Abstract: A vacuum forming mold has a plurality of dies with at least one die being movable with respect to the other dies. The die can be movable in a linear direction or they can be movable in both a linear and angular direction. A plurality of plastic sheets are heated and placed on a respective die with a vacuum being supplied through the dies to attract the plastic sheet. Once formed, the dies are moved together to create a seam bond between adjacent pieces of plastic sheets. Additional heating can be supplied to insure an adequate seam bond if required. In another embodiment, a single sheet of material composed of a plurality of sheets of material is used. The single sheet of material has a plurality of preseamed areas connecting each of the individual plastic sheets. These preseamed areas are positioned inbetween adjacent dies of the plurality of dies and the process continues as described above for the multiple sheets of material.

Abstract: A prefabricated vehicle window having an exterior molding is prepared by (a) placing a protective film inside a glass support fixture having a cavity to line the cavity; (b) depositing a bead of a first hardenable polymeric material (first bead) on top of the protective film in an amount sufficient to fully cover the marginal edges of the outer surface of a glass sheet subsequently placed on the glass support fixture; (c) placing a glass sheet having exposed side surfaces, inner surface and outer surface on the glass support fixture, with the outer surface facing toward the glass support fixture, and at least a portion of its periphery pressing against the first bead which causes the first bead to conform to the shape and contour of the film-covered glass support fixture cavity and cover the adjacent exposed marginal edges of the outer glass surface, and squeezes out any excess first bead over to the exposed side surfaces, thereby partially or fully covering the exposed side surfaces; and (d) depositing a bea

Abstract: A panel unit including a window glass panel, and a frame continuously formed on a peripheral edge of the window glass panel by extrusion molding and simultaneously bonded to the peripheral edge of said window glass panel. The frame is formed on the peripheral edge of the window glass panel so as to cover a part of the upper and lower surfaces and the end surface of the window glass panel.

Abstract: A loudspeaker cone assembly having a generally conical cone body and an annular flexible suspension rim. In making the cone assembly, a cone body having an outer free edge is placed within a female mold having an annular channel configured to form the suspension rim with the free outer edge of the cone exposed to the channel. A predetermined quantity of liquid plastic foam is deposited into the channel which is then substantially closed by a male die so as to seal off the cone body adjacent its outer free edge. The foam is then expanded and cured so that the resulting annular rim is integrally impregnated into the free outer edge of the cone body and forms high density closed-cell outer skin surfaces on opposite sides of a low density closed-cell inner core to provide a suspension rim having improved flexibility, strength and durability. A color coating may be applied to selective exposed surface areas of the suspension rim.

Abstract: An extrusion die (1) with a calibrated exit orifice (6) for extruding extruded sections (3, 3', 3") of different profile cross-sections onto a glazing or glass plate (2) is provided with an obturating slide (22) movably positioned in front of the calibrate exit orifice (6) through which the die cross-section can be adjusted. The slide (22) is operated by a pneumatic jack (16).

Abstract: A seal structure between a leg part 15 of a front lens and a seal groove 12, wherein a seal member 20 is applied into the seal groove 12 formed on a periphery of a front opening portion of a lamp body 10, the leg part 15 of the front lens engaging with the seal groove 12 is secured to the seal groove 12 by a mechanical fastening means (clip 30) to prevent a removal, and the seal member 20 in the seal groove 12 is compressed by the lens leg part 15, characterized in that the seal member 20 is formed of a solid foamed material which foams from an initial fluid state and hardens while keeping elasticity, and which can be stripped off.

Abstract: A flange of a panel is inserted into an extrusion port of an extrusion molding die through an insertion slit which opens laterally of the extrusion port to thereby form between the extrusion port and the flange a molding space which corresponds to a trim member. A material for a trim member is extruded forwardly of the extrusion port through the molding space, and the die and the flange are moved relatively to each other while adjusting the amount of insertion of the flange into the extrusion port so that a distance between a reference position on the panel and the trim member is maintained at a constant distance. Thus, a trim member is extrusion molded on the edge of the flange of the panel and is mounted thereon simultaneously and yet accurately in a desired outer shape.

Abstract: A seal structure between a leg part 15 of a front lens and a seal groove 12, wherein a seal member 20 is applied into the seal groove 12 formed on a periphery of a front opening portion of a lamp body 10, the leg part 15 of the front lens engaging with the seal groove 12 is secured to the seal groove 12 by a mechanical fastening means (clip 30) to prevent a removal, and the seal member 20 in the seal groove 12 is compressed by the lens leg part 15, characterized in that the seal member 20 is formed of a solid foamed material which foams from an initial fluid state and hardens while keeping elasticity, and which can be stripped off.

Abstract: For the extrusion of a calibrated profile of a thermoplastic polymer onto articles, the polymer, which is melted in an extruder (17), is fed, via a heated pressure hose (22), to an extruder head guided by a robot (5) and, by means of said extruder head, extruded and deposited on the article. At the end of each extrusion operation, the material flow to the extruder head is maintained and, by means of a change-over valve within the extruder head, redirected into an outlet orifice provided in the vicinity of the die orifice until the commencement of the subsequent extrusion operation. The redirected material flow emerges from a pipe connector (29) which is arranged on the extruder head and is coupled to a coupling piece (33). The material collected in this manner may be pelletized and fed back to the feed hopper (16) of the extruder (17).

Abstract: The invention relates to a glass plate having a molding formed on a peripheral edge thereof. The present invention provides an extrusion die having first and second void spaces formed therein. The first void space is provided for supplying an adhesive to the peripheral edge, and the second void space is provided for supplying a molding material to the peripheral edge. The first and second void spaces are specifically arranged relative to each other. With this, while the glass plate is moved relative to the extrusion die, the molding is extruded on the peripheral edge simultaneously with the formation of the adhesive layer on the peripheral edge. Thus, the formations of the molding and the adhesive layer are conducted in one production process. With this, the production efficiency is much improved.

Abstract: A footwear insole having an integrated comfort and support pad and method of manufacture is disclosed. The insole is formed of a sheet material having a through opening therein and a cushion bonded to a marginal edge of the opening and to at least one side of the sheet material defining a narrow rim about the opening. The result is an integral, strong and flexible cushion insole suitable for the manufacture of particularly light and thin dress shoes. The insole may alternatively be formed with a cushion which extends in both directions beyond the thickness of the insole and is received on one side of the insole in a complementary recess of an outsole.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for manufacturing a slide fastener chain having rows of coupling elements and members of a separable bottom end stop assembly, two positioning holes are formed at predetermined positions on reinforcing films attached to a pair of fastener tapes. The positioning holes are used to position the fastener tapes relative to a molding unit with respect to each individual slide fastener length. Thus, even when a positioning error is produced due to a change in tension on the fastener tapes being processed, such error is limited to a small extent which is created only in the individual slide fastener length. Thus, the coupling elements and the first pin member and the second pin member can be molded precisely.

Abstract: A method of forming end stops to a continuous slide fastener chain including element-free space portions at longitudinally spaced intervals, wherein as the chain is fed in the backward direction, a pair of rows of interengaged coupling elements extending on the downstream side of an element-free space portion is spread open by a chain splitting apparatus for subsequent molding of a separable end stop whereas a pair of rows of coupling elements on the upstream side of the element-free space portion is kept in engaged condition. After the separable end stop is molded, the chain is fed in the forward direction during which time a sprue portion and gate portions formed integrally with the separable end stop are caught by a chain splitting member of the chain splitting apparatus. The chain splitting member is then lowered to automatically remove the sprue portion and gate portions from the separable end stop.

Abstract: A simple and inexpensive method and apparatus for molding a peripheral frame around a sheet or grid of thermoplastic material to produce a framed panel. A peripheral frame, preferably of structural foam or the like, is injection molded about a thermoplastic sheet or grid of panel-forming material which has been previously drawn or stretched at a temperature which orients the molecules of the polymer, i.e., below the glass transition temperature of the polymer, T.sub.g. Either during the frame molding process, or subsequent thereto, the panel-forming material is heated sufficiently to cause the material to shrink or revert toward its prestretched condition so as to tension the panel-forming material within the frame. Elastomeric sealing means are disclosed for sealing the mold during injection of the frame-forming material and locator fingers are provided to position a grid-like panel-forming material prior to initiation of the molding process.

Abstract: A process for the production of a plate with a polymer frame shaped onto the edge of the plate. The frame is extruded onto the plate while the latter is held stationary in a working station of a handling automaton or robot with a support device which corresponds to the shape of the plate in such a way that the edge of the plate projects freely over the support face of the support device. With the aid of the robot, an extrusion die having a through, mouth-like slot with two jaws engages the top and bottom surfaces of the circumferential edge of the plate as the mouth-like slot engages the plate edge. At the front end of the two jaws of the die mouth, there are sealing ledges movable at right angles to the plate surfaces, which are supported on the latter during the extrusion process.

Abstract: A panel unit including a window glass panel, and a frame continuously formed on a peripheral edge of the window glass panel by extrusion molding and simultaneously bonded to the peripheral edge of said window glass panel. The frame is formed on the peripheral edge of the window glass panel so as to cover a part of the upper and lower surfaces and the end surface of the window glass panel.

Abstract: A method of making by extrusion-molding an elongated window frame used for a window panel of a vehicle is to use an extrusion molding die which includes a slide core defining the cross-sectional shape of the window frame, and to move the slide core in the extrusion-molding die so that the cross-sectional shape of the window frame is continuously changed along the direction of the length.

Abstract: An insert-molded head harness for use in securing a respirator mask to the face of a wearer, wherein the head harness comprises a web having a central portion and a peripheral portion extending at least partially around the central portion, and a plurality of elastomeric fastening straps having first and second ends, the first ends being integrally bonded to the peripheral portion of the web and the second ends being adapted to be used in securing a respirator mask to the face of a wearer. The head harness can include an elastomeric flange which comprises an elastomeric resin and embeds the peripheral portion of the web. The web preferably comprises a material selected from the group consisting of woven, knitted, and non-woven materials.

Abstract: A seam construction for a papermakers fabric in which mating seam components are molded onto opposite ends of the fabric. The seam is assembled by matingly engaging the seam components molded onto the respective fabric end to define a seam having a caliper substantially equal to the caliper of the fabric. Preferably, the seam components are male and female and become positively locked when the seam ends are joined together.

Abstract: A method of producing an automobile windshield molding for sealing a space between a windshield and a periphery of a window opening of a vehicle body panel utilizes cooperating dies. The windshield molding comprises a pair of extruded side molding parts, a pair of extruded corner molding parts, and an extruded upper molding part integral with and extending between the side and corner molding parts. Each of the side molding parts associated with each side edge of the windshield is larger in thickness compared to the upper and corner molding parts, where a water drain channel is formed.

Abstract: As a pair of fastener tapes is supplied through a molding machine and then through a fiber hardening agent applying and impregnating unit, a predetermined length of coupling element rows are molded on and along confronting beaded edges of the fastener tapes, and simultaneously a separable bottom stop assembly composed of a pin member and a box member and top stops are molded about one ends and the other ends of the coupling element rows, whereupon a fiber hardening agent is applied over and impregnated in the tape surfaces of the prospective bottom end portions by the fiber hardening agent applying and impregnating unit.

Abstract: A method of molding a separable bottom stop assembly on a concealed slide fastener, including: forming a number of space portions devoid of fastener elements at predetermined intervals in a concealed slide fastener; impregnating molten synthetic resin in fastener tapes at areas around the space portion; heat-molding and hardening the tapes in such a manner that confronting edge portions of the tapes are turned over; cutting the tapes across the space portion; injection molding a second pin member of the separable bottom stop assembly on the edge portion of one tape and a first pin member of a box member on the edge portion of the other tape at the space portion, contiguously to the fastener elements; and attaching a box to the first pin member to complete the box member. The result is that a separable concealed slide fastener, which could not be put to practical use conventionally, can be manufactured simply.

Abstract: When forming a molding strip of varying cross-sectional shape along its length, lengths for finishing into molding strips are extruded with a prescribed cross-sectional shape through an extrusion port provided in the dies, before removing superfluous portions from the molding strip proper, wherein superfluous portions is extruded using a different resin material which is incompatible with that used for extrusion of the molding strip proper for later removal of said superfluous portions made of the different incompatible resin material from the molding strip proper.

Abstract: A plastic material is injected in the fluid state into a flexible closed mold having a molding cavity in which is placed the edge of a glass pane. The plastic material is injected into the cavity of the mold in the inert state and is then activated by high-frequency electromagnetic radiation or by microwave radiation. An insert is placed in the cavity of the mold before the injection of the plastic material. The injection and subsequent hardening of the plastic material are carried out inside the cavity of the mold in which cavity the edge of the glass pane and the insert are arranged in their definitive relative position. Glass panes for motor vehicles having a trim strip or elements such as ducts, cables or fastening screws can be prepared.

Abstract: The invention describes a glazing equipped with an extruded profile on which or in place of which is cast a complement, which is connected to the profile. The procedure makes it possible to replace part of the profile which is difficult to produce by extrusion or to add to it foreign elements such as fastenings or various accessories.

Abstract: In the assembly of a windshield glass and a weather strip having a partly modified cross section the weather strip is extruded along the peripheral edge of the windshield glass and fixedly adhered thereto, a movable die 132 of a die assembly is properly moved so as to change the shape of an orifice of the die assembly.

Abstract: Reinforced concrete building products are manufactured using a two-part mould (2, 3), the two parts being hinged together about an axis (4) which is adjacent an edge of each part-mould (2, 3). Glass-reinforced concrete is applied to each part-mould (2, 3), then allowed to partly dry before the part-moulds (2, 3) are folded together to produce a finished product.

Abstract: A mold apparatus and method for forming encapsulated glass which includes the use of a plurality of mold sections 10 and 12 which, when closed, cooperate with a sheet 5 and at least one seal 25 to define a gasket forming cavity 35. When a gasket forming material is injected into the gasket forming cavity 35 and is allowed to at least partially cure, a gasket 2 is formed on at least a portion of the sheet 5 to produce a window gasket assembly 50. A seal 25 with an outwardly angled facing portion 27 defines an interior face 37 of the gasket forming cavity 35 and prevents leakage of the gasket forming material and the formation of flash on the sheet 5. In one embodiment of the invention, the mold section 12 is made of a resilient material and mold section 10 is made of a rigid material. In another embodiment of the invention, mold section 12 has positioned therewithin a rigid member 45 having a finishing surface 48 which cooperates with the seal 25 and the sheet 5 to define a gasket forming cavity 35.

Abstract: A panel unit including a window glass panel, and a frame continuously formed on a peripheral edge of the window glass panel by extrusion molding and simultaneously bonded to the peripheral edge of said window glass panel. The frame is formed on the peripheral edge of the window glass panel so as to cover a part of the upper and lower surfaces and the end surface of the window glass panel.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) for extruding a profile material to form a profile (11) of substantially constant cross-section onto the peripheral edge (12) of an article (13). The apparatus (10) includes a movable die head (30) for circumferentially traversing the peripheral edge (12) of the article (13). The die head (30) has a profile orifice (31) positioned proximate to the peripheral edge (12) of the article (13), and a supply channel (50) in fluid communication with both the profile orifice (31) and a pressurized source of the profile material (24) for directing the profile material to the profile orifice (31). The apparatus also includes selectively pivotable vane means (60) positioned within the supply channel (50), wherein the vane means (60) is pivotable to variably direct the flow of the profile material to the profile orifice (31 ) as the die head (30) moves.

Abstract: A method of making a window panel with a synthetic resin frame comprising forming a synthetic resin frame by extruding synthetic resin through a die into a specified shape along a peripheral portion of a plate-like material for a window on at least one surface of the plate-like material, and curing the formed synthetic resin frame so that the synthetic resin frame is formed integrally with the peripheral portion of the plate-like material, characterized in that the die is moved to trace a locus along a peripheral portion of the plate-like material which has been previously inputted, and the locus and the angular position of the die are corrected by detecting a position of the end face of the plate-like material, whereby the synthetic resin frame having a specified shape is formed.

Abstract: A process for the production of a cover unit with a seal for vehicle roofs in which a cover part, such as a glass cover part, a cover support and a profile part, having a replacement seal receptacle are inserted in a mold having an upper part and a lower part. The profile part is spaced from the cover part and the support leaving edge gaps which are filled by introducing an elastomer therein to connect this assembly to a cover unit. The profile part is attached and aligned, in a preferred embodiment, by attaching projections on the upper part and/or lower part of the mold depending on its position in the production of the cover unit. A peripheral seal can be molded on the profile part.This peripheral seal can be removed from the profile part, so that the seal receptacle of the profile part can be used to insert a replacement seal.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a molding member, for instance for automobile front window plates, as well as a method of manufacturing such molding members. The molding member has a lip section in the form of a ridge which extends throughout the entire length. The lip section bears against the surface of the window plate along the upper portion to realize a flush outer surface between the upper edge of the window plate and the body panel, but is spaced therefrom along the side portions to define a weir. The weir can be formed by deforming a predetermined location of the ridge, and prevents flow of the rain water across the molding member to preserve the driver's or passenger's sight through an adjacent side window.

Abstract: A method is provided for making a rigid spacer, containing a silicone bound desiccant which is useful for a multi-pane sealed window. An infrared radiation curable silicone is used as a binder for a desiccant such as a zeolite which is injected in a continuous manner into a U-shaped or V-shaped semi-rigid spacer such as a steel channel.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an air filter consists of building in two stages around a paper filtering element previously prepared, an edge made of flexible foam, first injecting resin into a separate space from the filtering element, and then letting it expand until it anchors to it.An apparatus to carry out such method consists of a die in which the filtering element is inserted, around which a channel is formed where a mobile frame is sinked, whose shape corresponds to the filtering element one, in such a way as to define an injection recess separated from the filtering element, and an expansion recess adjacent to the filtering element, connected by the mobile frame lift, so that the resin can expand and anchor to the filtering element.

Abstract: The starting end and the finishing end of a seam extruded onto a sheet of glass, for example a windshield of an automobile, are joined to complete an edge gasket. A separate supplementary mold receives part of the glass containing the ends of the seam, and a compatible polymerizable composition is poured into the mold to complete the gasket.

Abstract: An improved lamp assembly for a motor vehicle and a method for molding same is provided in which a one-piece lamp having one or more colors or reflective means integrated in a single lens panel and frame is molded in a single plastic injection process. In the process, one or more colored or reflective elements are placed between two mold segments, the mold segments are closed, and a plastic is injected into the mold cavity in bonding securement of the colored or reflective elements.

Abstract: A method of shaping an extruded section of polymer directly onto the surface edges of a glazing or glass plate. In one embodiment, a rotatable plate member having a plurality of calibrated die cross sections is placed in front of the exit orifice of an extrusion die. The plate member is rotated to obtain, an extruded section having different profile cross sections and the flow rate of the polymer through the die is controlled in response to the position of the plate member so that the amount of polymer being fed corresponds to the respective profile section being extruded. In another embodiment, an obturating slide member is placed in front of an extrusion die exit orifice sized to correspond to the largest desired profile cross section. To produce abrupt changes in profile cross section, the slide is moved quickly at predetermined locations along the path of the extrusion die. To produce a continuous transition between profile sections, the slide is moved slowly during extrusion.

Abstract: Tooling for forming an article which includes an injection molded peripheral frame defining an opening closed by a panel insert. The panel insert is struck from sheet material and together with an associated punch or carrier cooperated with a split mold to completely define the cavity for injection molding of the article. Inasmuch as the panel insert is heat bondable to the injection molded frame and forms a portion of the walls of the cavity, it is automatically bonded to the injection molded frame. The panel insert may be peelable from the frame and include a pull tab for effecting the same. The pull tab may be formed by the same punch which cuts out the panel insert, or the pull tab may be separately formed from sheet material adjacent an intended position of a panel insert and folded into overlying relation to the intended position of the panel insert and staked to the sheet material, after which the panel insert is cut from the sheet material by a punch.

Abstract: A mold apparatus for forming encapsulated glass which includes the use of a plurality of mold sections 10 and 12 which, when closed, cooperate with a sheet 5 and at least one seal 25 to define a gasket forming cavity 35. When a gasket forming material is injected into the gasket forming cavity 35 and is allowed to at least partially cure, a gasket 2 is formed on at least a portion of the sheet 5 to produce a window gasket assembly 50. A seal 25 with an outwardly angled facing portion 27 defines an interior face 37 of the gasket forming cavity 35 and prevents leakage of the gasket forming material and the formation of flash on the sheet 5. In one embodiment of the invention, the mold section 12 is made of a resilient material and mold section 10 is made of a rigid material. In another embodiment of the invention, mold section 12 has positioned therewithin a rigid member 45 having a finishing surface 48 which cooperates with the seal 25 and the sheet 5 to define a gasket forming cavity 35.

Abstract: In a leaf spring mechanism, a pair of triangle leaf spring units are arranged in parallel and reinforcing metal plates are fixed to apex portions of the units. The reinforced apex portions of the units are pinched and molded so that the apex portions are fixed in a molded fixing sections. Two of the fixing sections are so fixed to a base as to maintain the one of the fixing sections movable along a direction perpendicular to the surfaces of the units.

Abstract: A method and a device for forming a molded portion at an end of an extruded weather strip. The method includes the steps of placing the end of the extruded weather strip made of foamed elastic material in a cavity defined by a movable upper mold member and a fixed lower mold member which composes a mold, closing the mold with the end of the extruded weather strip clamped by a predetermined clamping force, injecting a foamable molding material into the cavity, moving the upper mold member up by an force not more than the clamping amount in the process of foaming of the foamable molding material to reduce clamping of the upper mold member and to enlarge the cavity, continuing molding with the upper mold member moved up until the foamable molding material fills the enlarged cavity, and opening the mold when molding of the molded portion is completed.

Abstract: A method for forming a mold for encapsulating glass sheets with a gasket which includes the steps of positioning a rigid member 18 having a finishing surface 19 and a seal 30 adjacent a model 2, forming a first mold section 10 about the rigid member 18, the seal 30, and the model 2 and adjacent the first side of the model 2, forming a second mold section 12 adjacent a second side of the model 2, and then separating the first mold section 10 and the second mold section 12 and removing the model 2. In one embodiment of the invention, the rigid member 18 is prepared by forming an initial member 24 corresponding at least in part to the shape of the model 2, using the initial member 24 to prepare a cast, casting the rigid member 18 in the cast, and then preparing a finishing surface 19 of the rigid member 18.

Abstract: A process for RIM bonding urethane gaskets to glass panels which includes storing a primed glass panel in a temperature-humidity controlled environment for 20-28 hours. The primed and conditioned panels are then fitted with RIM gaskets with 24 hours after removal from the controlled environment.

Abstract: A method of making window glass with a gasket, which includes closing a mold having window glass placed therein to form an inner cavity for forming a resin gasket along the periphery of the window glass, injecting a thermoplastic resin material melted at a relatively low temperature, having a low viscosity and containing a crosslinking agent, into the inner cavity, solidifying it to form a resin gasket, and crosslinking and curing the resin gasket after removal from the mold.

Abstract: A conveyor belt has edges with longitudinally extending profiles formed as grooves or elevations for sealing and guiding. A process for producing belts with profiled edges uses a cutting device and profiled molds to form profiles in the belt and its edge while the belt is guided and supported by rolls.

Abstract: The invention relates to the joining of one web, e.g. of camouflage material to a carrier net or the like with the aid of fastener devices comprising male fastener parts provided with pins or like elements which are hammered into complementary holes in female fastener parts. The female and male fastener parts are banded together by means of plastic wires moulded along the sides of the fastener parts and are separated subsequent to being brought to a fastener applying position from a respective magazine. The male fastener parts are banded with the pins positioned in the direction of the band, while the holes provided in the female fastener parts face at right angles to the band direction. The bands are advanced by means of pawl-mechanisms.

Abstract: In a leaf spring mechanism, a pair of triangle leaf spring units are arranged and parallel and reinforcing metal plates are fixed to apex portions of the units. The reinforced apex portions of the units are pinched and molded so that the apex portions are fixed in molded fixing sections. Two of the fixing sections are so fixed to a base as to maintain the one of the fixing sections movable along a direction perpendicular to the surfaces of the units.

Abstract: In molding a gasket on a window glass, a dummy member having a peripheral portion the shape of which is the same as the peripheral portion of a window glass which is intended to be provided with a gasket, is placed in a molding device having a gasket forming cavity. A gasket material is injected into the cavity formed at the peripheral portion of the dummy member and solidified. The dummy is removed from the molding device, after which the gasket is separated from the dummy member and attached to the peripheral portion of a window glass.

Abstract: An apparatus for high frequency molding plastic material using a mold made of a conventional material for applying this technique, e.g. a silicone elastomer or like material. The mold is kept locked shut while the shaped plastic material is cooling by the effect of a pressure reduction set up inside the mold after the high frequency electric field has been applied.