Abstract: A system for biomolecule identification by terahertz sensing, an asymmetric triple split-rectangular (ATSR) metamaterial biosensor, and a method for biomolecule identification by terahertz sensing are presented. The asymmetric triple split-rectangular (ATSR) metamaterial biosensor includes three gap areas which highly confine an electric field. The biosensor includes an E-shaped structure facing an inverted E-shaped structure with gaps between the respective legs. Each leg has a specially designed extension on either side which increases the electric field. A terahertz laser interrogates an analyte upon the metamaterial structure with a plurality of frequencies. The amplitude difference is estimated by an amplitude difference referencing technique. The amplitude difference is matched to a database record to identify the biomolecule analyte.

Abstract: The invention is a method of determining at least one parameter representative of a change in a fluid due to a temperature variation of the fluid. The method includes placing the fluid in a medium transparent to radiation in a near-infrared domain; b) performing a spectral measurement by use of spatially resolved near-infrared spectroscopy for the fluid placed in the transparent medium, the spectral measurement being performed for at least two measurement angles and for at least two temperatures of the fluid; c) performing a multivariate analysis of the spectral measurement as a function of the temperature; and d) determining the parameter representative of a change in the fluid by using the multivariate analysis.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to methods and apparatuses for generating laser light. As may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments, laser light is generated at a laser light source and is modulated in response to a frequency modulation signal, to generate a plurality of different wavelengths of laser light. The frequency modulation signal is generated, for each particular one of the wavelengths of laser light, at a respective seeding frequency corresponding to the particular one of the wavelengths in which the seeding frequency is different for each of the different wavelengths. Such an approach may, for example, involve generating the frequency modulation signal with a frequency generator circuit and using the frequency modulation signal to control an electro-optical modulator for modulating the wavelength of the laser light.

Abstract: A nondestructive measurement apparatus includes a casing including a grip portion capable of being held in hand and a measurement portion having a ring shaped abutting portion to be abutted to a measurement target such as fruit or vegetable; a light source group including a plurality of light sources arranged to be separated in a circumferential direction in an interior thereof; a ring lens arranged in a ring shape smaller than the abutting portion at an inner portion of the abutting portion, for emitting lights from the light source group to an external of the casing in a ring shape; and a light guide member having one end surface exposed to an inner side of the ring lens and another end surface positioned in the interior of the casing, for emitting lights incident from the one end surface to the external from the another end surface.

Abstract: A spectroscopic system includes a main body including a light source that radiates light to a light transmissive measurement target, an imaging device that captures an image based on transmitted light having passed through the measurement target, and a spectroscopy section that is provided in an optical path between the light source and the imaging device and selectively transmits light that belongs to a specific wavelength region, and an attachment that includes an optical path changer that changes the direction of the optical path of the light outputted from the light source and is so attached to the main body as to form a placement space which is located between the optical path changer and the main body and in which the measurement target is placed.

Abstract: Disclosed are a transmittance measuring method, which includes the following operations: acquiring the initial transmittance of a polarizer to be measured at a measuring point; acquiring a transmittance correction value corresponding to the measuring point; determining the transmittance of the polarizer to be measured according to the initial transmittance and the transmittance correction value corresponding to the measuring point.

Abstract: Confocal chromatic sensor systems for determining position of a sample include a beam emitter that emits a multichromatic beam incident on a surface of a sample, and a beam detector that is separate from the beam emitter and which detects a portion of the multichromatic beam reflected by the surface. The beam emitter is configured such that light of different wavelengths within the multichromatic beam have different corresponding focal lengths. The systems can include a memory storing computer readable instructions that cause a processing unit to determine which wavelength(s) are most prevalent in the detected portion of the multichromatic beam, and then determine the distance between the surface and the beam emitter based on the wavelength(s). When the surface is a sample within a charged particle beam system, a focus of the charged particle beam system or a sample position may be adjusted based on the position of the sample.

Abstract: Respective statistical distributions of a target variable within a proposed training data set and a proposed test data set for a machine learning model are obtained. A metric indicative of the difference between the two statistical distributions is computed. The difference metric is used to determine whether the proposed test data set is acceptable to evaluate the machine learning model.

Abstract: The present inventive concepts relate to determining an isotope ratio using mass spectrometry. Mass spectra of ions are obtained by generating ions, guiding the ions through a device having a mass transfer function that varies with ion current, providing at least some of the ions to a mass analyser and obtaining a mass spectrum of the ions and determining the ion current of the ions provided to the mass analyser. An isotope ratio of the ions is determined for each mass spectrum. Using the determined isotope ratio and determined ion current for each mass spectrum, a calibration relationship is determined that characterises the variation of the determined isotope ratios and the measured ion currents across the mass spectra. Then, a measured isotope ratio obtained at a determined ion current is adjusted using the calibration relationship to adjust the measured isotope ratio to an adjusted isotope ratio corresponding to a selected ion current.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a generation device and a generation method of terahertz waves with orbital angular momentum. The generation device comprises a first laser and a second laser; the first laser radiates a first laser beam; the second laser radiates a second laser beam; and the frequency difference between the first laser beam and the second laser beam is within a terahertz wave band.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a device for measuring a temperature distribution, which can measure a temperature distribution without contacting a minor sample having a three-dimensional structure. More particularly, the device for measuring the temperature distribution can measure a three-dimensional temperature distribution for a sample, wherein the temperature distribution in a depth direction (direction z) of the sample is measured by a thermo-reflectance technique using a chromatic dispersion lens, a diffraction spectrometer and an optical detection array; and the temperature distribution in parallel directions (direction x-y axes) of the sample is measured by the thermo-reflectance technique using a biaxial scanning mirror.

Abstract: A measurement system is configured to measure a surface structure of a sample. The surface of the sample has a thin film and a via, the depth of the via is larger than the thickness of the thin film. The measurement system includes a light source, a first light splitter, a first aperture stop, a lens assembly, a second aperture stop, a spectrum analyzer and an analysis module. The first light splitter disposed in the light emitting direction of the light source. The first aperture stop disposed between the light source and the first light splitter. The lens assembly is disposed between the first light splitter and the sample. The second aperture stop is disposed between the lens assembly and the first light splitter. The spectrum analyzer is disposed to at a side of the first light splitter opposite to the sample.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for real-time non-contact non-destructive thickness measurement using a terahertz wave, and more particularly, an apparatus for real-time non-contact non-destructive thickness measurement using a terahertz wave, which is capable of measuring a thickness of a sample by irradiating a terahertz continuous wave, which is generated from a wavelength-fixed laser and a wavelength-swept laser and of which the frequency is changed at a high speed, to the sample and measuring the terahertz wave transmitting or reflected from the sample.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a chromatic range sensor (CRS) system, which may comprise a chromatic point sensor (CPS) system including an optical pen, to measure a low reflectivity surface. The CRS system may include a high sensitivity measurement mode in which it uses an unconventional low sampling rate or “long” self-saturating exposure time, to measure the low reflectivity surface. The “long” self-saturating exposure time may cause one or more detector pixels to self-saturate to at least a saturation threshold level, which prevents them from indicating a valid wavelength peak. Such pixels may define an invalid peak portion of a nominal total measurement range. The CRS may still detect a valid wavelength peak or height measurement, when the surface is located in a valid subset of the nominal total measurement range of the CRS system determined such that it excludes the invalid peak portion.

Abstract: The present invention provides a device for detecting foreign matter and a method for detecting foreign matter to detect a foreign matter on a surface of an object such as a film of an electrode mixture etc. or a foreign matter contained in the object, thereby to improve the reliability of the object. By irradiating an object with a terahertz illumination light 100 (wavelength of 4 ?m to 10 mm) and detecting a scattered light 660 from an electrode 10 as an example of the object by a scattered light detector 200, a foreign matter on a surface of the electrode 10 or contained in the electrode 10, for example, a metal foreign matter 720, is detected. The electrode 10 is one in which electrode mixture layers 700 each including an active material 701, conductive additive and a binder as components are coated on both surfaces of a collector 710. The scattered light 660 results from a part of a transmitted light 656 reflected by the metal foreign matter 720.

Abstract: The present invention includes a slanted periodically poled device 12 including a light input surface 12a and a light output surface 12b parallel to each other and a terahertz wave input surface 12c orthogonal to the light input surface 12a and the light output surface 12b, a pump beam source 14 which emits pump beam 1 perpendicularly to the light input surface 12a, and a photodetector 16 which detects an up-conversion signal beam A converted from a terahertz wave 3 emitted perpendicularly from the light output surface 12b. The slanted periodically poled device 12 is configured to generate the up-conversion signal beam A in the same direction as and in parallel with the pump beam 1 by quasi phase matching between the terahertz wave 3 perpendicularly incident from the terahertz wave input surface 12c and the pump beam 1.

Abstract: A prism member having an entrance surface for arranging a terahertz-wave generator for generating a terahertz wave in response to pump light incident thereon, an arrangement part for arranging an object to be measured, an exit surface for arranging a terahertz-wave detector for detecting a correlation between the terahertz wave transmitted through the object in the arrangement part and probe light, a first optical surface for collimating or condensing the terahertz wave incident thereon from the entrance surface toward the arrangement part, and a second optical surface for condensing the terahertz wave transmitted through the arrangement part toward the exit surface, the arrangement part forms a depression adapted to be filled with a liquid incapable of dissolving the object therein.

Abstract: A diagnostic system having a single-port EGR probe and a method for using the same. The system includes a light source, an EGR probe, a detector and a processor. The light source may provide a combined light beam composed of light from a mid-infrared signal source and a mid-infrared reference source. The signal source may be centered at 4.2 ?m and the reference source may be centered at 3.8 ?m. The EGR probe may be a single-port probe with internal optics and a sampling chamber with two flow cells arranged along the light path in series. The optics may include a lens for focusing the light beam and a mirror for reflecting the light beam received from a pitch optical cable to a catch optical cable. The signal and reference sources are modulated at different frequencies, thereby allowing them to be separated and the signal normalized by the processor.

Abstract: The base plate is transmissive to terahertz waves, and a sample is disposed at the base plate. In the conductive periodic structure, plural transmission portions that transmit terahertz waves are arrayed with a predetermined period. The conductive periodic structure is disposed apart from a position at which the sample is disposed. The waveguide includes a total reflection surface provided at a boundary face with the conductive periodic structure. The total reflection surface totally reflects incident terahertz waves, and the waveguide guides incident terahertz waves toward the total reflection surface. The magnitudes of one or more of a distance between the position at which the sample is disposed and the conductive periodic structure, a property of the base plate, and the predetermined period are set such that a dip showing a characteristic absorption is formed in a predetermined frequency region of a spectrum of terahertz waves.

Abstract: A process for detecting oil or lubricant contamination in a manufactured product (C), preferably a cigarette (C), the process comprising adding a fluorescent taggant to oils or lubricants contained in processing machinery for said product (C), conveying (131) said product (C) past an infrared detection apparatus (140), irradiating said product (C) with infrared radiation from said detection apparatus (140) as it passes the detection apparatus (140), and detecting infrared radiation emitted from said irradiated product (C). The taggant can be in the form of a composition containing a Stokes-shifting taggant, which absorbs radiation at a first wavelength and emits radiation at a second wavelength, different from said first wavelength, dissolved or dispersed in an oil or lubricant.

Abstract: An optical proximity sensor is provided that comprises an infrared light emitter an infrared light detector, a first molded optically transmissive infrared light pass component disposed over and covering the light emitter and a second molded optically transmissive infrared light pass component disposed over and covering the light detector. Located in-between the light emitter and the first molded optically transmissive infrared light pass component, and the light detector and the second molded optically transmissive infrared light pass component is a gap. Layers of infrared opaque, attenuating or blocking material are disposed on at least some of the external surfaces forming the gap to substantially attenuate or block the transmission of undesired direct, scattered or reflected light between the light emitter and the light detector, and thereby minimize optical crosstalk and interference between the light emitter and the light detector.

Abstract: An apparatus for analyzing, identifying or imaging an target including first and second laser beams coupled to a pair of photoconductive switches to produce CW signals in one or more bands in a range of frequencies greater than 100 GHz focused on and transmitted through or reflected from the target; and a detector for acquiring spectral information from signals received from the target and using a multi-spectral heterodyne process to generate an electrical signal representative of some characteristics of the target. The lasers are tuned to different frequencies and a frequency shifter in the path of one laser beam allows the terahertz beam to be finely adjusted in one or more selected frequency bands.

Abstract: Optopair for use in sensors and analyzers of gases such as methane, and a fabrication method therefor is disclosed. It comprises: a) an LED, either cascaded or not, having at least one radiation emitting area, whose spectral maximum is de-tuned from the maximum absorption spectrum line of the gas absorption spectral band; and b) a Photodetector, whose responsivity spectral maximum can be either de-tuned from, or alternatively completely correspond to the maximum absorption spectrum line of the absorption spectral band of the gas. Modeling the LED emission and Photodetector responsivity spectra and minimizing the temperature sensitivity of the optopair based on the technical requirements of the optopair signal registration circuitry, once the spectral characteristics of the LED and Photodetector materials and the temperature dependencies of said spectral characteristics are determined, provides the LED de-tuned emission and Photodetector responsivity target peaks respectively.

Abstract: The present invention is provided to remove scattering from other parts, except for an end part of a nano-probe, in a near-field microscope, and to enable a spectral analysis by delaying the generation of multiple reflections caused through the shaft of the nano-probe. A first characteristic of the present invention is to temporally delay generation of multiple reflections by manufacturing a probe portion to have a predetermined length or more in a tuning-fork based near-field probe. A second characteristic of the present invention is to provide a near-field microscope which includes a tuning-fork based near-field probe having a structure as above, and can measure a time-domain transient reaction of a scattered wave. A third characteristic of the present invention is to provide a method for performing a spectral analysis on a time-domain signal measured by the near-field microscope.

Abstract: The time-domain spectroscopy analysis system includes a splitter for splitting pulsed light entered, a variable delayer for delaying timing of a first part of the pulsed light split by the splitter, an electromagnetic wave generator for converting a second part of the pulsed light split by the splitter into an electromagnetic wave, a detector for detecting measurement data from a pulse having passed through a measurement object subjected to the electromagnetic wave emitted from the electromagnetic wave generator, and the pulse outputted from the variable delayer, and a comparator for detecting a phase difference between the pulsed light before being entered into the electromagnetic wave generator and the pulsed light outputted from the variable delayer, wherein a result obtained by the comparator is fed back to the variable delayer.

Abstract: A lens and reflector unit for optical measurements includes first and second convex surface sections of the lens and reflector unit. Both have their respective central normal lines. A first flat surface section has a normal direction that divides the angle between the central normal lines into equal halves. A third convex surface section has a third central normal line, and the fourth convex surface section has a fourth central normal line. A second flat surface section has a normal direction that divides the angle between the third and fourth central normal lines into to equal halves.

Abstract: Methods and systems for real time, in situ detection of a contaminant in a fluid, and particularly the determination of hydrogen sulfide concentration in a natural gas or other hydrocarbon stream, are provided. The system may include a scanning source with wavelength scanning range of 1560-1610 nm and wavelength resolution of 0.01 nm or better. The light from the scanning source is split to two portions: reference path to reference detector with no fluid in the transmission, and sample path to sample detector with fluid in the transmission. The major noise from the light source and transmitting optics is cancelled out by applying log ratio calculation to the two detector signals. The spectroscopic optical data, however obtained, must then be combined into an analytical processing module containing models that analyze the contaminant quantitative data.

Abstract: An optical measurement device includes a light source unit including a first laser light source configured to emit a laser beam having a first wavelength and a second laser light source configured to emit a laser beam having a second wavelength, a measurement wave number setting unit, and a light source adjustment unit configured to adjust at least one of the first wavelength and the second wavelength such that a difference between or a sum of a first wave number corresponding to the first wavelength and a second wave number corresponding to the second wavelength matches a measurement wave number set through the measurement wave number setting unit.

Abstract: In an embodiment, an apparatus includes a module assembly and a main assembly. The module assembly includes a module assembly housing, a first faceplate and an analysis unit attached to the first faceplate. The main assembly includes a main assembly housing, a second faceplate and an engine unit rigidly attached to the second faceplate. The engine unit generates a light that passes to the analysis unit via a first lens assembly and a second lens assembly. The first lens assembly is attached to the first faceplate and the second lens assembly is attached to the second faceplate. The module assembly when attached to the main assembly causes the first and second faceplates to act as a single mechanical unit that moves independent of movement of the module assembly housing and/or the main assembly housing.

Abstract: A photoconductive device that includes a semiconductor substrate, an antenna assembly, and a photoconductive assembly with one or more plasmonic contact electrodes. The photoconductive assembly can be provided with plasmonic contact electrodes that are arranged on the semiconductor substrate in a manner that improves the quantum efficiency of the photoconductive device by plasmonically enhancing the pump absorption into the photo-absorbing regions of semiconductor substrate. In one exemplary embodiment, the photoconductive device is arranged as a photoconductive source and is pumped at telecom pump wavelengths (e.g., 1.0-1.6 ?m) and produces milliwatt-range power levels in the terahertz (THz) frequency range.

Abstract: An apparatus and process is provided to illustrate the manipulation of the internal electric field of CZT using multiple wavelength light illumination on the crystal surface at RT. The control of the internal electric field is shown through the polarization in the IR transmission image under illumination as a result of the Pockels effect.

Abstract: The present invention includes a slanted periodically poled device 12 including a light input surface 12a and a light output surface 12b parallel to each other and a terahertz wave input surface 12c orthogonal to the light input surface 12a and the light output surface 12b, a pump beam source 14 which emits pump beam 1 perpendicularly to the light input surface 12a, and a photodetector 16 which detects an up-conversion signal beam A converted from a terahertz wave 3 emitted perpendicularly from the light output surface 12b. The slanted periodically poled device 12 is configured to generate the up-conversion signal beam A in the same direction as and in parallel with the pump beam 1 by quasi phase matching between the terahertz wave 3 perpendicularly incident from the terahertz wave input surface 12c and the pump beam 1.

Abstract: For examining objects, in particular for inspecting persons for suspicious items, devices having a scanning system for scanning the object and having an evaluating system are known. An optical marking system is provided, which indicates the position of an item classified as suspicious on the object itself or in a mirror image of the object by means of visible light.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to acquire information on an object to be measured by an electromagnetic wave pulse, the apparatus includes: a generating unit configured to generate the electromagnetic wave pulse with which the object to be measured is irradiated; a detecting unit configured to detect the electromagnetic wave pulse from the object to be measured; a casing including at least a part of a propagation path of the electromagnetic wave pulse leading from the generating unit to the detecting unit; and a measuring window unit configured to change a propagation distance of the electromagnetic wave pulse by moving a measuring window disposed in a part of the casing. The object to be measured is disposed on an opposite side of the propagation path of the electromagnetic wave pulse inside the casing by interposing the measuring window.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for analyzing a bitumen-containing process stream and controlling a process. The method including directing a beam of infrared light at the bitumen-containing process stream, capturing light corresponding to the infrared light after interaction with the bitumen-containing process stream, and analyzing the captured light to obtain a spectrum. A composition estimate can be generated based on the spectrum and a calibrated model. A controller is operative to adjust a setpoint of the process in response to the composition estimate.

Abstract: An optical proximity sensor is provided that comprises an infrared light emitter an infrared light detector, a first molded optically transmissive infrared light pass component disposed over and covering the light emitter and a second molded optically transmissive infrared light pass component disposed over and covering the light detector. Located in-between the light emitter and the first molded optically transmissive infrared light pass component, and the light detector and the second molded optically transmissive infrared light pass component is a substantially optically non-transmissive infrared light barrier component. The infrared light barrier component substantially attenuates or blocks the transmission of undesired direct, scattered or reflected light between the light emitter and the light detector, and thereby minimizes optical crosstalk and interference between the light emitter and the light detector.

Abstract: According to the present invention, an electromagnetic wave measurement device includes: an electromagnetic wave detector, a frequency component acquisition unit, and a thickness indication quantity deriving unit. An object to be measured is disposed on a substrate and includes at least two layers, and the electromagnetic wave detector detects a substrate-surface-reflected electromagnetic wave which has been made incident to the object, has been reflected by the substrate, and has passed through the object. The frequency component acquisition unit acquires an amplitude of a frequency component of the substrate-surface-reflected electromagnetic wave. The thickness indication quantity deriving unit derives a thickness indication quantity based on the amplitude of the frequency component of the substrate-surface-reflected electromagnetic wave and a relationship between the thickness indication quantity and the amplitude of the frequency component of the substrate-surface-reflected electromagnetic wave.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a compact optical proximity sensor with a ball grid array and windowed or apertured substrate are disclosed. In one embodiment, the optical proximity sensor comprises a printed circuit board (“PCB”) substrate comprising an aperture and a lower surface having electrical contacts disposed thereon, an infrared light emitter and an infrared light detector mounted on an upper surface of the substrate, an integrated circuit located at least partially within the aperture, a molding compound being disposed between portions of the integrated circuit and substrate, an ambient light detector mounted on an upper surface of the integrated circuit, first and second molded infrared light pass components disposed over and covering the infrared light emitter and the infrared light detector, respectively, and a molded infrared light cut component disposed between and over portions of the first and second infrared light pass components.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a switching apparatus, a switching method, and an electronic device with which it is possible to detect whether or not a proximal object is a human skin.

Abstract: The base plate is transmissive to terahertz waves, and a sample is disposed at the base plate. In the conductive periodic structure, plural transmission portions that transmit terahertz waves are arrayed with a predetermined period. The conductive periodic structure is disposed apart from a position at which the sample is disposed. The waveguide includes a total reflection surface provided at a boundary face with the conductive periodic structure. The total reflection surface totally reflects incident terahertz waves, and the waveguide guides incident terahertz waves toward the total reflection surface. The magnitudes of one or more of a distance between the position at which the sample is disposed and the conductive periodic structure, a property of the base plate, and the predetermined period are set such that a dip showing a characteristic absorption is formed in a predetermined frequency region of a spectrum of terahertz waves.

Abstract: A contactless thickness measuring apparatus is provided which includes an terahertz transmitter configured to receive the first optical path signal from the coupler and to generate a terahertz continuous wave using the first optical signal and an applied bias; an optical delay line configured to delay the second optical path signal output from the coupler; and an terahertz receiver configured to receive the terahertz continuous wave penetrating a sample and to detect an optical current using the terahertz continuous wave and the second optical path signal delayed. A thickness of the sample is a value corresponding to the optical current which phase value becomes a constant regardless of a plurality of measurement frequencies.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, an apparatus of inspecting an overlapped substrate obtained by bonding substrates together is provided. The apparatus includes a first holding unit configured to hold and rotate the overlapped substrate, and a displacement gauge configured to measure displacements of peripheral sides of a first substrate and a second substrate constituting the overlapped substrate while rotating the overlapped substrate held by the first holding unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for analyzing, identifying or imaging an target including first and second laser beams coupled to a pair of photoconductive switches to produce CW signals in one or more bands in a range of frequencies greater than 100 GHz focused on and transmitted through or reflected from the target; and a detector for acquiring spectral information from signals received from the target and using a multi-spectral heterodyne process to generate an electrical signal representative of some characteristics of the target. The lasers are tuned to different frequencies and a frequency shifter in the path of one laser beam allows the terahertz beam to be finely adjusted in one or more selected frequency bands.

Abstract: A method of aligning a die when the die is held with a circuit pattern on a first side of the die facing away from an infrared light source, wherein infrared light from the infrared light source is projected onto a second side of the die opposite to the first side such that the infrared light passes through a body of the die. From the second side of the die, an image of the infrared light reflected from the circuit pattern is detected and captured. Thereafter, an alignment of the die from the captured image of the die is determined.

Abstract: An optical system for use in a spectroscopy procedure includes one or more semiconductor diodes configured to generate an input signal beam with a wavelength shorter than 2.5 microns that is amplified and communicated through optical fiber(s) to a nonlinear element configured to broaden the spectral width to at least 50 nm through a nonlinear effect. A subsystem includes lenses or mirrors to deliver an output beam having a broadened spectrum selected to obtain a desired penetration depth and substantially minimize water absorption with a temporal duration greater than about 30 picoseconds to a sample to perform spectroscopy to characterize the sample. The output beam may have a repetition rate between continuous wave and one Megahertz or higher with a time averaged output power of 10 mW or more and a time averaged intensity of less than approximately 50 MW/cm2.

Abstract: Method of determining a total HF concentration metric in an environment including measuring an uncorrected HF concentration metric in the environment based on a first infrared absorption measurement at a wavelength corresponding to a vibrational frequency of a non-hydrogen bonded gas phase HF molecule; determining an ambient H2O concentration metric in the environment available for reaction with the non-hydrogen bonded gas phase HF molecules at or about the time of obtaining the first infrared absorption measurement; calculating a HF hydrate concentration metric in the environment based on the uncorrected HF concentration metric, the ambient H2O concentration metric and a reaction equilibrium relationship between the non-hydrogen bonded gas phase HF molecule and the HF hydrate; and determining the total HF concentration metric in the environment based on the uncorrected HF concentration metric and an amount of HF determined by the HF hydrate concentration metric.

Abstract: An improved laser module for a tunable diode laser spectroscopy analyzer. The improvement is a programmable non-volatile memory device (such as an EEPROM device) attached to the module. In addition, an improved method for updating the laser parameters for a tunable diode laser analyzer when a new laser module is installed in the analyzer. The improvement is the step of reading the parameters from a programmable non-volatile memory device (such as an EEPROM device) attached to the module.

Abstract: The present invention provides a measuring method comprising the steps of holding a specimen on a flat-plate periodic structure, applying a linearly-polarized electromagnetic wave to the periodic structure, and measuring characteristics of the specimen based on change of the electromagnetic wave scattered forward or backward by the periodic structure, wherein the periodic structure is structured such that plural unit structures having the same shape are two-dimensionally and periodically interconnected in a direction of one reference plane, the unit structure has at least one aperture penetrating therethrough in a direction perpendicular to the reference plane, the electromagnetic wave is applied from a direction perpendicular to the reference plane, and the unit structure has a shape that is not mirror-symmetric with respect to an imaginary plane orthogonal to a polarizing direction of the electromagnetic wave.

Abstract: A diagnostic system having a single-port EGR probe and a method for using the same. The system includes a light source, an EGR probe, a detector and a processor. The light source may provide a combined light beam composed of light from a mid-infrared signal source and a mid-infrared reference source. The signal source may be centered at 4.2 ?m and the reference source may be centered at 3.8 ?m. The EGR probe may be a single-port probe with internal optics and a sampling chamber with two flow cells arranged along the light path in series. The optics may include a lens for focusing the light beam and a mirror for reflecting the light beam received from a pitch optical cable to a catch optical cable. The signal and reference sources are modulated at different frequencies, thereby allowing them to be separated and the signal normalized by the processor.

Abstract: An electronic device having one or more sensors is provided. The sensors may include any suitable type of sensor that emits or receives radiation (e.g., light waves) from the environment. The electronic device may include openings through which radiation may reach the sensors while keeping the sensors hidden from view. In some embodiments, the sensors may be placed underneath an opening used for an audio receiver such that radiation is piped to the sensors using a light path or a chamfered surface along the opening. In some embodiments, the sensors may be embedded in a screen such that the radiation emitted by the sensors exits the screen instead of being reflected on the screen. In some embodiments, the sensors may be placed along the periphery of the display, such that access to the sensors is provided via discontinuities in a gasket used to couple the display to the electronic device.