Abstract: A ceramic glow plug (A) is constituted by a metallic sheath (1); a cylindrical main metallic shell (2) having a holding part (21) which holds a rear part (11); an ceramic heating element (3) fitted into the metallic sheath (1) and obtained by connecting one-side ends (331, 341) of lead-out wires (33, 34) respectively to the ends (321, 322) of a heating resistor (32) to obtain a heater main body, embedding the heater main body in a ceramic powder, and hot-pressing and sintering the powder; a terminal electrode (4) inserted into the cylindrical main metallic shell (2) on its rear end side and insulated therefrom; and lead coils (51, 52) connected to the lead-out wires (33, 34) in such a manner that one-side ends of the coils (51, 52) are brazed respectively to those areas of the lead-out wires (33, 34) which are exposed on the bake surface with a high-purity silver-based brazing material and the other ends thereof are electrically connected respectively to the cylindrical main metallic shell (2) and the termina

Abstract: A ceramic heater is formed by embedding a heating element in a ceramic body. A ceramic body is formed from a sintered basic ceramic component containing an adjustment ceramic component in the range of 1 to 3% by weight. The adjustment ceramic component includes at least one component selected from the group consisting of metal silicate, metal carbonate, metal boride, and metal nitride each of which is larger in thermal expansion coefficient than the basic ceramic component.

Abstract: A heating plug has a shroud containing a heating resistance of spiral form. The base of the shroud has engagement lugs for contact with the outer end of the resistance.

Abstract: A glow plug includes a housing. A main body is at least partially disposed in the housing. The main body is supported with respect to the housing. A support member is included in the main body. A heating member is provided in the support member. A pair of lead wires are electrically connected to two ends of the heating member respectively. The lead wires extend out of the support member. An ion sensing electrode provided in the support member is operative for detecting a condition of ionization in a flame. The ion sensing electrode is buried in the support member to be prevented from being exposed to the flame.

Abstract: A glow plug includes a housing. A main body is at least partially disposed in the housing. The main body is supported with respect to the housing. An insulating member is included in the main body. A heating member is provided in the insulating member. A pair of lead wires are electrically connected to two ends of the heating member respectively. The lead wires extend out of the insulating member. At least one ion sensing electrode is provided in the insulating member. The ion sensing electrode is electrically connected to the heating member. The ion sensing electrode is operative for detecting a condition of ionization in a flame. The ion sensing electrode has a tip uncovered from the insulating member so as to be exposed to the flame. The heating member has a given portion extending between a center with respect to the electrical connection with the ion sensing electrode and an end of the heating member which is a negative side when a heating dc current is driven through the heating member.

Abstract: A ceramic heater includes a silicon nitride ceramic and a heating element embedded in the ceramic. The heating element is formed through use of, as a main component, a silicide, carbide, or nitride of at least one element selected from the group consisting of W, Ta, Nb, Ti, Mo, Zr, Hf, V, and Cr. The ceramic includes, as sintering aids, 1 to 20% by weight of at least one rare earth element calculated as an oxide thereof; 0.5 to 8% by weight of V (vanadium) calculated as V.sub.2 O.sub.5, and, 0.5 to 8% by weight of at least one Va/VIa group element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W calculated as an oxide thereof. The proportion in total of vanadium and the Va/VIa element is 1 to 10% by weight calculated as oxides. The ceramic heater has excellent high-temperature strength and acid resistance.

Abstract: The heating plug has a shroud containing a heating resistance of spiral form. The base of the shroud has embossed annular sectors for contact with the outer end of the resistance.

Abstract: A rod-type flame glow plug, with a glow tube (5), an inner pole (7), a coil combination having at least one control and glow coil (4) located in series with an ignition coil (3.2) in the glow tube (5), the ignition coil (3.2) being located at the tip of glow tube (5), making in contact with the glow tube, avoids problems associated with nonuniform centering of the coils in the glow tube by the coil combination being located predominantly within a tubular component (1) made of a heat-resistant material. The inner surface of the tubular component (1) adjoins the coil combination, and the outer surface of the tubular component (1) adjoining the inner surface of glow plug (5).

Abstract: A cermanic heating device, such as a glow plug for use in a diesel engine, has a metallic body with a central bore, a creamic heater portion having a tapered body and a conductive core, and a conductor for electrically connecting the core. The central bore wedgingly receives the ceramic heater portion within the central bore securing electrical contact with the metallic body and positions a distal tip of the ceramic heater portion longitudinally from the metallic body.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a stabilized plasma injector device specifically adapted to incubate, shape and develop plasma under the influence of an adjustable electromagnetic field to provide ignition and further promote energy coupling between the plasma and a combustible mass. The device includes a pair of shaped coils one of which is evaporated to form the plasma and the other coil provides the electromagnetic force field to influence the characteristic arc symmetry and the energy coupling between the plasma and the surrounding combustible mass.

Abstract: In a ceramic heater, a resistive heating element formed from a ceramic electrically conductive material is embedded in a ceramic body. The ceramic electrically conductive material has a structure in which particles of an electrically conductive ceramic phase are dispersed in a matrix ceramic phase, and contains the ceramic electrically conductive phase in a range of from 30 to 80% by weight. When a virtual circle is drawn with a certain radius in a section of said ceramic electrically conductive material, if the percentage of the area of said electrically conductive ceramic phase particles in the virtual circle is not smaller than 60%, a region enclosed by the circle is defined as an uneven distribution portion of said electrically conductive ceramic phase particles and the maximum diameter of the uneven distribution portion is set to be not larger than 5 .mu.m.

Abstract: A sealer for the adhesive-containing seam of a tubular wrapper surrounding a running filler of tobacco or filter material for tobacco smoke has an at least partially ceramic heating device which contacts the moving seam and contains an electric conductor of ceramic material. The temperature of the heating device can be regulated to decrease, either stepwise or gradually, in the direction of movement of the seam. The heating device can consist of or contain silicon nitride and can be doped with titanium nitride to enhance its heat conductivity.

Abstract: An ignitor assembly includes a hot surface ignitor of a resistance material and a super alloy shield surrounding the ignitor. The shield comprises a longitudinally extending cylindrically shaped super alloy sheet having a plurality of first and second alternating transverse strips. The strips are formed by making a plurality of transverse slits or cuts in a flat sheet of super alloy material. The first alternating strips are bowed outwardly in a first direction and the second alternating strips are bowed outwardly in an opposite direction to thereby form a cage like cylindrical structure which forms a part of the ignitor assembly. The ignitor generally includes a base portion and is inserted into the cage like structure.

Abstract: A ceramic sintered body fitted into an inner hole through a cylindrical metal outer pipe in the state in which the front end side of the ceramic sintered body is protruded out from the front end of an metal shell, includes: a heating portion to which a positive-pole-side lead is connected in the front end side; and a positive-pole-side electrode lead-out portion having a positive-pole-side electrode portion which is extendedly provided from the positive-pole-side lead in the rear end side. Further, the outer diameter of the positive-pole-side electrode lead-out portion is set to be smaller than that of the negative-pole-side electrode lead-out portion so that the positive-pole-side lead is substantially linear and a sufficient insulation distance between the metal shell functioning as a negative-pole-side terminal and the positive-pole-side lead coil can be secured.

Abstract: An electric current self-controlling device is prepared by impregnating a porous structure of a PTC material with a fused form of aluminum in a vacuum so that it can act as a heat sensor with the contact area between the PTC material and aluminum being increased. The outer surface of the metal impregnating PTC structure is covered with insulating films of alumina and the PTC material is accompanied with an outer terminal 43 and the aluminum impregnating in the PTC material is connected with an inner terminal 44. A terminal screw 3, the current controller device 4, the heating coil 51, and a current limiting coil 52 are connected in series. Accordingly, the heating temperature of the heating coil 51 can be determined by controlling the flow of the energizing current from the terminal screw 3 with the positive temperature coefficient resistant action and nonlinear variable resistance action of the current controller device 4.

Abstract: A method of heating, comprising the step of providing a line voltage of between 120V and 230 V across a ceramic igniter having a hot zone composition comprising:(a) between 50 and 80 v/o of an electrically insulating ceramic having a resistivity of at least about 10.sup.10 ohm-cm;(b) between 10 and 45 v/o of a semiconductive material having a resistivity of between about 1 and about 10.sup.8 ohm-cm;(c) between 5 and 25 v/o of a metallic conductor having a resistivity of less than about 10.sup.-2 ohm-cm; and(d) between 2.0 and 20 v/o of a resistivity-enhancing compound selected from the group consisting of metallic oxides, metallic oxynitrides, rare earth oxides, rare earth oxynitrides, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A ceramic sheath capable of preventing damage to conductive wire rod exhibits excellent thermal resistance and a thermal shock resistance. A conductive wire rod is provided in a protective pipe of silicon nitride, silicon carbide or SiAlON so as to extend longitudinally from one end toward the other, and buried in a filler of reaction sintered silicon nitride. The filler comprises two layers, i.e. a core portion having a low sintering time size variation ratio, and a seal portion constituting a boundary layer between the core portion and the protective pipe and having a sintering time size variation ratio higher than that of the core portion. The conductive wire rod comprises a coil of a metal wire. The coil is formed helically along its whole length, and the winding pitch of the coil is set small, large and small in this order from the front end portion of the shell of the protective pipe toward its base end portion.

Abstract: A modular igniter system which preferably provides either direct electrical connection between the metallized ends of the hot surface igniter and the socket contact, or indirect electrical connection by a short lead wire held in place on the hot surface element by an active metal braze.

Abstract: A ceramic igniter comprisesa pair of conductive ends,a hot zone disposed between the conductive ends, the hot zone having a density of at least about 95% of theoretical density and a composition comprising:(a) between about 50 and about 80 vol % of an electrically insulating material selected from the group consisting of aluminum nitride, boron nitride, silicon nitride, and mixtures thereof.(b) between about 10 and about 45 vol % of a semiconductive material selected from the group consisting of silicon carbide and boron carbide, and(c) between about 5 and about 25 vol % of a metallic conductor selected from the group consisting of molybdenum disilicide, tungsten disilicide, titanium nitride, and mixtures thereof, anda support upon which the hot zone is disposed, wherein at least a portion of the hot zone has a thickness of no more than 0.019".

Abstract: A plug assembly for ignition of fuel in admixture with air within a combustion chamber which comprises an exposed heating element having a multi-turn coil of electrically conductive catalytic wire mounted in grooves formed on the surface of ceramic support structure.

Abstract: A ceramic igniter comprising:a) a pair of electrically conductive portions, each portion having a first end,b) a hot zone disposed between and in electrical connection with each of the first ends of the electrically conductive portions, the hot zone having an electrical path length of less than 0.5 cm, andc) an electrically non-conductive heat sink material contacting the hot zone.

Abstract: A sheathed element for a heater plug for diesel engines includes a hollow metal sheath that is open at one end, has a closed opposite end, and defines a cavity. A heating element is positioned in the cavity and the cavity is filled with insulating powder. An elastomeric seal is positioned in the open end of the sheath. The seal has an annular projection that projects from a surface of the seal and establishes a sealing contact with a respective seat of the sheath so that, when the seal is inserted into the seat, the projection removes particles present on an internal wall of the seat.

Abstract: A sheathed heater comprises a heater disposed in a sheath tube by way of an insulation powder and is connected in series with a heat resistor and a current regulation resistor. The current regulation resistor is made from a cobalt-copper alloy which contains a copper component in the range from 1.0% to 14% by weight.

Abstract: A deodorizing cigarette lighter is disclosed for use in a motor vehicle. A cigarette igniting unit having a standard conventional structure is used to store a heat responsive, nonflammable deodorizing agent that emits a fragrant vapor into the vehicle interior upon energization of an electric heating element associated with the lighter. The cigarette lighter includes a tubular plug body having a chamber formed therein that is used to retain the deodorizing agent. A slotted cap is attached to one end of the plug body, and a knob is attached to the cap. The lighter also includes a contact cup at the other end of the plug body that houses the heating coil. One end of the heating element is maintained in thermal communication with the contact cup, and the other end of the heating element is connected to a thermally conductive rivet. The rivet is maintained in a heat transfer relationship with the plug body. The deodorizing agent emits a fragrant vapor upon energization of the heating element.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a stabilized plasma injector device specifically adapted to incubate, shape and develop plasma under the influence of an adjustable electromagnetic field to provide ignition and further promote energy coupling between the plasma and a combustible mass. The device includes a pair of shaped coils one of which is evaporated to form the plasma and the other coil provides the electromagnetic force field to influence the characteristic arc symmetry and the energy coupling between the plasma and the surrounding combustible mass.

Abstract: Glow plug with a heating rod formed of an inner pole (2) and a glow tube (5) in which there is heating element (3) which is electrically connected to the inner pole (2). At least in the area of its tip, the glow tube (5) is provided with a coating (7) of ceramic material, especially yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide which has a subsurface or adhesive layer (6) of NiCrAlY which is directly provided on the glow tube (5).

Abstract: Glow plug with a heating rod formed of an inner pole (2) and a glow tube (5), in which a heating element (3) is located which is electrically connected to the inner pole (2). The glow tube (5) is provided with protective coating (6) at least in the area of its tip. The protective coating is selected from the group consisting of materials which include NiCrAlY, CoCrAlY, CoNiCrAlY, NiCrAl, NiCr, NiCrFe and NiCrWCo.

Abstract: A glow plug has a heating element and a ceramic silicon nitride tip which has an outer surface. A low porosity refractory metal oxide coating covers at least a portion of the tip outer surface. A catalyst wire, with a diameter of 0.008 inches, is wrapped about and connected to the coated glow plug tip. The wire is formed of one of the platinum group metals and the wire is free of charge carrying connection to a power source.

Abstract: Glow plug with a metallic hollow body 1 in which a ceramic heating rod 2 is arranged such that it projects axially on one side of hollow body 1. The heating rod 2 is formed of a ceramic conductor 6 which is embedded in a ceramic insulator 7 and is connected to the power supply terminals, i.e., to ground via the metal of hollow body 1 and via a plug terminal 3. The contacts of the ceramic conductor 6 with the power supply terminals are formed by contact surfaces 8, 9 on the ceramic conductor 6, via which the conductor is in contact, on the one hand, with metallic hollow body 1, and with plug terminal 3, on the other hand. The contacts are preferably pressure loaded by generating a prestress between the components in contact. Preferably, metallic contact parts, for example, contact rings 10, 11, are provided at the contact points between the contact surfaces 8, 9 and the metallic hollow body 1 and plug terminal 3.

Abstract: A glow plug has a heating element having a tip formed of a preselected material includes a catalyst wire wrapped about and in intimate contact with the preselected material of the glow plug. The catalyst is formed of one of the platinum group metals, transition metals and combinations thereof and is in the form a wire with a diameter of 0.008 inches. The catalyst is free of charge carrying connection to a power source.

Abstract: A process for applying a uniformly adherent protective tantalum oxide coating on a portion of a ceramic glow plug for protecting the glow plug against the corrosive/erosive environment generated by the burning of alternative fuels in a diesel engine. The coating is tantalum oxide deposited on a silicon nitride glow plug by plasma spray deposition techniques.

Abstract: A modular ignition assembly for use in a direct fired make-up heater, includes a hot surface igniter disposed adjacent the discharge ports of a pilot tube for providing a pilot flame. The hot surface igniter is surrounded by a tubular shroud for minimizing the effects of cold air and high humidity on the performance of the ignition assembly. A flame sensor is provided for detecting and a sensing the existence of pilot flame and for controlling the gas flow to the burners accordingly.

Abstract: A glow plug having an interior pole and a glow tube with a tip portion, a heating element located in the tip portion, and a regulating element, formed of an electrically conductive material having positive temperature-resistance coefficients, arranged in the glow tube. The interior pole of the glow plug is serially connected with the regulating element, the regulating element is serially connected to the heating element, and the heating element is serially connected with the glow tube tip in a construction for minimizing heat transfer between the regulating element and the interior pole.

Abstract: An electrically conductive ceramic glow plug for assisting in the combustion process of a compression ignition type internal combustion engine. The glow plug comprises a tubular metal outer body member adapted to be secured to a cylinder head of the engine, a lead-in wire terminal extending through the outer body member from one end thereof, and electrically conductive heating element extending through the outer metal body from the other end thereof, secured to the terminal. The heating element is an all-ceramic electrically conductive heating element, and includes a cylindrical body portion of ceramic particles having a thin path of electrically conductive ceramic particles disposed substantially coaxially with the body portion throughout its length from a heating tip at one end to the wire terminal at the other end. The ceramic heating element includes a coaxially extending pocket at the wire terminal end and the base of the pocket is exposed to the thin path of electrically conductive ceramic particles.

Abstract: Hot bowl of a cigarette lighter body in particular of the type mounted on motor vehicles, its perimetral surface comprising a bendable lug which pinches one end of the spiral resistance element contained within the lighter by a crimping process.

Abstract: An ignitor for fuel gas burners formed of a plurality of spaced parallel filaments of SiC coated Carbon (C) high temperature brazed with Chromium Silicide in grooves provided in a refractory base block of Aluminum Oxide and Silicon Oxide. Terminal posts of IVIoSi are embedded in the high temperature braze. Stainless steel lead attachment pads are nickel-chrome brazed to the posts at a lower temperature. Removable notched graphite bridges and graphite hold-down blocks position the filaments during the high temperature brazing.

Abstract: Rod flame glow plug for preheating the intake air of an autoignition internal combustion engine with a housing having a fuel connection with a metering device and an electric connection, and at least one heating rod located in the housing. The heating rod is formed of a glow tube (8) filled with an electrically insulative filling material (10) and at least one regulating coil (2) and a heating coil (1). The coils are embedded in the filling material (10) and are connected in series to one another and with the electric connection (9). The regulating coil (2) is formed of a CoFe alloy.

Abstract: A heater device of a cigarette lighter comprises a board having an insulation properties together with heat resistance and fire resistance, and a plurality of heaters arranged on the periphery of the surface of said board abutting with a cigarette in a manner to be positioned in correspondence with the paper portion of the cigarette, said heaters being connected in series to each other.Thereby the object of the present invention which is to enhance the cigarette lighting ability of a cigarette lighter having a plurality of heaters generating heat by the use of dry batteries as a power source, and to obtain a cigarette lighter which is safe and easy to light a cigarette can be solved.

Abstract: In a glow plug, a resistance element buried in an elongated, rod-like insulating ceramic member includes first and second resistive heating elements. The first heating element is arranged at the front end portion of a ceramic heater and made of a positive temperature coefficient resistive ceramic material, containing silicon nitride, such as SiAlON. The second heating element is arranged behind of and connected in series with the first heating element and made of a metal material (e.g., tungsten) having a positive temperature coefficient of resistance larger than that of the first heating element. Both heating elements are arranged in the portion of the ceramic member projecting outwardly from the holder and metal pipe fitted about the control portions of the ceramic member. The glow plug further comprises a metal holder holding the rod-like member in a way that a front portion of the rod-like member protrudes from the metal holder.

Abstract: A battery powered electic cigarette lighter is formed of a half-case body and a half-case lid which can be snapped together to form a lighter casing in a manner which does not require any screws or welding. The half-case body and the half-case lid are formed with grooves which enable a spring loaded shutter to be slidably mounted in the casing. A detent in the form of a projection of the rear face of the shutter and a recess formed in the lighter casing holds the shutter in a fully closed position. The casing also contains structure which enables contacts, switch members, and a heater element to be set in position in the half-case body and to be retained in place when the half-case lid is snapped into position. The lighter casing also includes a battery compartment which is closed by a lid which is either pivotal or slidably received in grooves which are formed in the half-case body and half-case lid.

Abstract: A sheathed-element glow plug for disposition in the combustion chamber of air-compressing internal combustion engines is proposed which in a known manner contains a resistor element (17) in its sheathed-element (13), where this resistor element (17) is composed of two serially connected resistor spirals (20, 21). While the resistor spiral (20) on the combustion chamber side is a heater spiral with a resistance behavior which is essentially the same at all operating temperatures, the wirespiral shaped resistance spiral (21) on the side remote from the combustion chamber which acts as a regulating element, has a high temperature resistance coefficient.

Abstract: An improved ceramic heater to be incorporated in a glow plug is described. The heater is made up of a ceramic core enclosed by two layers sintered together to form a unitary ceramic heater. All three component elements of the heater are composed of silicon nitride containing different concentrations of an electrically conductive ceramic substance, such as titanium nitride, titanium carbonitride or molybdenum disilicide. Each component additionally contains low amounts of sintering additives. The core of the heater has the highest concentration (46-75 vol. %) of the electrically conductive substance. The core enclosed in a ceramic layer which is an electrical insulator and is composed of silicon nitride, less than 28 vol. % of the electrically conductive ceramic substance and sintering additives. An outer layer over the core contains the electrically conductive ceramic substance in a concentration (33-50 vol. %) which is in between that in the core and that in the insulator layer.

Abstract: A flameless portable cigarette lighter includes a hollow housing containing a pair of batteries and having a front wall with an opening sized to allow only the insertion of a cigarette therethrough for contact with a vertically oriented electric resistance heating filament in the housing for igniting the cigarette. A flexible closure is formed integrally with a switch actuator slidabaly mounted on the housing front wall and movable therewith from a first position closing the opening to a second position allowing access therethrough of a cigarette. A switch is provided in the housing for selectively connecting the batteries to the filament for energization thereof and includes a flexible resilient conductor having a free end movable into electrical contact with a pole of one of the batteries by engagement with a protuberance at the upper end of the closure when the closure is in its second position.

Abstract: A vehicle cigarette lighter comprises a casing ball-jointed to a plug member which is removably insertable into and thus electrically connectable with a lighter socket formed on the dashboard of a vehicle. A lighting unit comprising a heating device is disposed within the casing to receive and light a cigarette therein. Warning circuits are provided to send off aural and visual signals when the cigarette is inserted into the cigarette lighter. A control circuit is provided to shut off power supplied thereto if the cigarette has been deposited in the cigarette lighter for a given period or the temperature of the heating device has reached a pre-determined level. The plug member has mounted on one end thereof a ring member which has several outward deflected resilient tabs formed by punching or pressing to provide a more secure contact with the lighter socket of vehicle dashboard.

Abstract: A flameless battery powered electric cigarette lighter has a resistance heating filament positioned within a lighter housing in spaced juxtaposition to an opening in the housing for admitting the leading end of a cigarette so that it may contact the heating filament and be ignited. A cylindrical ceramic support positioned in the housing by an annular rib thereon press fitted into engagement with portions of the housing has a circular recess facing the housing opening in which is positioned the heating filament. The recess protects the filament against breakage and serves to concentrate heat on the cigarette being ignited. The heating filament is automatically energized by a switch actuated by movement of a slidable flexible housing wall portion from a position closing the housing opening to an open position where a cigarette can be inserted through the opening for ignition.

Abstract: The invention relates to a ceramic heater for use, e.g., as a glow plug for a diesel engine or as an igniter for an oil or gas burner. The ceramic heater has a nonoxide ceramic body having a heating part and a supporting part and a heating resistor embedded in the heating part of the ceramic body. The material of the heating resistor is W, WC, tungsten alloy or a metal nitride such as TiN or TaN. According to the invention the heating part of the ceramic body is formed of aluminum nitride ceramic, which is high in heat conductivity and resistant to oxidation at high temperatures, at least in a core region in contact with the heating resistor, and the supporting part is formed of silicon nitride ceramic which is low in heat conductivity at least in a surface region.

Abstract: An igniter for electric ignition systems is made up of intergrally formed terminals and heating elements of metal thin film. Therefore, it maintains its stable ignition performance, high safety, and high reliability over a long period of time even in a severe environment. The heating element is covered with a protective coating film made of an inorganic material to ensure good heat conduction and to maintain the initial performance over a long period of time.

Abstract: A rapidly heated glow plug which concentrates its heat at the tip of the protective sheath of the plug so that the tip is the first part to heat to the ignition temperature. The plug is heated by a coil of positive temperature coefficient resistance material such as nickel, and the method of manufacturing the plug results in there being a mass of PTC material at the tip of the protective sheath, with the coil being connected to this mass. The preferred mass is formed by melting several coils of wire within a hole formed in the tip of the sheath to close the hole and expose a large surface area of positive temperature coefficient resistance material at the very tip of the sheath to be heated first.

Abstract: A ceramic heater comprising a ceramic sintered body of silicon nitride matrix and a heating resistor of an inorganic conductor embedded in the sintered body, characterized in that the ceramic sintered body of silicon nitride matrix comprises 8 to 19 weight % of a rare earth element when calculated by conversion in terms of the amount of oxide, 2 to 7 weight % of silicon oxide (SiO.sub.2) and 7 to 20 weight % of molybdenum silicide or titanium nitride, and that electrode clamps holding lead wires are brazed to the side surfaces of the ceramic heater respectively via metalized layers so that the heating resistor is electrically connected to the lead wires via the electrode clamps.

Abstract: Filamentary material having a core of elemental carbon covered with a coating of silicon carbide material with a thin outer layer of elemental carbon is heated in air to cause the outer layer to oxidize. The filament is then cut to segments of a desired length, bundled and the ends metallized. A tubular metal connector is crimped over each of the metallized ends of the bundle with a conductive lead extending therefrom. The bundle assembly is then mounted onto a refractory holder.