water containing uranium and fluorine comprises a neutralizing precipitation step wherein slaked lime is added to the waste water containing uranium and fluorine and precipitate thus formed in separated and removed, and an adsorption step wherein supernatant from the neutralizing precipitation step is contacted with a chelating resin which can selectively adsorb fluorine ions and another chelating resin which can selectively adsorb uranyl ions to thereby adsorb and remove the fluorine and uranyl ions remaining in the supernatant. Eluates of the ions adsorbed by the chelating resins and waste liquors for washing and regeneration of these resins are returned to the neutralizing precipitation step. Prior to the neutralizing precipitation step, a decarbonation step may be provided for decomposing carbonate ions, if they are contained in the waste water to be treated.

Abstract: Ozonization of the bath water taken from the reservoir (1) occurs according to the invention utilizing only 1% of ozone while using from 1 to 1.2 g/h of ozone in 700 l/h of (untreated) air from a convenient-to-handle ozonizer (7) of this capacity per 100 m.sup.3 of natural water. Ozonization occurs without ozonization reactors and ozone destroyers under pressure directly in the conduit (2) of the natural water stream Q. For this purpose. the ozone air is whirled with a partial stream (q) of the natural water in a flow spiral (9) to form an aerosol-like mixing condition and is blasted into the main stream of natural water. The high phase interfaces thus achieved effect rapid ozonization with quantitative ozone consumption. After the uncomplicated conversion of the baths with original pure chlorination operation to the ozonization-chlorination technique according to the invention, the chemical costs can be reduced by up to 70% with a simultaneous improvement in the water quality.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process and apparatus for the preparation of a disinfectant for water, such as drinking- or swimming-water by electrolysis of an aqueous NaCl-containing solution.In order to improve these, the process of the invention is characterized in that an NaOCl-containing solution obtained by electrolysis is enriched with electrolytically obtained Cl.sub.2 by either electrolytically preparing an aqueous NaCl and NaOCl-containing solution and further electrolyzing said solution to partially convert the Nacl still present therein into Cl.sub.2, or electrolytically preparing a mixture of an aqueous NaCl solution and Cl.sub.2, and further electrolyzing said mixture to partially convert the NaCl still present therein into NaOCl.

Abstract: A sanitizing composition consisting essentially of a mixture of a calcium hypochlorite compound and a peroxydisulfate compound having the formula: M.sub.x S.sub.2 O.sub.8 where M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, and x is 1 or 2 is employed in treating water to improve pH control and provide increased removal of organic materials.The compositions provide improved sanitation of water in swimming pools, spas, and cooling towers by efficiently oxidizing organic impurities while helping to minimize the increase in the pH of the water. This permits a reduction in the amount and frequency of addition of acidic compounds such as hydrochloric acid to the water bodies. Further, the incorporation of additives such as algaecides, dispersants, and clarifying agents provides for significant improvements in water quality as evidenced by sparkling pure water.

Abstract: For water-treatment in swimming pools, cooling towers, hot tubs, and other systems, it is desired to feed various chemicals in small quantities but at optimum rates into the system. In several embodiments of the invention the water is recirculated through the system which usually includes a filter. It has been discovered that the chemicals can be fed by enclosing them in generally spherical plastic capsules suggestive of table tennis balls, but about the size of a base ball. The rate of feeding depends upon the size and number of small holes which are provided, or the user pokes through the shell of the capsule, upon the solubility of the chemical, and upon the flow rate of the water through a strainer, skimmer, or other chamber in the system into which the capsule is introduced. The random orientation of the capsule tends to average out variations.

Abstract: A composition of calcium hypochlorite and from about 0.1 to about 3.0 percent by weight water soluble aluminum-containing inorganic salt is provided and can be used to disinfect a water body, e.g., a swimming pool, and enhance the water clarity.

Abstract: A process for treating effluent wherein an oxidizing agent in the effluent is decomposed on contact with a catalyst bed. The oxidizing agent can be a pollutant present in the effluent, for example hypochlorite in the effluent from chlorine-producing brine electrolysis cells or from the scrubbing of chlorine gas. In an alternative the effluent may contain oxidizable pollutants and the oxidizing agent is purposefully added thereto. Passage over the catalyst bed catalyzes the decomposition of the oxidizing agent and oxidizable pollutants.The catalyst bed comprises an intimate mixture of an oxide of Group III, nickel oxide and, optionally, cobalt oxide, supported on pieces of a non-porous substantially inert material.

Abstract: A process for controlling the formation of undesirable by-products in an aqueous system containing residual halogenated 5,5-dialkyl hydantoins is disclosed. The process comprises the steps of treating the aqueous system with bromide ion and shocking the aqueous medium with free chlorine.

Abstract: A disinfection process is provided for preparing potable water having an unusually persistent and long lasting free available chlorine residual in order to assure safety and integrity of said water during its passage through the distribution system by which it is delivered to the consumer. The key step of this process is the generation of said unusually persistent free chlorine residual by mixing into a semi-finished water, which has already been pretreated specifically to satisfy substantially its immediate chlorine demand, dilute solution of HOCl having a pH between about 3 and about 6.

Abstract: Adjustment of chlorine and pH levels in swimming pool water by, (a) treating the water with material selected from the group consisting of cyanuric acid, ammelide and their salts, (b) adding material adjusting the chlorine and acid levels of the water if it has a pH above about 7.5 and adding sodium hypochlorite if the water has a pH about 7.5 or lower, (c) a set number of days later, such as a week, with automatic equipment, without taking a reading of water conditions, adding sodium hypochlorite to the water in a predetermined amount, and (d) continuing the process indefinitely by alternating steps (b) and (c) at intervals of the set number of days. The automatic equipment including a vessel containing sodium hypochlorite solution, a pool water recirculation line including a recirculation pump, and a feeder line from the vessel to the recirculation line.