Abstract: Methods and systems may include a system including a first passive motion sensor having a lateral field of view with a first edge and a second passive motion sensor having a lateral field of view with a second edge that is substantially parallel to the first edge. The first and second edges can define a virtual beam. The system may also include logic to receive signals from the first and second passive motion sensors and determine a gait velocity and level of activity based on the signals from the first and second passive motion sensors.

Abstract: A method for detecting infrared radiation by using an array of bolometers. The following steps are used to read a bolometer of the array of bolometers: biasing the bolometer at a predetermined voltage in order to make current flow through the bolometer; subtracting a common-mode current from the current that flows through the bolometers; and producing a voltage by integrating the difference between the current that flows through the bolometers and the common-mode current.

Abstract: A TeraMOS sensor based on a CMOS-SOI-MEMS transistor, thermally isolated by the MEMS post-processing, designed specifically for the detection of THz radiation which may be directly integrated with the CMOS-SOI readout circuitry, in order to achieve a breakthrough in performance and cost. The TeraMOS sensor provides a low-cost, high performance THz passive or active imaging system (roughly in the range of 0.5-1.5 THz) by combining several leading technologies: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)-Silicon on Insulator (SOI), Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and photonics. An array of TeraMOS sensors, integrated with readout circuitry and driving and supporting circuitry provides a monolithic focal plane array or imager. This imager is designed in a commercial CMOS-SOI Fab and the MEMS micromachining is provided as post-processing step in order to reduce cost.

Abstract: An infrared light detecting device and the infrared detecting method thereof. The device comprises a shield, a first photo detector and a second photo detector. The shield for blocking light is located above the first photo detector and the second photo detector. An opening is disposed on the shield above the first photo detector. In addition, there is a gap arranged between the first photo detector and the second photo detector. The first photo detector can detect the light passing through the opening to generate a photo sensing signal and couple an infrared light signal in the photo sensing signal to the second photo detector in order to output the infrared light signal.

Abstract: A terahertz-wave generating device including an optical waveguide containing an electrooptic crystal includes: first and second optical waveguides through which first and second light beams respectively propagate; a propagation portion through which a first terahertz wave propagates, the first terahertz wave being generated from the second optical waveguide in a direction different from a direction of the second light beam; and a delay portion arranged at incidence sides of the first and second light beams and configured to delay the first light beam relative to the second light beam. The first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide are arranged with the propagation portion interposed therebetween. A first equiphase surface of the first terahertz wave is substantially aligned with a second equiphase surface of a second terahertz wave generated from the first optical waveguide in a direction different from a direction of the first light beam.

Abstract: Disclosed is a positive electrode active material that provides an improved capacity density. Specifically disclosed is a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery with a layered structure represented by Lix(NiyM1-y)Oz (wherein M represents at least one element selected from a group consisting of Mn, Co, Mg, Al, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, and Zr; x is in the range from 0.9 to 1.2; y is in the range from 0.3 to 0.95; and z is in the range from 1.8 to 2.4), wherein, when a value obtained by dividing an average of peak intensities observed between 1420 and 1450 cm?1 and between 1470 and 1500 cm?1 by the maximum intensity of a peak appearing between 520 and 620 cm?1 in an infrared absorption spectrum obtained by FT-IR is represented by A, A satisfies the following relational formula: 0.20y?0.05?A?0.53y?0.06.

Abstract: The present subject matter relates to absorbent articles and signaling devices for use therewith. The signaling device includes one or more non-invasive sensors configured to detect the presence of a substance, such as a body fluid, in the absorbent article. The signaling device can provide an audible and/or visible alert to the user of the absorbent article when it detects the presence of a substance. The absorbent article includes one or more identifiable characteristics the presence of which permits operation of the signaling device. In this manner, the present disclosure provides for product and signaling device matching for use.

Abstract: A pixel circuit including: a detection circuit having first and second transistors coupled in series between differential output nodes of an antenna, wherein the antenna is configured to be sensitive to terahertz radiation; a capacitor coupled to an intermediate node between the first and second transistors; and control circuitry coupled to control nodes of the first and second transistors, the control circuitry being configured for selectively applying to the control nodes one of: a gate biasing voltage for biasing the control nodes of the first and second transistors during a detection phase of the pixel circuit; and a reset voltage for resetting a voltage stored by the capacitor.

Abstract: A spectroscopic method is disclosed for detecting and measuring contaminants in fluids such as water or oil, where the hydrophilicity of the contaminant is substantially different from that of the contaminated fluid. Good calibrations can be obtained at very low concentrations using infrared spectroscopy with ATR crystals that have not been additionally coated or otherwise modified.

Abstract: A Ge waveguide photo-detector fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator substrate is provided. It comprises a Ge waveguide detector end-coupled to a light-signal-carrying silicon waveguide, both disposed on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. An electrical field is established along the direction of light propagation inside the Ge waveguide detector by doping the two opposite ends of the Ge detector with P or N type dopants. In result the height and width of the Si waveguide is decoupled from the speed of the Ge detector.

Abstract: An image pixel apparatus for detecting electromagnetic radiation includes an absorption structure device configured to absorb the electromagnetic radiation and to take it up as a quantity of heat. At least one plasmonic resonance structure device of the apparatus is configured to forward the electromagnetic radiation to the absorption structure device. A detection device that has at least one detection element is configured to detect the electromagnetic radiation by way of changes in an electrical property of the at least one detection element that are caused by the quantity of heat taken up.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide techniques for detecting differences and/or changes in biological and non-biological material using infrared imaging. Aspects of the disclosure are useful for monitoring and evaluating synthetic scaffolds and engineered tissue and organs for tissue engineering and transplantation.

Abstract: A Ge waveguide photo-detector fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator substrate is provided. It comprises a Ge waveguide detector end-coupled to a light-signal-carrying silicon waveguide, both disposed on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. An electrical field is established along the direction of light propagation inside the Ge waveguide detector by doping the two opposite ends of the Ge detector with P or N type dopants. In result the height and width of the Si waveguide is decoupled from the speed of the Ge detector.

Abstract: The imaging system for imaging field rays comprises a detection surface, a device for focusing the field rays with said detection surface, and a diaphragm. Said device comprises a Fresnel lens comprising a first dioptre, the non-plane surface of which, called the active zone, makes it possible to focus the field rays towards said detection surface, and said diaphragm allows controlled distribution of the field rays over said active zone.

Abstract: The subject matter described herein includes methods, systems, and computer readable media for tracking consumer interactions with products using electromagnetic beam sensors. One system includes at least one transmitter configured to generate a beam of electromagnetic energy. The system further includes at least one receiver positioned with respect to the at least one transmitter to detect a portion of the beam of electromagnetic energy reflected from a consumer or a product when the consumer physically interacts with the product. The system further includes the at least one circuit board on which the at least one transmitter and the at least one receiver are mounted. The at least one circuit board is configured to mount at or near a product location.

Abstract: A layer direction determining method and layer direction determining apparatus for a multilayer electronic component to accurately determine the layer direction of conductor layers in the multilayer electronic component, and a method and apparatus of manufacturing a series of multilayer electronic components to align the layer direction of the conductor layers in the multilayer electronic components in a certain direction.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for adjusting a sensing threshold of an infrared proximity sensor are provided. The method includes: obtaining, through the infrared proximity sensor, a reflected infrared ray intensity value in an environment of a current light intensity; comparing the obtained reflected infrared ray intensity value with a pre-stored reflected infrared ray intensity value, so as to obtain a first difference; and when the first difference is greater than a preset first threshold, modifying the sensing threshold. It avoid misjudge of blocking of the mobile phone because a light transmittance of a lens is reduced, and the fault is solved by modifying the sensing threshold, so that a proximity sensing function of the mobile phone can be automatically repaired without changing hardware.

Abstract: A method and system for detecting targets comprising at least one first receiver for receiving radiation, the radiation comprises beams of radiation spaced horizontally; at least one second receiver for receiving radiation, the radiation comprises beams of radiation spaced horizontally and vertically such that the beams of radiation received by the second receiver travel through different predetermined heights from the horizontal plane; at least one processor for receiving data from the first and second receivers, the at least one receiver operating to locate a target passing in the vicinity of the first and second receivers and determine the height of the target based upon the recordation of certain of the beams at a predetermined heights relative to the horizontal plane and the width of a target based upon the horizontal spacing of the beams.

Abstract: Disclosed are devices and methods for enhancing the performance of photoconductive switches or photomixers used to generate or receive terahertz radiation. An interlaced electrode is used to minimize carrier transit times across an absorbing semiconductor photoconductor. This electrode is designed to support a plasmonic resonance such that coupling of the optical pump signal to the absorbing photoconductor is enhanced.

Abstract: An infrared imaging device that groups two or more active radiation detectors with at least one shielded radiation detector for cancelling the self-heating effect from the active radiation detectors is disclosed. A power supply is coupled to the group containing active and at least one shielded radiation detector to provide power to the group synchronously so that the active and shielded radiation detectors will be subjected to the same self-heating effect. A readout module subtracts a reference signal received from the shielded radiation detectors from each of the active signals received from each of the active radiation detectors. The infrared imaging device can have one or more shielded radiation detectors for each row of active radiation detectors in an infrared imaging array.

Abstract: Optical imaging structures and methods are disclosed. One structure may be implemented as an imaging pixel having multiple photodetectors. The photodetectors may detect different wavelengths of incident radiation, and may be operated simultaneously or at separate times. An imager may include an imaging array of pixels of the type described. Methods of operating such structures are also described.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a hazard detector includes a front casing coupled with a back plate to define a housing having an interior region. The hazard detector also includes a passive infrared sensor device that is disposed within the interior region and that is positioned to face a room within which the hazard detector is positioned so as to detect objects within the room. The hazard detector additionally includes a Fresnel lensing component that is disposed on an exterior of the front casing and that is positioned in front of the passive infrared sensor device to direct infrared radiation onto the passive infrared sensor device. The Fresnel lensing component is configured to be inwardly pushable by a user to cause contact with a switch positioned therebehind so that input is provided to the hazard detector by the user.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a sensor (100) for venous networks of a part (50) of a living body, comprising: an infrared illumination source (102), a waveguide (104) illuminated by said infrared illumination source (102) and having, on one face (112), at least one extraction zone (106) intended to extract the infrared rays (114) from said waveguide (104) in at least one main extraction direction (116), an image acquisition means (108) disposed opposite said face (112) so as to define between them a passage (118) through the entrance of which said part (50) of the living body can enter, and comprising a sensitive element (110), the or each extraction zone (106) being such that the or each main extraction direction (116) of said extraction zone (106) is oriented so as not to intercept said sensitive element (110).

Abstract: A method of nondestructive evaluation and related system. The method includes arranging a test piece (14) having an internal passage (18) and an external surface (15) and a thermal calibrator (12) within a field of view (42) of an infrared sensor (44); generating a flow (16) of fluid characterized by a fluid temperature; exposing the test piece internal passage (18) and the thermal calibrator (12) to fluid from the flow (16); capturing infrared emission information of the test piece external surface (15) and of the thermal calibrator (12) simultaneously using the infrared sensor (44), wherein the test piece infrared emission information includes emission intensity information, and wherein the thermal calibrator infrared emission information includes a reference emission intensity associated with the fluid temperature; and normalizing the test piece emission intensity information against the reference emission intensity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a position identification system and a method for gesture identification thereof. The method for gesture identification does not use the conventional digital image capture method, instead, the method uses IR detection. In order to accurately detect the movement track of the external object, in the present invention, at least two IR LED are provided. When the first IR LED emits the IR ray signal, the second IR LED is used for receiving IR ray signal. Moreover, the present invention determines the distance between the external object and the IR LEDs by detecting the emitting IRs with different energy. Further, the present invention adopts TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) such that the present invention can grasp the distance between the first IR LED and the external object and the distance between the second IR LED and the external object. Thus, the relative position of the external object can be captured.

Abstract: Methods and systems for detecting radiation, particularly, terahertz (THz) radiation, are disclosed. The methods and systems disclosed include directing an optical beam in a volume of gas; ionizing at least a portion of the volume of gas with the optical beam to produce a plasma; and detecting a fluorescence produced from an interaction of a radiation wave with the plasma. The information contained in the characteristics of the detected fluorescence, for example, the amplitude and/or phase are used to characterize the radiation wave. Aspects of the invention may be used for homeland security, medicine, and astronomy, among other fields.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, a detector is provided. The detector includes an electromagnetic absorber, an electromagnetic reflector arranged spaced apart from the electromagnetic absorber, wherein the electromagnetic absorber is configured to absorb an electromagnetic radiation, the electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength defined based on a distance between the electromagnetic absorber and the electromagnetic reflector, and an actuating element configured to move the electromagnetic absorber from an equilibrium position bi-directionally relative to the electromagnetic reflector to change the distance, and wherein the detector is configured to determine a change in a property associated with the electromagnetic absorber in response to the electromagnetic radiation. According to further embodiments of the present invention, a method of controlling the detector is also provided.

Abstract: A thermal detector includes a substrate; a support member supported on the substrate with a cavity interposed therebetween; a heat-detecting element formed on the support member; a first light-absorbing layer formed on the heat-detecting element and the support member so as to be in contact with the heat-detecting element; and a second light-absorbing layer formed on the first light-absorbing layer so as to be in contact with the first light-absorbing layer. The second light-absorbing layer has a higher refractive index than the first light-absorbing layer. A first wavelength resonates between a surface of the support member and an upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer, and a second wavelength, which is different from the first wavelength, resonates between an interface, at which the first light-absorbing layer and the second light-absorbing layer are in contact with each other, and the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer.

Abstract: An Infra Red (IR) camera and method of operating the same is disclosed. The camera includes a detector having an infrared focal plane array (IRFPA). The camera is operated in such a fashion, implemented in software, to maximize the detector operating temperature under varying scene temperature and atmospheric conditions in order to achieve a predetermined and adequate level of sensitivity and operability from the detector.

Abstract: A thermal detector manufacturing method includes: forming a sacrificial layer on a structure including an insulating layer; forming a support member on the sacrificial layer; forming on the support member a heat-detecting element; forming a first light-absorbing layer so as to cover the heat-detecting element, and planarizing the first light-absorbing layer; forming a contact hole in a portion of the first light-absorbing layer, subsequently forming a thermal transfer member having a connecting portion that connects to the heat-detecting element and a thermal collecting portion having a surface area greater than that of the connecting portion as seen in plan view; forming a second light-absorbing layer on the first light-absorbing layer; and removing the sacrificial layer to form a cavity between the support member and the structure including the insulating layer formed on the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to forming a dispersion of metamaterial particles in an atmosphere. The metamaterial particles can be dispersed into the atmosphere, for example, from an aircraft or another type of platform, to form the dispersion. The resulting dispersion can interact with electromagnetic signals in the atmosphere. The particles may strongly interact with both the magnetic and electric field components of the electromagnetic signals. In some implementations, the dispersion absorbs electromagnetic signals in a frequency range. In some implementations, the dispersion modifies electromagnetic signals in a frequency range, for example, by applying a phase shift, a polarization shift, a frequency shift, or a reflection angle to the electromagnetic signals.

Abstract: At least one of these or other problems is reduced using a building material that is uniquely identifiable. A method of making an identifiable gypsum-based building product includes selecting a tagging material occurring naturally in a component of the building material and choosing a carrier substance having a high concentration of the tagging material. By selecting an amount of the carrier substance and adding it to the building material, a building product having a unique product characteristic is created. In a second embodiment of the invention, a second tagging material is combined with the first tagging material to create a unique product. In yet another embodiment of the invention, a supplemental amount of the tagging material is added to the gypsum-based composition in addition to the carrier substance. Some tagging materials are useful in a gypsum-based composition to produce a visual confirmation of the presence of the tagging material.

Abstract: A terahertz generation system that emits pulsed THz radiation and incorporates a rapidly oscillating, high voltage bias across electrodes insulated from a photoconductive material. The system includes an ultrafast optical pulse source configured to generate an optical pulse having a duration between about ten picoseconds and ten femtoseconds, the pulse further having a repetition rate of about one megahertz or higher. The system further includes a photoconductor configured to receive the optical pulse from the ultrafast optical pulse source and to generate a terahertz frequency pulse, the photoconductor having insulated electrodes. The system still further includes a radio frequency generator configured to apply an electric field to the photoconductor via the insulated electrodes.

Abstract: Provided is an infrared image sensor for detecting infrared rays. The infrared image sensor includes a light-receiving unit including a pixel region in which a plurality of pixels are arranged and at least one reference pixel; a difference circuit for acquiring a first differential signal that is a differential signal between a signal of one pixel contained in the pixel region and a signal of the reference pixel and a second differential signal that is a differential signal between signals of two predetermined pixels out of the pixels contained in the pixel region; and a pixel signal calculating unit that calculates a signal of each of the pixels on the basis of the first differential signal and the second differential signal.

Abstract: Exceptionally crisp infrared images are provided by a binocular infrared imaging system for close in focusing that simultaneously directs the center lines of the optical channels to a close in point while at the same time providing auto focusing.

Abstract: High sensitivity thermal detectors that perform beyond the blackbody radiation noise limit are described. Thermal detectors, as described herein, use spectrally selective materials that absorb strongly in the wavelength region of the desired signal but only weakly or not at all in the primary thermal emission band. Exemplary devices that can be made in accordance with the present invention include microbolometers containing semiconductors that absorb in the MWIR and/or THz range but not the LWIR.

Abstract: The present invention relates to thermal detectors and the application of such to devices and methods of detecting the infrared images using thermal detectors. For example, by using optical measuring systems in combination with at least one light source to measure changes position of a movable anchored surface coupled to an absorption surface such that the movable anchored surface changes position due to absorption of infrared radiation by the absorption surface. In another example, by combining a detector pixel (infrared radiation sensitive) with an optical measuring device such as an interferometer.

Abstract: This disclosure describes antenna elements, terahertz detector arrays formed by antenna elements, and dual-mode terahertz imaging systems that operate using terahertz detector array(s). The antenna element includes a horn receiver configured to collect radiation and capture the radiation using an antenna positioned in or proximate to a throat of the horn receiver. The antenna element also includes antenna posts electrically coupled to the antenna and extending through irises in a conducting ground plane and conductive traces electrically coupling the antenna posts to an antenna load. In addition, the antenna element includes a bolometer mounted on a first substrate, where the bolometer is electrically isolated from the antenna load and in thermal contact with the antenna load. The antenna could include a bow tie antenna having first and second arms on a first surface of a second substrate, where the ground plane is on a second surface of the second substrate.

Abstract: System flow path designs that minimize the impact of gas diffusion sources and sinks. By reducing the magnitude of parasitic sources and sinks, lower rates of photosynthesis and transpiration can be more accurately measured, e.g., without the need for extensive empirical compensation. According to one aspect, a sensor head for use in a gas exchange analysis system includes a sample chamber defining a measurement volume for analysis of a sample, the sample chamber having an inlet and an outlet, and a flow splitting mechanism located proximal to the sample chamber, the mechanism configured to split a gas flow received at an input port from a remote source to a first output port and to a second output port, wherein the first output port is coupled with the inlet of the sample chamber.

Abstract: To provide a monochromatic wavelength variable terahertz wave generation/detection system that has high detection sensitivity at room temperature and that can quickly operate at the same time, excitation light of monochromatic wavelength generated from one excitation light source is inputted to a wavelength variable terahertz wave source and a nonlinear light conversion terahertz wave detector through an excitation light phase control optical system shown below.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an interconnection apparatus and method using terahertz waves. The interconnection apparatus using terahertz waves according to the present invention includes a first terahertz wave generation unit for generating a first transmission terahertz wave, a center frequency of which is a first center frequency, using photomixing. A second terahertz wave generation unit generates a second transmission terahertz wave, a center frequency of which is a second center frequency different from the first center frequency. A first terahertz wave detection unit detects a first reception terahertz wave corresponding to the first transmission terahertz wave. A second terahertz wave detection unit detects a second reception terahertz wave corresponding to the second transmission terahertz wave.

Abstract: A waveform acquiring unit acquires a time waveform of an electromagnetic wave. The time waveform is decomposed into wavelet expansion coefficients by wavelet transform. Influence levels of the respective wavelet expansion coefficients to a spectrum are calculated. The wavelet expansion coefficients are weighted based on at least the influence levels of the wavelet expansion coefficients to the spectrum. The weighted wavelet expansion coefficients are converted into time waveforms by inverse wavelet transform. Thus, the time waveforms that holds spectrum information needed for spectroscopic analysis and has a reduced noise is provided.

Abstract: A method and system for determining a shape of an irradiance pulse to which a semiconductor wafer is to be exposed during a thermal cycle are disclosed. The method includes receiving, with a processor circuit, thermal cycle parameters specifying requirements of the thermal cycle, and determining, with the processor circuit, a shape of a heating portion of the irradiance pulse. Determining includes optimizing at least one parameter of a flux profile model of the heating portion of the irradiance pulse to satisfy the requirements while minimizing frequency-domain energy spectral densities of the flux profile model at resonant frequencies of the wafer, to minimize vibration of the wafer at the resonant frequencies when the wafer is exposed to the irradiance pulse.

Abstract: A system and a method for determining the authenticity of a pharmaceutical product. The product is actively cooled to a temperature below ambient temperature. One or more thermographic IR images of the product are acquired in a wavelength or wavelength spectrum selected from the mid wave IR (MWIR) to very long wave IR (VLWIR) spectrum. At least one of the images is acquired while the temperature of the product is below ambient temperature. The acquired one or more images of the product or a quantified value deduced therefrom are compared with a signature of a reference drug. The comparison is displayed, thereby enabling determination of the authenticity of the product.

Abstract: A wall switch motion sensor detects motion using a lens and an infrared detector, and in response performs a function (for example, turns on a light). The motion sensor is also adapted to respond to IR remote control signals of the type customarily used to control electronic consumer devices in the home. In one example, a user uses an ordinary remote control device to transmit a sequence of IR control signals and dead times toward the motion sensor. The detector in the motion sensor detects each IR control signal as an increased amount of IR energy, whereas it detects a dead time as a period of less IR energy. If the periodicity of the sequence is appropriate, then the wall switch motion sensor determines that the sequence is an instruction. In one example, the instruction is to turn on/off the light controlled by the wall switch motion sensor.

Abstract: A system and method for in-field near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis of rubber and resin concentrations a guayule plant is provided. The system includes a wagon or other vehicle with the NIRS device mounted on the wagon. A computer or processor electrically coupled to the NIRS device is also housed within an area or extension of the wagon. During measurement of a guayule plant in the field, a guayule plant covering is placed over the guayule plant and a light shield coupled to the NIRS device is inserted into an opening on the guayule plant covering. The NIRS device is configured to perform a reading of the guayule plant within the plant covering and communicate results of the reading to the computer. A calibration equation is then preferably applied to the guayule plant readings to produce the rubber and resin concentrations of the guayule plant.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and system for tracking multiple infrared signal coordinates. The method for tracking multiple infrared signal coordinates includes: sequentially operating a plurality of infrared generators; photographing the infrared generators; calculating frequency photographed by each infrared generators; and when the calculated frequency at the time of calculating does not meet the reference value, delaying, by a delay time, the flickering of the infrared generator where the frequency does not meet the reference value.

Abstract: Various techniques are disclosed for providing reference signals to image detectors in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. For example, in one or more embodiments, switched capacitors may be used to provide bias voltages to individual unit cells of a focal plane array such that the bias voltages are held by the unit cells over one or more integration periods while the unit cells are decoupled from an input line. As a result, the bias voltages may be free from noise incident on the input line and thus may more accurately bias the individual unit cells.

Abstract: A method for imaging objects through turbid media includes generating a repetitive pulsed light beam under control of a pulse shaper, propagating the light beam through turbid media, and receiving and imaging the light beam at a sensor. Propagation through turbid media causes scattering of the light, and the sensor captures scattered pulses to produce an image. The pulse shaper controls pulse width, frequency, repetition rate and chirp of the generated light pulses according to a feedback signal received from the sensor, to improve image quality. A system for imaging objects through turbid media includes a laser for generating a light beam; a pulse shaper for controlling said light beam, and a sensor, in communication with the pulse shaper, for capturing the image of said light beam through a turbid medium. Pulse width is less than 250 femtoseconds to reduce attenuation of the light beam through the turbid medium.

Abstract: Detector for terahertz radiation with a micro-plasma cell (1) having a cavity (5) including a plasma in operation when applying a DC bias to the micro-plasma cell (1). Furthermore, the detector is provided with read-out electronics (20) connected to the micro-plasma cell (1). The read-out electronics measure changes of an electron density in the plasma in the micro-plasma cell (1) with respect to the DC bias provided electron density. The cavity (5) includes a gas composition near atmospheric pressure or higher, and the gas composition includes a Penning mixture.