Abstract: Metal ions are reduced from a higher to a lower oxidation stage using ferrophosphorus as the reductant.

Abstract: Waste water from the preparation of salts of dithiocarbamic acid is detoxified by acidifying the waste water to promote hydrolytic decomposition of organosulfur compounds, passing an inert gas through the acidified water to aid in expelling decomposition gases thereby increasing the decomposition rate, and, optionally, adjusting the pH of the resulting solution toward neutral.

Abstract: In a process for reduction or oxidation of materials in aqueous solution by assing a reagent gas through a finely porous catalyst layer into the solution, bodies of electrically conducting material which in the aggregate have a large surface are brought into electrically conducting connection with the catalyst layer on its side facing the solution in order to increase the rate of conversion of the dissolved material. The conducting bodies are distributed in the solution at least in the region of the catalyst layer and increase the effective surface for the conversion of the dissolved material. The invention is particularly useful in connection with catalyst layers provided with an electrically conducting protective cover through which gas and solution may pass on the side of the catalyst layer facing the solution as disclosed in a related application of the same inventors Ser. No. 500,941 filed June 3, 1983.

Abstract: A method for treating fluid to remove undesirable constituents contained therein such as chlorine and nitrate constituents is disclosed. The method includes passing fluid containing the undesirable constituents through a bed of metal particulate matter. The metal particulate matter is preferably chosen from metals having favorable redox potentials relative to the redox potentials of the undesirable constituents so as to establish conditions for spontaneous oxidation and reduction reactions between the undesirable constituents and the metal particles.

Abstract: Hydrazine is added to low-level radioactive waste, and the waste is contacted with an iron hydroxide-cation exchange resin so that its radioactive concentration may be lowered. The resin is a strongly acid cation exchange resin treated with ferric chloride and aqueous ammonia and containing a product of hydrolysis of ferric ions.

Abstract: A layer of precoat filter aid material including powdered activated carbon removes oxygen and impurities from a liquid having hydrazine added thereto. Oxygen concentrations may be reduced to parts per billion concentrations. Suspended solids can be removed by the precoat layer, and if the precoat layer includes an active particulate material, either as a component of the precoat layer or as an underlayer, the concentration of impurities and dissolved solids in the liquid can also be reduced.

Abstract: A composition containing a hydroxylamine compound; a quinone, a dihydroxybenzene, a diaminobenzene, or an aminohydroxybenzene compound; and a neutralizing amine is an excellent oxygen scavenger and corrosion inhibitor in boiler water and other aqueous systems.

Abstract: A process for removing chlorate ions from an impure alkali metal chloride brine removed from an electrolytic cell comprises acidifying the impure brine to a pH of less than about 2. The acidified brine is then reacted with a reducing portion of hydrazine hydrochloride.The novel process rapidly reduces the chlorate ions in the absence of the formation of chlorine and chlorine dioxide gases and with the production of nitrogen gas as a product.

Abstract: A process for the removal and recovery of mercury and, if desired, other heavy metals from incinerator waste water produced by washing waste gases from incinerators, which comprises adding to the waste water a reducing agent or a combination of oxidizing and reducing agents, subjecting the thus added waste water to stripping treatment in the presence of ferrous ion to obtain a mercury vapor-containing gas and simultaneously form spinel type crystalline compounds and then cooling said gas to separate and recover the mercury. If desired, said spinel type crystalline compounds are also removed from the mercury-free waste water.

Abstract: A process for removing SO.sub.x pollutants from a stack gas by (1) absorbing the SO.sub.x pollutants into an aqueous absorbent containing a formate compound and (2) regenerating the spent absorbent containing dissolved SO.sub.x compounds by contact, in the presence of added formate anion, with a water-insoluble, solid substance containing one or more tertiary amine functional groups. Nitrogen monoxide is removed by providing in the aqueous absorbent an iron(II) chelate, such as a chelate of ferrous ion with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Regeneration of the spent absorbent containing absorbed NO is accomplished under the same conditions as for spent absorbents containing absorbed SO.sub.x compounds. SO.sub.x and NO pollutants dissolved in the absorbent are, during regeneration, converted to hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen, respectively.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons containing PCB are blended with metallic sodium at a temperature of about 130.degree. C. and thereafter the mixture is separated into its components one of which is a hydrocarbon containing less than about 2 ppm of PCB. When the 1254 arachlor is the predominant species of the PCB, metallic sodium having a maximum dimension of about 1/4 inch to about 1/2 inch is blended with the heated hydrocarbon. When the 1254 arachlor is not the predominant species of the PCB, metallic sodium having a maximum dimension of about 20 microns to about 50 microns is blended.

Abstract: The addition of a small amount of hydrogen or a hydrogen-liberating compound such as a metal hydride to a caustic solution serves to suppress the corrosive effect of the solution on nickel-based surfaces. Typical nickel-based surfaces include caustic evaporator surfaces which contain a caustic solution maintained at a temperature of from about 130.degree. C. to about 180.degree. C. A preferred metal hydride is sodium borohydride which is preferably present in an amount of from about 5 ppm to about 100 ppm. Concentrated caustic solutions containing less than 0.5 ppm of nickel can be prepared by this process.

Abstract: A process for removing dissolved oxygen from an aqueous medium, using hydrazine to react with the oxygen, where the aqueous medium is contacted with a catalyst bed of palladium or platinum metal dispersed on a solid carrier, at ambient temperatures. The catalyst bed effects reaction of the hydrazine with the dissolved oxygen to provide residual oxygen contents of below 10 ppb. Preferably, the hydrazine is intimately mixed with the aqueous medium prior to contact with the catalyst bed. The process is especially useful in removing dissolved oxygen from recirculating aqueous medium of a steam generation system, where the hydrazine-containing aqueous medium is contact with the catalyst bed after passage through the condenser pump but prior to the feedwater heaters.

Abstract: An improved process for removing oxygen from an aqueous medium used in a steam generating system, the aqueous medium having hydrazine added thereto, wherein hydrazine-containing aqueous medium condensate formed in a condenser is exposed to ultraviolet light in the condenser hotwell, prior to being recycled to the steam generator. The exposure to ultraviolet light is for a period of time sufficient to effect removal of the dissolved oxygen by the hydrazine without the need to add chemical additives or catalysts to the system.

Abstract: Hazardous waste containing organic compound having covalently bound oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and/or phosphorus is reduced with aluminum to less hazardous form.

Abstract: A process for removing or decreasing the amount of color in a solution such as an oil well brine by adding hydroxylamine or hydrazine. The hydroxylamine or hydrazine may be added in any form such as the pure compound, a salt, the hydrate or the like.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for chemically scavenging oxygen from an aqueous medium are disclosed. Furfural catalyzed by hydroquinone can be used as an oxygen scavenger in any aqueous medium, but is especially well adapted for use in boiler water systems.

Abstract: A method for removal of oxygen dissolved in water, especially from reservoir drinking water, and for preservation purposes based on hydrazine, having no organic activators and assuring a high reaction velocity with respect to dissolved oxygen within a broad pH-range at low temperature and without a time-dependent reduction of its effectiveness.Cationic and anionic complexes of trivalent cobalt with inorganic ligands, or mixtures thereof, are used as activators. Preferred activators are (Co(NH.sub.3).sub.5 Cl)Cl.sub.2 and Na.sub.3 Co(NO.sub.2).sub.6.Hydrazine solutions with these activators are suitable for the removal of oxygen from gases.

Abstract: A process and device for recovering polymetal compounds discharge from a submarine hydrothermal source comprises the use of a device comprising a bell-shaped collector member provided with a flexible skirt and placed just above the hydrothermal source to cover it substantially tightly. Means are connected to said collector for withdrawing hydrothermal fluid from the source and means are provided for concentrating the polymetal compounds thereof by settling or by centrifugation with a pipe for raising the so-concentrated flow to a surface installation associated with a bottom turbine energized by power derived from the hydrothermal fluid energy.

Abstract: The invention provides an improvement in the disposal of a waste water coining iron-cyanide complexes including ferricyanides by the reduction of the ferricyanide ions into ferrocyanide in the presence of a zinc salt to precipitate the ferrocyanide ions in the form of zinc ferrocyanide. The improvement comprises the use of a sulfite, e.g. sodium sulfite, and a thiosulfate, e.g. sodium thiosulfate, in combination as the reducing agent whereby the reduction of the ferricyanide ions is complete within a relatively short time without being affected by the atmospheric oxygen or other factors.

Abstract: The method for improving the initial activity of activated hydrazine, is used as corrosion protection for reservoir drinking water and for the wet preservation of installation parts, which are no longer being used. It is the goal of the invention to improve the initial activity of hydrazine solutions, which are activated with complexes of trivalent cobalt, with respect to oxygen dissolved in water, and to lower the activator concentration; the object of the invention being to use a suitable coactivator. The object is accomplished in that the activator-rich hydrazine solution additionally contains 2-amino-4-nitrophenol or 2-acetamino-4-nitrophenol or mixtures thereof as coactivator.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the elimination of waste water falling out with the desulfurization of coking oven gas by means of an organic oxygen carrier--containing washing solution with simultaneous recovery of elemental sulfur. The waste water is decomposed in a combustion chamber in a reducing atmosphere at temperatures between about 1000.degree. and 1100.degree. C. under such conditions that the mole ratio of H.sub.2 S:SO.sub.2 in the exhaust gas of the combustion chamber amounts to at least 2:1. Sulfur falling out is separated and the sensible heat of the exhaust gas is utilized for steam generation. The cooled and desulfurized exhaust gas is added to the coking oven gas before the pre-cooling. Sulfur falling out from the washing solution in the oxidizer is separated out and lead into the combustion chamber together with the part of the washing solution discharged as waste water from the washing solution circulation.

Abstract: A process for destroying waste alkali metal hypochlorite such as sodium hypochlorite is disclosed. The process involves reacting 50-90% and preferably 70-90% of the alkali metal hypochlorite with urea at from 20.degree.-60.degree. C. and pH 6-8 with pH 7-8 being preferred. The remaining alkali metal hypochlorite can be destroyed with a reactant such as sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfite, or sodium thiosulfate.

Abstract: The concentration of cyanides in the sour water system of FCC reactor is controlled by injecting such an amount of ammonium polysulfide (APS) into the system that the weight ratio of net free sulfur to simple cyanides in the sour water is about 0.6 to about 3.8. The pH of the sour water is at least 8.0.

Abstract: A process for separating and collecting iodine from a liquid phase comprising adding an acid is to the liquid phase, and then conducting the liquid phase through an activated carbon filter.

Abstract: The instant invention is directed to a process for the production of denatured polyaddition products of biomasses and isocyanates, comprising reacting(A) from 5 to 98%, by weight, based on (A)+(B), of a biomass based on microorganisms or derivative and decomposition products thereof with(B) from 95 to 2%, by weight, based on (A)+(B), of a compound containing isocyanate groups, at temperatures of at least 50.degree. C. with complete denaturing of component (A).

Abstract: A process for the elimination of ammonia in waste waters from a coke oven battery wherein ammonia-containing waste water or ammonia-containing vapor obtained by means of ammonia separation from the waste water are mixed with flue gas from the coke oven battery and sprayed into a NO.sub.x reactor at an elevated temperature with the resulting mixture being subjected to a catalytic redox reaction.

Abstract: A process is described for removing available chlorine from a depleted recirculating anolyte brine of a chlor-alkali cell. After the spent brine is removed from the cell, and typically after dechlorination, it is reacted with an amount of an organic hydroxyl moiety-containing compound soluble in said brine for a residence time sufficient to substantially reduce the residual dissolved chlorine and hypohalite ion remaining in said brine prior to resaturation and reuse in said cell. Suitable hydroxyl moiety-containing compounds include alcohols and saccharides.

Abstract: A process for removing ammonium nitrate NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3 (AN) from an aqueous solution. At least one nitrogen-oxygen (N-O) compound in the form of NO.sub.x and/or N.sub.2 O.sub.2x, where x=1 or 2, is added to the aqueous solution containing the AN, the N-O compound being in gaseous or liquid state or as an ion present in an aqueous solution, at a temperature above room temperature but below the boiling point of the solution containing the AN and under normal pressure.

Abstract: An aqueous acidic trivalent chromium electrolyte and process for electrodepositing chromium platings comprising an electrolyte containing trivalent chromium ions, a complexing agent, halide ions, ammonium ions and a reducing agent comprising neodymium ions present in an amount effective to maintain the concentration of hexavalent chromium ions formed in the bath at a level at which satisfactory chromium electrodeposits are obtained.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for separating seminoble metals or noble metals from aqueous solutions having compounds of these metals dissolved therein, by reaction with yellow phosphorus. More particularly the aqueous solutions are contacted with carrier material having a yellow phosphorus coating applied thereto.It is possible for the aqueous solutions to be conveyed through a zone having the yellow phosphorus-coated carrier material placed therein, and for them to be subsequently conveyed through a further zone having uncoated carrier material placed therein.

Abstract: A method for removing the excess sodium and byproducts of reaction which occur during the destruction of PCBs from oil. A predetermined quantity of water is mixed with the decontaminated oil and the byproducts, which include sodium chloride and polyphenyl polymer, to form sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide. Centrifuging removes most of the oil from the remaining aqueous mixture which then is agitated and treated with carbon dioxide gas to form less hazardous sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. Any excess carbon dioxide gas is vented to the atmosphere and the sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate is collected into containers for disposal. Small amounts of oil remaining in the aqueous waste mixture that is discharged from the centrifuge is decanted from the remaining material in a waste separator due to its lighter specific gravity. A pump intermittently injects waste from the waste separator into a converter where it reacts with the carbon dioxide gas.

Abstract: A process for destroying primary aromatic amines in residual waters by treating the residual waters containing said amines at a temperature between 40.degree. C. and 90.degree. C. and for a period longer than 5 minutes with a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid or with a mixture of a solution of an alkali metal or ammonium nitrite and an acid, the final pH of the reaction medium being lower than 3.

Abstract: A process is described for reducing the concentration of oxyhalogen impurities in an alkali metal halide brine recovered from an electrolytic cell which comprises circulating the alkali metal halide brine to a treatment zone outside of the electrolytic cell. Within the treatment zone, the alkali metal halide brine is reacted with oxalic acid while maintaining the alkali metal halide brine at a pH of less than about 4.5. A purified brine having a substantially reduced concentration of oxyhalogen impurities is recovered from the treatment zone. The process may be employed in treating brines recovered from mercury cells and membrane cells for the production of chlorine and alkali metal hydroxides and its employment results in a substantial reduction in the amount of concentrated acid required in brine treatment and a reduction in energy costs for brine purification.

Abstract: A process for removing chlorate ions from a recirculating anolyte brine as typically used in membrane chlor-alkali cells is disclosed. In this, a portion of the circulating brine after dechlorination and resaturation with additional alkali metal chloride is diverted and treated with an acidified aliphatic aldehyde to convert substantially all of the hypochlorite and chlorate to chlorine dioxide, chlorine gas and chloride ion. When performed in this manner, substantially lower quantities of acid are required as compared to prior art processes and the problems with the generation of excessive quantities of ClO.sub.2 are minimized.

Abstract: The instant invention is directed to a process for the production of denatured polyaddition products of biomasses and isocyanates, comprising reacting(A) from 5 to 98%, by weight, based on (A)+(B), of a biomass based on microorganisms or derivative and decomposition products thereof with(B) from 95 to 2%, by weight, based on (A)+(B), of a compound containing isocyanate groups, at temperatures of at least 50.degree. C. with complete denaturing of component (A).

Abstract: Trihalomethanes (THM's) in water, particularly in drinking water, are substantially reduced by treatment of the water with small amounts, i.e., below about 50 ppm, of sulfite ion supplied by sodium metabisulfite or sulfur dioxide. The addition to the water of the sodium metabisulfite alters the structure of the THM's precursor and lowering the chlorine demand. The sulfite ion may be introduced prior to chlorination, or at an intermediate stage of the chlorination, or in adjunct with the chlorination which permits the use of substantially reduced amounts of chlorination.

Abstract: A new, economical system for removal of persistent reducible organic compounds from aqueous streams by passing the stream, preferably at or near neutral pH, into a bottom inlet to a column to provide fluidization of metal reductant catalyzed to provide efficient and economical reduction or dechlorination of a variety of pesticides and other compounds such as PCB or chloroform. The system is especially useful to reduce the level of soluble, reducible hydrocarbons in very dilute waste streams (1 ppm or less) generally by 99% or more.

Abstract: A continuous method for destroying polyhalogenated biphenyls by reacting a solution of the biphenyls in an inert liquid at a concentration of from about 1% to about 5% by weight with a dispersion of sodium in a hydrocarbon oil.

Abstract: A field method for removing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and similar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons from silicone based oils and hydrocarbon fluids such as transformer oils contaminated with them by contacting the contaminated oil with a hydrocarbon dispersion of sodium, reacting the mixture of oil and sodium dispersion at a temperature above about 75.degree. C., and passing the treated oil through a filter medium or other separating means to remove particulate and other contaminating material.

Abstract: A process for the production of a zero valent metal from an aqueous solution of a salt of the metal comprises contacting the solution with polyacetylene for a period of time sufficient to reduce at least a portion of the metal salt to a zero valent metal while leaving the polyacetylene in a substantially non-doped state. The metal salt has a reduction potential of about +0.5V or greater.

Abstract: A device for the sterilization of fluids wherein a sterilizing gas is chemically generated in-situ within a liquid-impermeable container, which container is in contact with the fluid to be sterilized. The container is constructed at least in part of a solid, non-porous, liquid-impermeable synthetic plastic barrier, which barrier permits controlled diffusion of the sterilizing gas therethrough while preventing passage therethrough of impurities and the residue of the gas generation reaction.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reducing hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in aqueous solutions to trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] by reacting a catalyzed hydrazine composition with the hexavalent chromium at a pH in the range from about 6.0 to about 8.0 to form an aqueous slurry of trivalent chromium compound, said catalyzed hydrazine composition comprising(a) a hydrazine compound,(b) at least 0.0005 parts by weight of a quinone compound per one part of hydrazine compound; and, preferably;(c) at least about 0.0005 parts by weight of an organometallic complex per part of hydrazine compound, said organometallic complex being the reaction product of:(i) a hydroxide selected from the group consisting of cobaltous hydroxide and manganous hydroxide; and(ii) at least one organic ligand selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted and substituted amino derivatives of carboxylic acids and salts thereof.The solid particles of trivalent chromium may then be separated from the aqueous solution by conventional means (e.g.

Abstract: A method of reducing the activity of non-volatile mutagens, in chlorinated water, such as chlorinated drinking water and municipal and industrial waste water, by sulfite treatment. The chlorinated water is treated with a stoichiometric excess of sulfur dioxide or soluble sulfite or bisulfite salt sufficient to dechlorinate the water and at least partially destroy the mutagens present.

Abstract: An improved method for scavenging dissolved oxygen from alkaline waters which comprises using dihydroxy acetone catalyzed with at least 1 percent based on the weight of said dihydroxy acetone, of a catalyst from the group consisting of hydroquinone and a water-soluble compound of manganese.

Abstract: A method for processing a waste solution used in a chemical plating process and including a heavy metal complex salt, a reducing agent, and a pH adjusting agent. The heavy metal complex salt is decomposed into a heavy metal component and a complexing agent component by applying ultrasonic vibration to the waste solution. The heavy metal component obtained by decomposition is in a powder state. Then the waste solution is filtered, so that the heavy metal component may be separated from the complexing agent component.

Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) are dechlorinated and rendered environmentally harmless by reaction with preformed sodium naphthalenide in a suitable ether-type solvent. The reaction proceeds rapidly at ambient temperature and effects substantially complete removal of chlorine from the PCB's.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes and compositions for the disinfection of aqueous media and particularly bacteria-containing aqueous effluents, e.g. treated municipal sewage or effluents from paper or food-processing industries, employing hydrogen peroxide-containing compositions as an alternative to chlorine. Specifically, the disinfectant comprises a combination of hydrogen peroxide, a soluble copper salt such as copper sulphate and an autoxisable reducing agent such as ascorbic acid or sodium sulphite, which can be employed in dilute concentrations at pH from 6 to 9, preferably 6.5 to 8. Particularly preferred combinations of the components are of mole ratios 1:1 to 60:1 of hydrogen peroxide:copper: and 5:1 to 1:1.2 copper:reducing agent.

Abstract: An improved method for scavenging dissolved oxygen from alkaline waters which comprises treating said waters with at least 10 ppm of methylene blue in its reduced or leuco base form.

Abstract: A method is described for purifying electrolytes used in alkali battery systems. An electrolyte is mixed with or fed through a column containing a mercury amalgam of the alkali of the electrolyte salt. The amalgam reduces the alkali-metal reactive impurities within the electrolyte. The electrolyte is also mixed with an oxidizing agent or fed through a column containing the oxidizing agent in order to oxidize impurities in the electrolyte.Electrolytes so treated will exhibit improved cycling capabilities, because the electrolyte will now be devoid of impurities which respectively can react with the anode and cathode of the battery.