Abstract: A marine battery charger cable extender includes a terminal end that has a positive extender ring terminal and a negative extender ring terminal, and a connection end configured to connect to a terminal end of a pre-wired battery charger. The connection end includes a positive ring end, a positive ring connector configured to hold the positive ring end and galvanic connection with a positive ring terminal of the pre-wired battery charger, and a positive connection cover configured to completely encapsulate the connected positive ring end of the cable extender and the positive ring terminal of the pre-wired battery charger.

Abstract: A fastening system for a zipper is disclosed which includes locking or interlocking first and second zipper pull tabs. A first zipper pull tab comprises a first base, a hook extending from the first base, and a movable gate coupled to the first base. A second zipper pull tab comprises a second base, a cover coupled to the second base, and a post extending between the second base and the cover. For interlocking, the movable gate and hook are further coupled around the post to provide the interlocking configuration of the first and second zipper pull tabs. The first zipper pull tab may be utilized separately from the second zipper pull tab, such as to lock to a coupling ring or another component of a carrying bag.

Abstract: A slider for a slide fastener in which the slider is attached to fastener chains is provided. The slider includes a first member and a second member. The first member includes an upper blade, a lower blade, a guide post connected between the upper blade and the lower blade, and a connecting post protruding from the upper blade. The second member includes a first arm and a second arm separated from each other, is attached to the first member by the first arm and the second arm, and is configured to rotate along an upper-lower direction relative to the first member and around a fulcrum provided on the upper blade or the lower blade. The first member or the second member is provided with a flange. Three or more fit sections are formed between the first member and the second member.

Abstract: A slider for slide fastener includes: a body including a pull tab attachment post; and a pull tab. The pull tab includes: a coupling member including an exposed portion and an embedded portion; and a pinching member including a first pinching portion including an annular end portion having an opening through which the embedded portion is to be inserted, and a second pinching portion provided to the first pinching portion with the embedded portion interposed therebetween. At least one of a front end surface and a rear end surface of the pull tab attachment post has a protrusion. And when the pull tab is tilted toward at least one of a front side and a rear side of the body, the protrusion locks the pull tab to restrict rotation of the pull tab.

Abstract: A zipper assembly including a left side tape configured with a plurality of left fastener teeth, and a right side tape configured with a plurality of right fastener teeth, defining together a zipper path, and at least one primary slider member slidingly displaceable along the zipper path for interlocking engagement or disengagement of left fastener teeth with corresponding right fastener teeth, wherein at least a portion of the zipper path is configured with a raceway extending through alternating neighboring left fastener teeth and right fastener teeth, said raceway configured for slidingly accommodating a flexible strip articulated at a first end thereof to the at least one slider member.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a tightness adjusting device, including an adjustable rope, two toothed straps, and a slide fastener fitting with the two toothed straps, wherein each of the toothed straps includes a woven strap and a teeth row arranged on a work side of the woven strap, the slide fastener defines two passages therein, the two teeth rows stretch into the two passages respectively, the two passages are converged at least on a first end to form a tightening passage, the slide fastener is also provided with a separating block, the separating block is arranged between the two passages, the separating block is provided with a separating cone of which a tip end is toward the tightening passage, the separating cone is one-to-one corresponding to the tightening passage, and the adjustable rope is in connection with the slide fastener.

Abstract: A slider for a slide fastener useable with a slider with an automatic stop function to secure a tab to enable automatic engagement and prevent swinging of the tab, regardless of the type of tab, when the tab is tilted to an engaged portion side. An engaging portion is formed in an attachment hole of the tab. An engaged portion is formed in the slider body or the tab attachment part. When the tab is tilted to be almost parallel to an upper blade on the engaged portion side of the tab attachment part, due to a biasing force of the spring member, the lock pin moves the shaft portion of the tab downward and to an opposite side of a tilted direction, and a tip portion of the engaging portion of the tab is pulled into to be engaged with the engaged portion side of the tab attachment part.

Abstract: Analog circuits are often non-linear, and the non-linearities can hurt performance. Designers would trade off power consumption to achieve better linearity. An efficient and effective calibration technique can address the non-linearities and reduce the overall power consumption. A dither signal injected to the analog circuit can be used to expose the non-linear behavior in the digital domain. To detect the non-linearities, a counting approach is applied to isolate non-linearities independent of the input distribution. The approach is superior to and different from other approaches in many ways.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a cap structure includes providing an initial cap body; placing an elastic piece on an inner surface of the initial cap body; and then punching the initial cap body to form a cap body. The cap structure includes a cap body and an elastic piece. The cap body has at least two first inner concave grooves, at least two first retaining blocks and at least two first through holes. The at least two first inner concave grooves are disposed on the inner surface of the cap body, and the at least two first through holes pass through the cap body. The elastic piece is disposed on the inner surface of the cap body, and the at least two first retaining blocks contact the elastic piece for retaining or abutting the elastic piece.

Abstract: A flexible bridge assembly for eyewear is provided. The assembly includes a body comprising a flexible first mounting portion and a second flexible mounting portion each extending from opposite ends of a flexible central portion. The assembly also includes a first mounting member embedded in the first mounting portion; and a second mounting member embedded in the second mounting portion. The first mounting portion and first mounting member comprise a first passage to enable the flexible bridge assembly to be secured to a first lens of the eyewear, and the second mounting portion and second mounting member comprise a second passage to enable the flexible bridge assembly to be secured to a second lens of the eyewear. Rimless eyewear comprising the flexible bridge assembly is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention includes a reclosable bag having first and second walls and an open top defined by first and second elongate flexible fastener strips attached to the first and second walls, respectively, adjacent the top of the walls. One of the fastener strips has a profile portion forming at least one groove and the other fastener strip has a profile portion forming at least one rib with a portion of each rib received and retained in one of said grooves when the bag top is closed. Each of the fastener strips has a base connected to the respective wall, and each of the strips has an upper edge adjacent the upper edge of the other strip. Third and fourth fastener strips are located within the bag walls parallel to and below the first and second fastener strips. The third and fourth fattener strips have one or more pairs of ribs and grooves.

Abstract: A garment sleeve having a proximal shoulder end coupled to an armscye of the garment, and a distal, cuff end, terminating at a cuff, the garment sleeve including: (a) a seam running from the armscye to the cuff the seam being joined at least at the shoulder end and at the cuff end; (b) a non-separating zipper including;—(i) teeth, and (ii) at least one slider adapted to reversibly couple the teeth, at least partially, between the shoulder end and the cuff end; the non-separating zipper operationally coupled proximate to the shoulder end of the seam and proximate to the cuff end of the seam.

Abstract: There is provided a slide fastener slider. A slider body has an upper blade and a lower blade connected by a guide post at front end sides thereof, and a pull tab attached to a pull tab attachment portion formed on the upper blade. The pull tab attachment portion has a pair of right and left first members protruding from the upper surface of the upper blade, and a second member connecting the pair of the right and left first members. The first members have a base portion and a wall portion arranged to extend from the base portion toward at least one of front and rear sides thereof. The pull tab has a string-shaped member and the string-shaped member is attached to the pull tab attachment portion.

Abstract: A magnetic zipper pull tab apparatus includes a zipper pull tab and zipper body that contain corresponding magnetic elements. The zipper pull tab is shaped and functions much like a traditional zipper tab, and the zipper functions like a traditional zipper. The magnetic elements allow the zipper tab to magnetically secure to the zipper body when the zipper is in a closed position. The zipper tab and zipper body contain magnetic elements by way of having magnets affixed to or located inside of them, or are themselves made from magnetic materials.

Abstract: A zipper puller (110) has a one piece structure including a molded plastic body (112) and an integral molded looped tether (114). The looped tether is molded in a first size and shape, and after molding the looped tether is permanently deformed to a second size and second shape by aligning the crystalline structure of the looped tether material.

Abstract: Media cord managing zipper systems in accordance with the present invention may comprise a zipper slider and a pull tab. Prongs may extend from the pull tab on opposing sides of a longitudinal axis of the pull tab. The prongs may be shaped to hold portions of a media cord in a cavity of the pull tab. The media cord managing zipper system may be incorporated into articles of clothing, such as jackets and sweatshirts.

Abstract: A slider is structured such that a tab attaching rod is integrally formed in a cantilevered state in an upper blade of a slider body, and a blocking member blocking an insertion gap which is formed between the upper blade and a free end portion of the tab attaching rod is engaged with a mounting portion of the slider body so as to be immovably fixed, and is provided with an occlusion retaining structure which retains a blocked state of the insertion gap at a time of fixing the blocking member and can prevent the other member from intruding into the insertion gap. Accordingly, the slider can easily attach a tab afterward to the tab attaching rod. Further, it is possible to securely prevent the other member from intruding between the upper blade and the free end portion of the tab attaching rod.

Abstract: Embodiments herein provide modified slider bodies with one or more features such as an elongated spring cap, a protrusion on the bottom plate and/or plate coupler of the slider body, and/or vertically offset side rails. These features may minimize introduction of loose fabric, such as the lining of a lined garment, into the tape slot of the slider body, thereby help reduce jamming of the slider body during operation of the slide fastener.

Abstract: There is provided a slider for a slide fastener. A slider body includes an upper blade disposed at a front side of the slider body, which is a pull-tab attachment side, a lower blade disposed at a back side of the slider body, which is opposite to the front side, and a connecting post connecting the upper blade and the lower blade to each other. A fibrous fabric sheet is integrally fixed to a back surface of the lower blade at the back side, with an adhesive layer being interposed between the fibrous fabric sheet and the back surface of the lower blade.

Abstract: Engaged portions formed on a tab holder are elastically engaged and attached to engaging portions formed on a first column portion and the rear side of a second column portion on an upper blade, and a pair of protrusions formed on the inner side of the tab holder are fitted in a recession formed on an inclined surface of the first column portion and a recession formed on an inclined surface of the second column portion. Further, stepped portions formed at both edge portions of both front and rear ends of the tab holder are brought in contact with end surfaces and inner sides of support walls installed at both edge portions of inclined surfaces. The slide fastener can improve attachment strength of the tab holder, implement excellent durability for a long period of time, excellent external appearance, and excellent assembly performance.

Abstract: There is provided a slider for a slide fastener. A cover member is attached to a body in a cantilever manner to cover a pillar portion and a lock member. An opening/closing member slidably formed between the cover member and the body is configured to open and close an insertion gap. The cover member has a first surface which is formed on the rear end portion of the cover member in substantially parallel to the body, and a second surface extending rearward and upward at a predetermined angle from a rear end portion of the first surface. The opening/closing member has a third surface which overlaps with the first surface in an upward and downward direction and is formed in substantially parallel to the first surface, and a fourth surface extending rearward and downward at a predetermined angle from a rear end portion of the third surface.

Abstract: A slider of the invention has a slider body and a tab, and first and second tab attachment posts of the slider body rotatably retain an attachment shaft portion of the tab. Further, a cover body covering at least the first and second tab attachment posts is fixed to an upper blade of the slider body. In accordance with this, since the slider has a good touch feeling and an improved outer appearance, it is possible to construct a slide fastener which is excellent in quality. Further, in the case that the slider has a stop mechanism, the stop mechanism can be protected by the cover body, and it is accordingly possible to prevent a trouble in the stop mechanism.

Abstract: A slider for a slide fastener is provided which is capable of quickly fastening and unfastening the slide fastener in a remote operation manner. A string having pull tabs on longitudinally opposite sides is fixed to a body of the slider for a slide fastener such that the string is not moved in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A pull tab apparatus is easily connected to and disconnected from an external item such as a slide fastener and/or other item/article by a user, and is also easily assembled and disassembled by the user. According to exemplary embodiments, the pull tab apparatus includes a coil having a central portion and a plurality of arms coupled to the central portion. At least a portion of the coil includes a plurality of layers and a path exists between the plurality of layers, wherein a portion of an article is movable along the path from a first end of the coil where the coil is disconnected from the article to a predetermined position where the coil is connected to the article. A cover or gripping member is coupled to the coil. The cover or gripping member includes a first element having a first coupling mechanism and a second element having a second coupling mechanism.

Abstract: A sliding controller for a zipper has a slider, a close-ended connecting rack, a U-shaped connecting sheet, an elastic plastic tab and at least three embedded through-holes. The zipper's sliding controller features lower manufacturing cost, resistance to rust, stronger robustness and longer service life.

Abstract: A slide fastener extension tether device facilitates manipulation of a slide fastener on a rear side of a garment. The device includes a cord having a first end and a second end. A first clip is coupled to the first end of the cord. The first clip is configured for coupling to a garment in a position reachable by a person wearing the garment. A second clip is coupled to the second end of the cord. The second clip has a pair of biased jaws wherein the second clip is configured for engaging a slider of a slide fastener such that pulling on the cord urges the slider to move along opposed sides the slide fastener wherein the slide fastener is selectively openable and closable by manipulation of the cord.

Abstract: A zipper slider assembly includes a main body having first and second lateral walls connected by a perpendicular connecting panel, defining a zipper channel therebetween. The assembly also includes first and second loops, and a pull cord. The first loop extends from the first lateral wall, and defines a first eyelet. The second loop extends from the second lateral wall and defines a second eyelet. The first and second loops are aligned with one another. The pull cord is slidably retained by the first and second eyelets. The pull cord includes a first cap at one end, and a second cap at an opposite end. The pull cord is configured to be pulled through the first and second eyelets to move the main body over the zipper.

Abstract: A self-nesting zipper puller includes a body defining a periphery, a lanyard by which to suspend the zipper puller from a zipper for use; and a loop secured to the lanyard and engaged about the periphery of the body during use of the zipper puller to secure the lanyard and body as an enclosed structure captured by the zipper.

Abstract: Slide fastener closing tools and methods of using same. In one embodiment, the slide fastener closing tool is configured to help open or close a slide fastener on an article, such as but not limited to seat, while maintaining a predetermined alignment of the tool relative to the slide fastener. Maintaining the alignment between the tool and the slide fastener reduces the likelihood that the elements of the fastener tape are damaged during opening and closing of the slide fastener. In one embodiment, the tool includes a guide plate configured to help maintain such alignment.

Abstract: A pull tab apparatus is easily connected to and disconnected from an external item such as a slide fastener and/or other item/article by a user, and is also easily assembled and disassembled by the user. According to exemplary embodiments, the pull tab apparatus includes a coil having a central portion and a plurality of arms coupled to the central portion. At least a portion of the coil includes a plurality of layers and a path exists between the plurality of layers, wherein a portion of an article is movable along the path from a first end of the coil where the coil is disconnected from the article to a predetermined position where the coil is connected to the article. A cover or gripping member is coupled to the coil. The cover or gripping member includes a first element having a first coupling mechanism and a second element having a second coupling mechanism.

Abstract: There is provided a slider for slide fastener, including a slider body and a pull tab. A pair of supporting parts rotatably supporting the pull tab are provided on an upper surface of the slider body, and a claw for snapping elements of the slide fastener is provided on the pull tab. The pull tab is rotatable between a first posture in which the pull tab is placed down on the slider body and a second posture in which the pull tab is erected from the slider body. A stop member is provided on at least one of the slider body and the pull tab. The stop member limits the pull tab in an erect position of the second posture such that a front end of the claw is located within a protection space.

Abstract: There is provided a slide fastener that includes a pair of fastener stringers provided with fastener element rows having a plurality of fastener elements along opposing tape-side edges of a pair of fastener tapes, and a slider slidably attached to the fastener element rows to engage and disengage the fastener elements. One of the fastener stringers is separated from the slider when a lateral pulling force directed outward in a width direction of the fastener tapes is applied to the pair of fastener stringers. The upper blade and the lower blade of the slider are provided with cutaway portions at portions outward in the width direction from one lateral surface of the guide post.

Abstract: There is provided a slide fastener that includes a pair of fastener stringers provided with fastener element rows having a plurality of fastener elements along opposing tape-side edges of a pair of fastener tapes, and a slider slidably attached to the fastener element rows to engage and disengage the fastener elements. One of the fastener stringers is separated from the slider when a lateral pulling force directed outward in a width direction of the fastener tapes is applied to the pair of fastener stringers. A pull tab attachment portion provided on an upper surface of an upper blade of the slider is disposed at one side with respect to a centerline of a guide post in the width direction.

Abstract: Described herein are several versions of concealed handcuff keys including a key concealed within a pouch as a zipper pull, a key concealed as a common pen cap/clip, a key concealed as a coin, a key concealed as a bootlace/shoelace end, and a key concealed within a receiver in the back side of a belt buckle.

Abstract: The present technology includes both a process and a device for effecting the process. The process is a method of closing or opening access within a garment using the steps of: a) attaching a hooking element of a lockable pull device to a zipper on a garment; b) while a filament container of the lockable pull device is in an extended position from a housing of the lockable pull device within which the filament can be wound, activating a locking element to retain the filament in the extended position; and c) exerting directional force on the housing retaining the filament in the extended position while the hooking element is attached to the zipper to move the zipper to close or open access to the garment. The device includes a lockable pull device for use in exerting force on a distal object such as a zipper.

Abstract: A zipper pull attachment adapted to be clipped to a zipper pull tab and left in place to aid in opening and closing the zipper. The zipper pull attachment includes a vertical clip member, a ring member movably attached to the lower end of the clip member, and a fixed horizontal handle member secured horizontally through the ring member in the plane of the ring, with handle ends extending from the sides of the ring in balanced fashion.

Abstract: A slide fastener in which one of the fastener stringers is separable from a tape insertion path at one side of a body of each of sliders in the width direction when a lateral pulling force directed outward in the width direction of the fastener tapes is applied to a pair of fastener stringers. The rear ends of the upper and lower flanges at the one side of the body of the upper slider in the width direction are positioned forward with respect to the rear end of the upper slider at a side of a rear mouth. It is therefore possible to prevent fastener elements from being damaged and easily separate one of the fastener stringers from the upper slider using a simple structure.

Abstract: There is provided a slide fastener that includes a pair of fastener stringers provided with fastener element rows having a plurality of fastener elements along opposing tape-side edges of fastener tapes, and a slider slidably attached to the fastener element rows to engage an disengage the fastener elements. One of the fastener stringers is separated from the slider when a lateral pulling force directed outward in a width direction of the fastener tapes is applied to the pair of fastener stringers. Inner surfaces of the upper and lower flanges at one side of the body in the width direction, are formed as inclined surfaces in which thicknesses of the inclined surfaces gradually increase as the inclined surfaces extend from an inside to an outside in the width direction.

Abstract: A zipper pull extender to assist a user in gripping and operating zippers on clothing includes a durable sleeve body which slides over an existing zipper pull tab. A hollow interior portion of the body includes a spring with a hooked end which engages a zipper pull aperture when slid over the zipper pull tab. The sleeve also includes a small detachment aperture for receiving a removal tool. When inserted into the tool aperture, the tool presses against the spring to disengage the hooked end from the zipper pull aperture for removal of the zipper.

Abstract: A slider has an upper blade of a slider body having an insert groove of a locking pawl, a temporary engagement portion for which temporary engages and fixes the locking pawl, and a claw hole. The temporary engagement portion is adapted so that, with the locking pawl fixed in position, the position in height of the upper end of the temporary engagement portion is the same as or lower than that of the upper surface of the upper blade. This prevents the temporary engagement portion from being pressed and crushed when the temporary engagement portion is in contact with the tab and so on. As a result, an automatic stop mechanism of the slider can stably function.

Abstract: The instant disclosure relates to a zipper head. The zipper head includes a main structure, a flexible member, a securing member, a pull tab, a guiding member, and a shaft. The main structure has a first fixing portion and receives the flexible member. The securing member has a second fixing portion corresponding to the first fixing portion. The securing member contacts with the flexible member. The guiding member is pivotally connected to one end of the main structure and contacts with the securing member. A receiving space is cooperatively defined by the main structure, the securing member, and the guiding member. A fixing end of the pull tab is disposed in the receiving space. The shaft penetrates the main structure and is pivotally connected to the securing member. The instant disclosure also discusses a method for replacing the pull tab of the zipper head.

Abstract: A zipper puller (110) has a one piece structure including a molded plastic body (112) and an integral molded looped tether (114). The looped tether is molded in a first size and shape, and after molding the looped tether is permanently deformed to a second size and second shape by aligning the crystalline structure of the looped tether material.

Abstract: An apparatus, system, and method are disclosed for an automatic zipper. An apparatus for an automatic zipper includes a first placket tab and a second placket tab located on opposing sides of a zipper. The zipper also includes a slider body. The apparatus also includes a zipper connector permanently coupling the slider body to an anchor location on the first placket tab. The zipper connector is substantially non-stretchable and has a length such that the zipper connector maintains the distance between the anchor location and the slider body to be substantially the same or less than the distance between the anchor location and the slider body in the closed position.

Abstract: A garment with a zipper arrangement includes a collar, a plurality of right zipper elements provided along a front right portion of the garment, and a plurality of left zipper elements provided along the front left portion of the garment. A slider includes a front side, a top side, and a back side. The slider is configured to slide up as far as the collar and bring the plurality of right zipper elements into engagement with the plurality of left zipper elements. The slider is further configured to slide down and disengage the plurality of right zipper elements from the plurality of left zipper elements. A flexible pull member is coupled to the slider. The flexible pull member is designed and dimensioned to extend over the top side of the slider and be releasably coupled to an inner portion of the garment when the slider is at the collar.

Abstract: A simple, easy to manufacture, replacement zipper pull for zippers and slide fasteners suitable for mounting and safely displaying cabochons and jewels is described where a solid blank body with a display surface for mounting a cabochon or jewel, has an open hexahedral slot, drilled, routed, molded and/or cast, penetrating into the blank body beneath the display surface, and where transverse passageway is created within the blank body having a width greater than that of the slot for establishing a base-end of the slot and creating an anchor hole in each side of the slot for receiving outward extending distal tips of legs of a U-shaped, spring wire bail sized for insertion into the hexahedral slot, where the distal tips of the legs of the U-shaped spring bail span outward to a width greater than the width of the hexahedral slot, and snap into the created anchor holes at the base-end of the slot, for securing the blank body to the loop tang atop a zipper or slider fastener through which the U-shaped spring bail

Abstract: There is provided a slide fastener that includes a pair of fastener stringers provided with fastener element rows having a plurality of fastener elements along opposing tape-side edges of fastener tapes, and a slider slidably attached to the fastener element rows to engage an disengage the fastener elements. One of the fastener stringers is separated from the slider when a lateral pulling force directed outward in a width direction of the fastener tapes is applied to the pair of fastener stringers. Inner surfaces of the upper and lower flanges at one side of the body in the width direction, are formed as inclined surfaces in which thicknesses of the inclined surfaces gradually increase as the inclined surfaces extend from an inside to an outside in the width direction.

Abstract: A zipper pull tab retention device includes a pull tab cover and a fastening means. The pull tab cover comprises a durable friction fit cover which slides over an existing zipper pull tab. The fastening means includes a metal pin which is integrally attached to the pull tab cover. The pin is located on a surface of the pull tab cover which faces a user's chest. The pin engages the teeth of a zipper, thus allowing a user to press the pull tab cover against the zipper and prevent movement of a zipper pull tab until the pull tab cover is pulled away from the zipper.

Abstract: A slider for slide fastener has a handle attachment/detachment column part projected upward from an upper face of a slider body and a pair of cantilever engagement pieces formed in a window part of a handle, and they are snap-engaged. An attachment/detachment part of the cantilever engagement piece and the handle attachment/detachment column part is provided with a head storage space (PS) storing and engaging an attachment/detachment head at the time of engaging the cantilever engagement piece and the attachment/detachment head. Thus, attachment/detachment of the handle attachment/detachment column part and the cantilever engagement piece becomes easy and the cantilever engagement piece of the handle is difficult to be damaged. Uncomfortable feeling by a projected end of the handle attachment/detachment column part and hooking of fiber do not exist and durability is given.

Abstract: A closure arrangement comprises a first side with a first plurality of closure elements and a second side with a second plurality of closure elements. A slider is moveably positioned on the first side and an insertion pin assembly is positioned on the second side. The insertion pin assembly includes a mouth defined between an inner jaw and an outer jaw and an insertion pin positioned within the mouth. The mouth is configured to receive the slider and the insertion pin is configured for insertion into the slider.

Abstract: A device for assisting in opening and closing a zipper is provided. The device includes a body having first and second diverging guide channels having mutually oriented guide angles for receiving the respective zipper tracks for sliding, non-interlocking movement of the zipper tracks through the guide channels in advance of the zipper slider for reducing the closure angle of the zipper tracks in advance of the zipper slider to correspond to the guide angle of the guide channels, and a handle carried by the body for permitting manual pulling movement of the body along at least a portion of the length of the zipper and generally positioned in a coextensive orientation in relation to a pull tab of the zipper slider such that an operator can simultaneously grasp the pull tab of the zipper slider and the handle while sliding the zipper slider in the closing direction.