Abstract: Leakage in a heat exchanger between two liquids which are in indirect heat exchange relationship is detected by marking one of the two liquids with a colorless chemical marker and detecting it in the second liquid by extraction and conversion to a colored material. The heat exchanger liquids are preferably organic liquids which are immiscible with water. The marker is detected in a heat exchanger liquid by extraction of the marker followed by chemical conversion of the marker to a colored material that can be detected visually. Aminoalkylnaphthalenes are suitable markers which can be extracted by an acidic aqueous solution and converted to a colored material by reaction with a diazotized aromatic amine. Phenylazoalkylphenol derivatives are also suitable markers which can be extracted and simultaneously converted to a colored material with a detection reagent which is comprised of water and a water-soluble amine.

Abstract: Convection towers which are capable of cleaning the pollution from large quantities of air, of generating electricity, and of producing fresh water utilize the evaporation of water sprayed into the towers to create strong airflows and to remove pollution from the air. Turbines in tunnels at the skirt section of the towers generate electricity, and condensers produce fresh water.

Abstract: An elongated, generally vertically extending cocurrent reactor vessel for the production of hypochlorous acid by the mixing and reaction of a liquid alkali metal hydroxide and a gaseous halogen is provided wherein an atomizer is mounted near the top of the reactor vessel to atomize the liquid alkali metal hydroxide into droplets in the vessel. The vessel has a spraying and reaction zone immediately beneath the atomizer and a drying zone beneath the spraying and reaction zone to produce a gaseous hypochlorous acid and a substantially dry solid salt by-product.

Abstract: In a gas mask, a flexible nosecup is used to prevent humid air that is exhaled from contacting the eye pieces of the mask. The nosecup is equipped with a one-way valve to allow fresh air into the nosecup. The conventional rigid valve body attached to the nosecup is replaced with a valve body molded integrally with the material of the nosecup and a valving element with a concave disk, having its rim seated on the annular valve seat of the valve body. The concave valving element accommodates any flexing of the valve body without losing the seal.

Abstract: A solar dehumidifier which utilizes solar energy to evaporate the moisture in air absorbed by the liquid desiccant and then to make said liquid desiccant denser for reuse. In other words, the humid air is dried in order to be used in a specific area. In particular, the solar dehumidifier according to the present invention is provided with a heat-pipe heat exchanger to increase the evaporation rate of the moisture absorbed by the liquid desiccant.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heat and mass transfer are described using a moving gas, such as air at a constant and atmospheric pressure, to provide a continual change in a vapor-liquid equilibrium between proximate but continually changing gas and liquid temperatures within energy transferring chambers. Chamber wetting, implemented segmentedly, allows mass transfer into and from a first substance in a first chamber and a second substance in a second chamber. A forced temperature differential in each chamber causes heat transfer between chambers by means of thermally conductive petitions and by means of a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger provides for heat transfer between the first and the second substances of corresponding sectors of the first and second chambers. This heat transfer can allow condensation causing further evaporation in the corresponding chamber sector resulting in recycling of energy.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heat and mass transfer is described that is applicable to: concentration, crystallization, purification, fractionation, stripping, absorption, and/or heat exchange for liquid media; drying for solid or gel media; and temperature and humidity modification for gas media. Generally, using a moving gas, such as air at a constant and atmospheric pressure, a continual change in a vapor-liquid equilibrium is created between proximate but continually changing gas and liquid temperatures within energy transferring chambers. Chamber wetting, implemented segmentedly, allows mass transfer into and from the moving gas. A forced temperature differential in each chamber causes heat transfer between chambers by means of thermally conductive partitions. This transfer can allow condensation causing further evaporation in the opposite chamber resulting in a recycling of energy.

Abstract: To produce a gas mixture by the saturation method, liquid is fed from a stock vessel to a separate reaction vessel. A carrier gas enters through a dip tube into the liquid present in the reaction vessel and is saturated by the liquid. The reaction vessel consists, for example, of quartz and is disposed in a metal block connected to a temperature control system. A level sensor fitted to the reaction vessel controls a flow regulation instrument on the liquid feed. The volume of the reaction vessel is substantially smaller than the volume of the stock vessel. Only the temperature of the reaction vessel is controlled. Temperature control of the stock vessel is not required. The saturation process in the reaction vessel takes place uniformly, independently of the temperature and the level in the stock vessel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for condensing flue gas in combustion plants, and an arrangement of apparatus herefor. In accordance with the invention the flue gas is cooled and humidified by bringing the gas into direct contact with water, whereafter the water vapor in the gas is cooled and condensed, the heat of condensation being recovered by indirect heat exchange. The heat of condensation is transferred partially to a heat absorbing medium, preferably return water in a district heating network, and partially to a circuit in which water is circulated within the plant, this water being used for heating and humidifying the combustion air.

Abstract: A regenerative gas-gas heat exchanger having a column type of construction, and heat transferring elements which absorb heat in a hot gas flow, give off heat in a cold gas flow, and are cyclically conveyed from one of the gas flows to the other. The heat transferring elements form a fluidized bed during the operation; this fluidized bed, in relation to the gases which flow in an upward direction through the gas permeable column bottom, moves in a counter-cross flow over this column bottom.

Abstract: A regenerative gas-gas heat exchanger having a column type of construction, and heat transferring elements which absorb heat in a hot gas flow, give off heat in a cold gas flow, and are cyclically conveyed from one of the gas flows to the other. The heat transferring elements form a fluidized bed during the operation; this fluidized bed, in relation to the gases which flow in an upward direction through the gas permeable column bottom, moves in a counter-cross flow over this column bottom.

Abstract: The dispenser of the present invention is operative to dispense both uncarbonated and carbonated drinking water. It consists of a reservoir for retaining uncarbonated drinking water and a first heat exchange associated with the reservoir and supplied with a fluid refrigerant, for maintaining the water at an optimum drinking temperature. The reservoir has a direct connection to a dispensing faucet for dispensing uncarbonated water. In conjunction with this, the unit makes use of a carbonator for dispersing carbon dioxide in water, and a second heat exchanger located within the reservoir in contact with the uncarbonated water. A pump is arranged to take drinking water from the reservoir and delivers it to the carbonator the carbonated water is supplied to the inlet of the second heat exchanger. A second faucet is connected to the outlet of the second heat exchanger to dispense the carbonated water.

Abstract: An air conditioning system is disclosed for adjusting air temperature and humidity to a predetermined level for the air supply to a paint spray booth. The system includes a multi-section sprayed surface heat exchanger combined with a bypass passage such that a portion of the air flow to be conditioned passes through the multi-section heat exchanger and the remainder of the flow bypasses the same, and is recombined and mixed downstream with the conditioned air to produce a mixture which is at the proper dry bulb temperature and relative humidity. Each multi-section heat exchanger may be shut off to increase the proportion of bypass flow. Modulation of the cooling and heating effect of each of the heat exchangers is achieved by modulating valving controlling the flow of heating or cooling medium. Similarly, the humidification effect is controlled by valving controlling a number of water spray nozzles.

Abstract: Apparatus for heating a flowable mixture of particulate coal and a liquid hydrocarbon stream at high pressure by heat exchange with reaction products of a coal hydrogenation and liquefaction process which are obtained in the gaseous phase under reaction conditions, comprising direct heat exchange means and indirect heat exchange means combined into a single structural unit, and being devoid of liquid spray means, said single structural unit containing an upper zone separated from a lower zone and being housed in a pressure vessel, and further comprising feed means for viscous material connected to the bottom part of the housing, said indirect heat-exchange means being equipped with a feed means and a discharge means for a heat exchange fluid, said direct heat-exchange means arranged above said direct heat exchange means and being provided with discharge means for heated viscous material, feed means for heat exchange fluid for said direct heat exchange, and discharge means for the latter heat exchange fluid co

Abstract: A rotor adapted to rotate about a rotary shaft and intended for displacing fluids characterized in that the rotor comprises at least two ridges arranged helically around a core part so that a sectional area at right angles to the axis of rotation comprises at least two lobes with intermediate pits, the depth of the pit measured between the core part and a tangential line to the two lobes one on each side of the pit concerned being at least equal to one third of the distance between the core part and the circle described by the point of a lobe furthest remote from the axis of rotation.

Abstract: The object of the invention is a method for the purification of the process condensate from synthesis gases or hydrogen plant.The process condensate is purified from contaminations dissolved in it by stripping it with process steam before it is used in the chemical process of the raw material conversion into hydrogen or synthesis gas at the pressure that is equal or higher than the pressure of this conversion process. The total steam containing volatile products of the process condensate degassing is recycled to the gas generation process and the process condensate is eventual transported to the water treatment station before using it as boiler feed water.

Abstract: A system for supplying fuel to an internal combustion engine for optimum efficiency in engine operation and fuel economy and for minimum objectionable exhaust emissions. The system pertains particularly to an internal combustion engine in an automobile, truck, or the like. Fuel is heated prior to introduction thereof into the engine. Fuel is introduced to the engine in accordance with intake manifold pressures.

Abstract: Apparatus for treatment of exhaust gas from internal combustion engines, for use in underground mine workings, comprises an exhaust pipe with a water jacket, and a conditioner chamber retaining a bath of water through which the exhaust gas flows in passing through the inlet to the outlet of the chamber, the chamber further including means for condensing water vaporized from the bath by passage of exhaust gas therethrough and for discharging such condensed water back to the bath. The apparatus may include a heat exchanger upstream of the conditioner chamber and containing a system of plates or webs which sub-divide the gas flow path through the heat exchanger into passageways, the plates or webs being connected to the inner wall of a water jacketed casing of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: An untreated crude gas is passed through a heat emitting portion of an indirect heat exchanger and thereby cooled, and then passed to a scrubber and further cooled to a separation temperature lower than the boiling points of impurities, whereby the impurities are condensed and removed, thus forming a treated crude gas. A compressor subjects the treated crude gas to impact condensation, thus removing residual impurities. The treated crude gas is then passed through a heat absorbing portion of the heat exchanger and heated by the untreated crude gas to a temperature approximating the initial untreated crude gas inlet temperature.

Abstract: Thermal pollution from industrial manufacturing and electric generation plants is avoided by incorporating in the water-cooling system of such plants a heat exchanger to allow the heat load, which would otherwise be injected into the source of external water supply, to be exchanged through the cooling tower to the atmosphere. In a preferred embodiment, the system incorporates a counterflow heat exchanger so that the temperature of all water exhausted into the source of external water supply is within the few degrees of the temperature of the external water supply.

Abstract: A space heating apparatus comprising a main enclosure having a front and a rear wall, side walls and a top and bottom wall. An air inlet opening is provided in the front wall with a filter removably secured therein. An impeller fan is mounted within the enclosure adjacent the opening for drawing outside air into the enclosure through the filter and convecting it through predetermined paths in the enclosure and out of the enclosure through vent openings provided therein. Heating elements are secured in the enclosure between the fan and the rear wall for heating the air. A water reservoir having a heater therein is provided in the enclosure. The water in the reservoir is heated to the boiling point whereby water vapor is mixed with the air convected through the predetermined paths. Control means are further provided for regulating the operation time cycle of the fan, heating elements and heater.

Abstract: Apparatus for dehumidification of compressed air, comprising means for forming compressed air into fine bubbles by a nozzle plate and large quantity of long cutting scrap arranged above said plate and on a coiled heat exchange pipe within a cooling tank, thus said bubbles are cooled into dewdrops and the mist in the air is drained by a means to be changed into dehumidified air, which is then taken out and subjected to heat exchange through a heat exchanger arranged outside of the cooling tank, resulting in the air having low humidity.

Abstract: A process for removing sulfur trioxide from gases wherein the sulfur trioxide-containing gas is treated with sulfuric acid in a Venturi absorber, the sulfur-trioxide laden sulfuric acid is passed in indirect heat exchange with a cooling fluid within the widening outlet of the absorber and the sulfur trioxide-laden sulfuric acid is separated from the gas phase.