Abstract: Systems for delivering coating compositions are disclosed. The system may include a support base for supporting a container of a coating composition and a pressure canister movable in relation to the support base from an open position to a closed position in which the pressure canister surrounds the coating composition container and forms a seal with the support base. The system may include a pressure canister that is movable from a delivery position in which the canister is pressurized to a cleaning position in which the canister may be cleaned by a cleaning fixture. The pressure canisters are useful in automated systems for delivering various types of coating formulations.

Abstract: A container for dispensing food products can include a clump decimator portion for breaking up food clumps. In one embodiment, a container comprises a container portion having an open interior and an open top and a cover for selectively covering the open top. The cover can include a cover base portion and a rotatable top portion configured to be coupled on top of the base portion. The cover base portion can include a plurality of dispensing apertures for allowing a food product to be dispensed therethrough. The rotatable top portion can be selectively rotatable relative to the cover base portion and the container portion. The clump decimator portion can extend downwardly and radially from the top portion through the cover base portion and into the container portion. The clump decimator can rotate as the rotatable top portion is rotated to agitate the contents of the container portion while they are being dispensed.

Abstract: A system and method for dispensing fluids is introduced. A preferred embodiment comprises a sealed tank, a bag containing fluid inside the sealed tank, an outlet for dispensing the liquid in the bag, and a pressure generating device to create pressure in the sealed tank.

Abstract: A flush system for a dispenser nozzle may include a flush diverter and a carrier. The flush diverter may include a dispense position and a flush position. The carrier maneuvers the flush diverter to either the dispense position or the flush position with respect to the beverage dispenser nozzle.

Abstract: Methods and systems for programmed dispensation of consumable compositions are provided. A method for sterilizing a beverage container may include, but is not limited to: (a) detecting a sterilization status of a container; and (b) controlling functionality of a controllable device according to the sterilization status. A system for sterilizing a beverage container may include, but is not limited to: (a) means for detecting a sterilization status of a container; and (b) means for controlling functionality of a controllable device according to the sterilization status.

Abstract: A system (1) is for release or movement of a fluid-dispensing head (2) positioned within a dispenser (6) of fluids. The system (1) houses the fluid-dispensing head (2), which has nozzles (3) for the supply of fluids. The system (1) includes a release (7, 10, 20) for release and movement of the fluid-dispensing head (2) configured for enabling movement of the delivery head (2) between a first position of use, in which the nozzles (3) deliver fluids into a container (4), and a cleaning position or second position of use (set facing the operator) or third position of use (facing upwards), distinct from the first position of use, in which they are accessible for being cleaned.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating containers, including a transport device which transports the containers along a specified transport path, the transport device including a plurality of holding elements for holding the containers, with the holding elements being transported along the specified transport path. The apparatus includes a cleaning device for sterilizing the holding elements at least in sections.

Abstract: A multi-flavor valve for dispensing at least three flavors of beverages includes a single-piece injection-molded valve body having at least three syrup flow paths, a water flow path, and one water flow path solenoid for opening and closing the water flow path. Three syrup flow path solenoids are positioned in the corresponding syrup flow paths. The water flow path solenoid is positioned in the water flow path, within the valve body. The valve has beverage flavor switches for selecting the beverage flavors for dispensation. The valve includes an electronics module electrically connected to the solenoids and to the beverage flavor switches, the electronics module causing one of the syrup flow path solenoids to open the corresponding syrup flow path of the syrup corresponding to a selected flavor switch, and causing the water flow path solenoid to open the water flow path, causing the valve to dispense the selected beverage flavor.

Abstract: The cosmetic product device comprises a container presenting an orifice for dispensing a product; and a cap presenting an internal portion in relief, such as a lip, arranged to pass over the orifice while closing the container with the cap, and to lie at a distance from the orifice when the cap closes the container. The cap is arranged in such a manner that while it is keeping the container closed it bears against the orifice and closes it.

Abstract: A system and method for connecting a fluid within a product container such as a bag to a product dispenser. The system and method, more particularly, discloses a cleanable connector system for a Bag-In-Box (“BIB”) type package having a valve arrangement that prevents the mixing of product within the bag and in the line. Various embodiments provide a connector system including a valve arrangement having a line-side valve and a bag-side valve, wherein the valve arrangement allows connection to a bag and to a line-side connector while preventing the product within the bag and in the line from mixing. The system and method improves the shelf life of products contained within the bag and reduces the risk of contamination of the bag, the line, and the product contained within the bag by minimizing the risk of introducing biological and other foreign material into the system when connecting the bag and the line.

Abstract: A powder dispensing apparatus for dispensing a powder either with or without a liquid is presented. The apparatus includes a base, a dispenser, and a tower. The base is adapted for receiving a container. The dispenser includes a rotatable carriage contacting a support element with an opening. The carriage includes a plurality of compartments horizontally disposed above an optional funnel and rotatable about a central axis. A hopper is disposed above the carriage and communicates with less than all compartments. Each compartment is capable of separately dispensing a powder from the hopper through the opening into the funnel and thereafter into the container resting on the base. The tower is disposed between and attached at opposing ends to the base and the dispenser. The apparatus is useful, for example, in preparing baby formula and other food for infants, as well as in preparing food and drink for children and adults.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel electrolytic process for removing impurities from the inner surface of a metallic container. The process is particularly useful for cleaning process reactors used for culturing microorganisms, and storage tanks used for storing metabolites formed in the process reactor, as well as containers for dairy products.

Abstract: A method and a system of cleaning and flushing a beverage dispensing system comprising a sealable pressure chamber for receiving a collapsible keg containing a beverage and a dispensing valve, comprises: providing a first cartridge containing a cleaning fluid, positioning the first cartridge in the pressure chamber and pressurizing the pressure chamber, opening the dispensing valve and dispensing the cleaning fluid from the dispensing valve, and causing the cleaning fluid to flow from the first cartridge through the dispensing line and being dispensed from the dispensing valve, disconnecting the first cartridge after the emptying of the cleaning fluid from the first cartridge, and removing the first cartridge, providing a second cartridge containing a flushing fluid, positioning the second cartridge in the pressure chamber and pressurizing the pressure chamber, and repeating the steps (iii)-(v) while using the second cartridge instead of the first cartridge.

Abstract: Liquid dispensing systems which sanitize the liquid and liquid-contacting parts of a liquid dispensing system using ozonation, by periodically flushing the system with ozonated gas or liquid. Also disclosed and claimed are an apparatus and method for controlling temperature variations between the liquid in holding (e.g., cold and/or hot) tanks and the liquid as it is dispensed, which may be used with an Insta-Boil feature.

Abstract: A powder dispensing apparatus is disclosed in which the apparatus includes a drum assembly 2. The drum assembly includes a support portion 10 and a foil 14 which are linearly movable relative to one another. The foil 14 has a plurality of through-apertures 25, and the support portion 10 includes a corresponding number of apertures 20. The base of each aperture 20 in the support portion is closed off by a piston 24. The apertures 25, 20 are aligned at a filling position where powder can fill a compartment. The foil 14 is then translated relative to the support portion 10 in order to close the compartments. The drum 2 can be rotated through 180° to a dispensing position. The foil 14 is moved so that the apertures 25, 20 are aligned and the pistons 24 can be used to dispense powder into a receptacle.

Abstract: This device includes metering valves (31, 32, 33)arranged in at least one circumferential row in such a manner that the valves of a circumferential row follow a circular path (TC1, TC2, TC3) during rotation of the dispenser device. It further includes a cleaner system for cleaning the valves and including at least one stationary dry brush (41, 42, 51, 52, 60) that is arranged on at least one circular path (TC1, TC2, TC3) in such a manner as to come into rubbing contact against the valves of at least one circumferential row of valves.

Abstract: The present invention is a flush unit that can quickly and safely connect to a conventional soda fountain dispenser for cleaning the drain system of the dispenser. The flush unit comprises a one-piece unitary flush block or housing, a flexible hose, and a nozzle. The flush block comprises a fluid conduit having a water inlet port and a water outlet port. The flush block further comprises a plug port for plugging the syrup outlet port of a conventional back block. The water inlet and plug ports are spaced to engage with the water and syrup outlet ports, respectively, of the back block. The flush block further comprises a fastener adapted to engage with a fastener of the back block. The flexible hose has a first end connected by a fastener to the water outlet port of the flush block and a second end connected to the nozzle. The present invention allows a person to quickly connect the flush unit to a conventional dispenser and flush the drain system of the dispenser using its own hydrostatic water source.

Abstract: A device for preparing drinks, in particular, cooled drinks. Also disclosed is a multi-way coupling for use in a device for cooling drinks and a method for cleaning a device for preparing drinks.

Abstract: Disclosed is a rotary valve and rotary disk fluid dispensing system that sanitizes valve ports using UV radiation during non-use. Steam and ozinated water can also be used for stripping and disinfecting portions of the dispenser that can be accessed by the public. The system also uses detectors including hall detectors and a camera to inspect for blockage of valve ports, tampering or improper operation of the rotary valve disc.

Abstract: A machine for preparing coffee and milk based beverages having a steam generator, a first apparatus for producing coffee as well as a source of liquid milk and a second apparatus for preparing and dispensing a beverage from a concentrated fluid product. The second apparatus includes a beverage preparation device associated with a second dispenser connected via first line to a first connector unit of the second apparatus to receive a concentrated fluid product pre-diluted in the first connector unit and, via a second line, to the source of liquid milk to complete dilution and obtain a diluted product to be dispensed from the beverage preparation device.

Abstract: Dispensing device for preparing and dispensing food and/or nutritional composition comprising: a water circuit for transporting water, a water heater, an injection head (4) comprising an injection intruding part (25, 38) for injecting water in a capsule comprising the food and/or nutritional ingredient; a capsule holder (17) for holding the capsule during injection of water in the capsule, wherein the injection head and capsule holder are moveable relatively one another for approaching the capsule surface to the injection head and injecting water in the capsule, wherein it also comprises a cleaning and/or sanitizing means (13) which can be associated to the injection system for enabling hot water and/or steam to clean and/or sanitize the external surface of the injection intruding part.

Abstract: A product filler assembly (i.e., fill valve) configured for use in association with any number of flowable material, however, it is particularly well suited for flowable material that is otherwise difficult to fill due to viscosity, surface tension and/or poor separation characteristics. Most preferably, the device is configured to provide a laminar flow of the product being filled, proportional to the size of the package. The product filler assembly includes a nozzle cutoff assembly which directs air or other fluids at the opening of the product filler assembly to separate the flowable material from the filler assembly and to reduce seal contamination of packages or containers.

Abstract: Container filling arrangement in which a first flow channel connects a first portion of a liquid channel, adjacent a liquid valve, and a collecting channel. A second flow channel connects the first flow channel and a second portion of the liquid channel adjacent a dispensing opening. A first valve in the first flow channel may be closed upon the liquid valve being opened during container filling, and is designed to be forced open by an increase to a first pressure in the first flow channel generated by a closing of the liquid valve. The second valve is designed to be closed until forced open by an increase to a second pressure, greater than the first pressure, in the first and second flow channels. The second pressure may be generated during a cleaning and/or sterilizing of the container filling arrangement.

Abstract: A food and beverage dispenser for dispensing food and beverage products may have a clean in place (CIP) system that functions with minimal to no operator interface and disassembly. The dispenser may include one or more product barrels and an ingredient supply refrigerator. A nozzle cap containing a cleaning/sanitizing agent may be placed on a dispensing valve of the dispenser, and a CIP connector may be connected to a BIB connector after disconnecting the BIB connector from a BIB package. The CIP connector completes a CIP circuit that places the product barrel in fluid circulation with a water source and optionally another sanitizer source to help clean the dispenser in place. A heater may be included in the CIP circuit to heat the circulating fluid. A microcontroller or other computer processor may control the CIP process.

Abstract: A product dispensing system is provided. The product dispensing system includes a dispensing device and a sealing assembly. The dispensing device is configured and arranged to pass product out of a dispensing orifice in the product dispensing system. The sealing assembly is configured and arranged to wipe and seal the dispensing orifice to prevent exposure of unused product with ambient air when the product dispensing system is not dispensing product.

Abstract: The coating-powder-supply apparatus according to the invention comprises a powder-storage container, a powder conveyor, in order to convey powder out of the powder-storage container, and a set of scales, in order to weigh the powder located in the powder-storage container.

Abstract: An apparatus for dispensing milk-based beverages comprises a milk container (4), a pump (8) for conveying the milk from the milk container (4) to a milk outlet (20), supply means (13, 14) for supplying at least one flavoring agent to the milk and means for mixing the at least one flavoring agent with the milk. To this end, a coolable cabinet (2), into which the milk container (4) can be inserted, is arranged in a housing (1). Via a hose line (7), the milk in the milk container (4) reaches a mixing apparatus (9) in a meterable quantity, conveyed by the pump (8) disposed in the hose line (7). At least one flavoring agent is able to be additionally supplied in a metered manner into the mixing apparatus via the supply means (13, 14), and is able to be mixed with the milk; the mixed beverage thus obtained reaches, via an outlet (20), a vessel (21) which can be provided beneath this outlet (20). Flavored cold milk-based beverages can thereby be produced in an optimal way.

Abstract: An actuator main body (41) is fixedly mounted on an aerosol container (11) in a manner to enclose stems (15, 15) of the aerosol container. A nozzle main body (42) which is formed with a plurality of independent communication flow paths (42a) each of which communicates with one of the stems and has an injection opening (42b) at one end and a fitting connection portion which is fitted and connected to the stem is provided in the actuator main body. A scraping and washing member (43) is mounted on the communication flow paths in a manner to be pushed in and pulled out of the communication flow paths through the injection openings of the nozzle main body (42), said scraping and washing member (43) having a flow path portion (43d) formed with flow paths for contents liquids and a scraping portion (43e) for scraping out substance remaining after injection of the contents liquids.

Abstract: A valve for a reagent bottle is provided, the valve including a resilient membrane configured to extend across an opening in the reagent bottle, the resilient membrane having at least one slit extending therethrough. Also disclosed is a dispensing apparatus for dispensing a reagent from a reagent bottle, the dispensing apparatus comprising: a probe assembly having a probe adapted for insertion into the reagent bottle through the valve and an extraction mechanism for drawing reagent out of the reagent bottle through the probe. A valve opening assembly is provided, which is adapted to open the valve of the reagent bottle such that the probe can pass through the valve without contacting the valve.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a dispensing system and a sanitizing system. The apparatus has a dispensing mode and sanitizing mode. The dispensing system may comprise a first valve and at least one component, the at least one component comprising an inner surface. The first valve has an open position to send a free-flowing material to the at least one component when the apparatus is in the dispensing mode, in a closed position when the combination is in the sanitizing mode. The sanitizing system comprises a processing unit, having an electrochemical cell configured to produce an anolyte solution and a catholyte solution. The sanitizing system comprises a second valve having an open position to send the anolyte solution and the catholyte solution to the at least one component when the apparatus is in the sanitizing mode. The second valve has a closed position when the apparatus is in the dispensing mode.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a dispensing system and a sanitizing system. The apparatus has a dispensing mode and sanitizing mode. The dispensing system may comprise a first valve and at least one component, the at least one component having an inner surface. The first valve is opened to send a free-flowing material to the at least one component when the apparatus is in the dispensing mode. The first valve is closed when the apparatus is in the sanitizing mode. The sanitizing system comprises a processing unit having a discharge cell configured to initiate a cold plasma discharge in an air flow. A tank may be configured to receive the air flow from the discharge cell of the processing unit and expose water in the tank to the air flow for a time sufficient to provide dissolution of ozone from the air flow into the water and form ozone-containing water.

Abstract: Paint-metering cylinder for supplying a paint discharge nozzle with a paint material for painting plants, painting plants, and method for rinsing paint-metering cylinder. The paint-metering cylinder includes at least one rinsing device having at least two rinsing agent outlet openings.

Abstract: A one-way valve is connectable in fluid communication with a fluid-receiving chamber, such as a dilution chamber or a mixing chamber for diluting or mixing a perishable food product, such as a milk product or chocolate product, and forming a substantially fluid-tight seal therebetween. The valve comprises a relatively rigid valve seat, and a relatively flexible valve member overlying the valve seat and forming an axially-elongated, normally-closed valve opening therebetween defining an inlet at one end of the valve seat, an outlet at an opposite end of the valve seat, and an axially-extending seal therebetween that forms a fluid-tight seal between the inlet and outlet of the normally-closed valve opening. An axially-extending valve body is radially spaced relative to the valve member and forms a space therebetween allowing fluid-flow therethrough for cleaning the valve and the fluid-receiving chamber.

Abstract: A metering pump for feeding out viscous materials, which pump comprises a housing having an inlet connectable to a viscous material source, an outlet; and a valve body of cylindrical basic shape, which is rotatable into at least two positions by means of a drive unit including a first position allowing a flow of the material from the inlet to the housing and a second position allowing a flow of the material from the housing to the outlet. The pump also comprises a cylinder device connected to the housing, having a controllable piston intended to achieve the flow of material, and at least one device for cleaning the metering pump. The cleaning device comprises at least one nozzle for cleaning agent, disposed in a valve-body-facing part of the piston. Also, a method for cleaning such a metering pump.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating containers, including a transport device which transports the containers along a specified transport path, the transport device including a plurality of holding elements for holding the containers, with the holding elements being transported along the specified transport path. The apparatus includes a cleaning device for sterilizing the holding elements at least in sections.

Abstract: A flavoured-beverage preparation machine (1) comprises: —a fluid circuit having a duct (10) that has an outlet (15) for dispensing a flavoured-beverage over a filling area (35) for user-receptacles (40); and —a cleaning arrangement for removing remnant flavoured-beverage from the duct by passing a clearing fluid through the duct and out of the duct via the outlet, The cleaning arrangement has: —means (300, 400, 450) for providing a gas under pressure; and —a configuration for passing such a gas as this clearing fluid under pressure through and out of the duct for evacuating remnant flavoured-beverage from the duct.

Abstract: A mold barrier eliminates the establishment and continued resurgence of microbial colonies on product dispenser components routinely exposed to fluids and food products. The mold barrier may be utilized in a product dispenser to prevent the establishment of mold colonies on the product dispenser. The mold barrier adheres to potentially exposed surfaces to create an impenetrable boundary layer, thereby preventing the errant product from permeating into porous materials not suitable for product contact. Upon contacting the mold barrier, the errant product moves downward. Residues left from the errant product may be removed when the product dispenser and mold barrier are sanitized during routine cleansing operations. Upon sanitization, the product dispenser may be restored to a sanitized condition.

Abstract: A feeding system includes a hopper for containing materials therein, a dispensing pipe, a sensor, a scraper, a driving mechanism. The dispensing pipe is connected to the hopper and is configured for dispensing the materials in the hopper to a predetermined position. The sensor is arranged adjacent to the dispensing pipe and is configured for detecting an amount of the materials loaded in the dispensing pipe. The scraper is arranged in the dispensing pipe and is configured for removing the materials remained on the inner wall of the dispensing pipe by scraping the inner wall of the dispensing pipe. The driving mechanism is configured for driving the scraper to rotate in the dispensing pipe and scrape along the inner wall of the dispensing pipe.

Abstract: A machine for making and dispensing liquid, semi-liquid and/or semi-solid food products comprising a cylinder for processing a mixture of a basic product and air, a chamber for the transit of a heat exchange fluid, the chamber being located around the cylinder, a dispensing tap and means for treating the heat exchange fluid and supplying it to the transit chamber; it is equipped with a flexible container for containing the basic product and housed in a rigid container; a compressor of a flow of pressurized air being designed to send pressurized air into the rigid container in such a way that it acts on the flexible container to cause the transfer of the basic product from the container to the processing cylinder through a feed tube.

Abstract: The invention is directed to semi-solid food product metering devices that typically have two counter rotating feed rollers with ends to entrain the semi-solid food product and has an at least one actuating device. The two feed rollers have two roller end plates at each end of the feed rollers, one being at a distal end of the rollers and the other at a proximal end of the rollers relative to the at least one actuating device with an at least one support bar. The feed rollers make a positive seal with the end plates. The semi-solid food product metering device of the invention has an open position and an operating position where the at least one support bar supports the two roller end plates in position while in the operating position and operating the semi-solid food product metering device, and allowing for lateral movement of the end plates away from the ends of the feed rollers to allow access to the gap between the feed roller ends and the roller end plates in the open position.

Abstract: A disinfectant cap for sterile liquid dispensers is disclosed. The cap includes a biocide-containing reservoir separated from the hollow interior of the cap by a rigid partition having an aperture therein for receiving the outlet port of the dispensing end of the dispenser, the cap being configured such that when in a closed configuration, the outlet port of the dispensing end extends through the aperture into the biocide-containing reservoir and the rigid partition is configured such that when the cap is removed from the dispensing end the biocide is retained in the reservoir. This may be achieved by selecting the size of the aperture such that when the cap is removed from the dispensing end the biocide is retained in the reservoir by surface tension. Or the partition may be provided with a hinged flap which seals the aperture when the cap is removed from the dispensing end and which is moved away from the aperture when the outlet port extends through the aperture.

Abstract: The cosmetic product device comprises a container presenting an orifice for dispensing a product; and a cap presenting an internal portion in relief, such as a lip, arranged to pass over the orifice while closing the container with the cap, and to lie at a distance from the orifice when the cap closes the container. The cap is arranged in such a manner that while it is keeping the container closed it bears against the orifice and closes it.

Abstract: A pump adapted for coupling in a fluid circuit between a source of coating material and a dispensing device. The pump includes an operating member which extends through a pump housing to a location adjacent the fluid circuit. The passage of the operating member to a location adjacent the fluid circuit includes a seal system permit operation of the pump while reducing the likelihood of leakage of the coating material from the circuit out of the housing along the operating member. The seal system includes at least first and second seals defining between them a flushable seal chamber facing a pump chamber containing the coating material being pumped.

Abstract: A system for supplying at least two fluids in proportioned quantities may include a first and second intake passages configured to be in flow communication with sources of first and second fluids, respectively. The system may include a fluid transfer device in flow communication with the first intake passage and the second intake passage, and a pump in flow communication with the first intake passage. Operation of the pump is configured to supply a quantity of the first fluid to a first chamber of the fluid transfer device such that a quantity of the second fluid is expelled from a second chamber of the fluid transfer device. When operation of the pump is ceased, a quantity of the second fluid enters the second chamber and a quantity of the first fluid is expelled from the first chamber.

Abstract: The invention concerns a valve (1) for measuring a liquid or powdery product, comprising a fixed conduit (5) for supplying the product; a closure (13) mounted at a lower end (11) of the conduit (5); and a coaxial sleeve (15), mounted outside the conduit (5), having a lower end (19) shaped into a valve seat, said sleeve (15) being mobile in translation relative to the conduit (5) between a so-called closed position wherein the valve seat (19) co-operates tightly with the closure (13), and a so-called open position wherein the valve seat (19) is spaced apart from the closure (13) to allow the product to flow.

Abstract: A beverage dispensing system using a sweetener. The beverage dispensing system may include a dispensing nozzle, a sweetener source with the sweetener at more than about 65° brix, a first diluent source with a first diluent, a mixing chamber in communication with the sweetener source and the first diluent source so as to dilute the sweetener to less than about 65° brix, and a second diluent source with a second diluent so as to dilute further the sweetener upstream of the dispensing nozzle.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a beverage dispenser and more specifically to an assembly within the dispenser for mixing beverage components and optionally whipping the beverage product into a foam. The assembly includes a cleaning system that provides for cleaning of the surfaces that contact the beverage product or its components.

Abstract: A refrigerator is provided which includes a cabinet. A first compartment and second compartment are disposed within the cabinet. A first door provides access to the first compartment and a second door provides access to the second compartment. A beverage dispensing system is disposed within the cabinet. The beverage dispensing system has a fluid line, a fluid enhancement line, and a cleaning subsystem for cleaning the fluid component line and the fluid enhancement line.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a semi-solid food product metering device and method of operating a semi-solid food product metering device with at least two counter rotating feed rollers each with two ends, a distal end and a proximal end. An at least two feed rollers end plates contain the rollers with a first of the at least two roller end plates being a distal feed roller end plate at the distal end of the at least two counter rotating feed rollers and a second of the at least two roller end plates being a removable end plate at the proximal end of the counter rotating feed rollers with an at least one fastening device to fasten the at least two feed roller end plates in the operational position.

Abstract: A dishwasher detergent delivery cartridge comprises a plurality of unit dose elements of a dishwasher detergent composition, the composition being a substantially coherent mass and comprising at least 20 wt % of methyl glycine diacetic acid and/or a salt thereof and/or of glutamic diacetic acid and/or a salt thereof. Such compositions have been found to have excellent stability and/or performance in multi-dose applications.