Abstract: A multi-component nonwoven fabric can be formed with integrated liquid-acceptance and liquid-distribution layers by hydroentanglement on a three-dimensional image transfer device. Appropriate fiber selection promotes efficient fluid management, with the fabric optionally being provided with a liquid-retention layer. The invention further contemplates the formation of liquid-retention layers by hydroentanglement, with such layers exhibiting desirably high structural integrity, while providing the desired absorbent characteristics required for use in disposable absorbent products.

Abstract: A process for combining dyed or melt pigmented textile denier accent yarns in small yarn sizes, into a small building block carpet denier bundle to achieve a face yarn bundle having a wide range of special color effects and appearance, not attainable by manufacture of multi-colored carpets from carpet denier fibers alone. The carpet denier singles yarns are drawn, textured and air-jet entangled. At least one textile denier singles yarns, which is preferably a yarn having some degree of orientation, is then entangled with the carpet denier singles yarn, and the bundle is then wound up. The final yarn bundle may contain one or more fiber types, as well as at least one anti-static filament. The two types of singles yarn, i.e., the carpet denier and textile denier types, optionally have the same or different fiber cross-sections.

Abstract: An abrasive sheet for texturing of magnetic recording media which comprises an entangled ultrafine fiber nonwoven fabric made of three-dimensionally entangled ultrafine fiber bundles composed of ultrafine fibers (A) and a high-molecular elastomer occurring in a porous state in spaces among the entangled ultrafine fibers, with the high-molecular elastomer occurring therein without substantially confining most of the ultrafine fiber bundles and which is characterized in that there is a nap consisting of ultrafine fibers (B) having a fineness of not more than 0.03 dtex on at least one side of that sheet is excellent in precision and stability in processing.

Abstract: A fabric for use in an air bag is provided. The fabric of the invention is produced by mechanically compressing a preliminary fabric constructed substantially of synthetic yarn such that the packed volume per unit area of the compressed fabric is less than the packed volume per unit area of the preliminary fabric. Air permeability is not adversely affected.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for making a fabric from one or more reinforcing fibers. The apparatus comprises a non-planar form about which the one or more reinforcing fibers are wrapped. The apparatus further includes conveying apparatus, fiber dispensing apparatus, drive apparatus, and separating apparatus. The conveying apparatus includes at least one conveyor element traveling along the form and also about which the fibers are wrapped for moving the wrapped fibers along the form. The drive apparatus is coupled to the conveying apparatus for effecting movement of the at least one conveyor element. The fiber dispensing apparatus supports one or more fiber sources such that the one or more fiber sources are movable with the dispensing apparatus around the form thereby allowing the fibers from the one or more fiber sources to be wrapped about the form and the at least one conveyor element as the dispensing apparatus moves around the form.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for spinning, drawing, and winding a synthetic filament yarn, wherein a plurality of filaments are combined in a spin zone to a yarn. Subsequently, the yarn is drawn in a draw zone which includes a draw godet, and then wound in a takeup zone to form a package. To produce a cohesion of the yarn, the filaments are entangled within the draw zone before the yarn leaves the draw godet.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of forming fibrous structures by needling processes. A process is provided for achieving a desired Z-fiber distribution in a fibrous structure by controlling transport depth during formation of the fibrous structure in a series of needling passes. Each needling pass generates a portion of Z-fiber bundles that penetrate adjacent fibrous layers, the Z-fiber bundles penetrating only those adjacent fibrous layers that need more Z-fiber bundles to attain a predetermined number of Z-fiber bundles within each fibrous layer.

Abstract: Individual differently colored or colorable feed filament ends are withdrawn from respective creel-mounted packages and passed through a separation guide. The separation guide serves to "normalize" the filament end-to-end positions and tensions. That is, the separation guide will cause the individual feed ends to be in specific predetermined positions relative to the other feed ends regardless of the position of the package on the creel. In addition, the separation guide will effectively cause a short length of each feed end to be parallel to, and separated by a substantially uniform distance from, corresponding lengths of the other feed ends. This parallel alignment of individual end lengths and the substantially uniform filament end-to-end positioning thereby imparts substantially uniform tensions on the feed ends while substantially maintaining their respective positions in the combined yarn product relative to one another.

Abstract: A method of needling a web comprises the steps of continuously supplying the web to needles, reciprocating the needles to stitch the web supplied to the needles and to release the stitched web, moving the released stitched web step by step by subjecting the released stitched web to a weight load, and then continuously withdrawing the released stitched web. An apparatus for carrying out this method comprises a dancing roller arranged to exert the weight load between a stitch base and means for continuously withdrawing the stitched web.

Abstract: Disclosed is a textile laminate comprising a fiberfill web substrate and a face layer. The fiberfill web substrate has a plurality of first fibers at the surface of the substrate. The face layer comprises a plurality of extruded second fibers which are mechanically intertangled with the plurality of first fibers at the surface of the substrate to thereby form the textile laminate. Typically, the first fibers of the fiberfill web are polyester fiberfill fibers and the second fibers of the extruded face layer are polypropylene fibers.

Abstract: A loop material suitable for use in a hook-and-loop fastening system, which loop material includes a bonded carded web having a first side and a second side. The bonded carded web has a basis weight of from about 15 to about 140 grams per square meter and a thickness of from about 1 mm to about 15 mm. The bonded carded web may be thermally pattern bonded. The bonded carded web is composed of fibers having a denier per filament greater than 2, with from 100 to 0 percent by weight of the fibers being thermoplastic polymer fibers and from 0 to 100 percent by weight of the fibers being bicomponent thermoplastic polymer fibers. The first component of the bicomponent fibers has a melting point which is at least about 50.degree. C. lower than the melting point of the second component. The bonded carded web has a plurality of interfiber bonds.

Abstract: Apparatus for the production of a nonwoven material wherein a web of material is drawn over a series of parallelly aligned porous rolls. The web is treated with a jet of pressurized water as it moves in contact over each roll. The web is compressed between the first roll in the series and is wetted by a curtain of water as it is being compressed to increase the density of the web material prior to its being treated with the pressurized jets of water.

Abstract: A method wherein a thin card web which contains meltable synthetic fibers as well as natural fibers is processed into a thicker web of fleece. The synthetic fibers are initially melted to prestrengthen the web. Then the web is saturated with the appropriate fluid finishing agent for making the web flame-resistant and the like and this web can then be readily dried on a screen drum dryer. It is at this point that the web layers are accumulated into a proper fleece in a cross layer unit which transfer the end product to a heat treatment assembly for heating to effect vulcanization, curing or setting of the synthetic fibers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a hydraulically entangled, autogenous-bonding, nonwoven composite fabric composed of a matrix of substantially continuous, thermoplastic polymer filaments and at least one substantially non-thermoplastic fibrous material integrated in the matrix so that the composite fabric is adapted to autogenously bond to itself upon application of heat. The hydraulically entangled, autogenous-bonding, nonwoven composite fabric may be suitable as infusion package material for applications such as, for example, tea bags and coffee filter pouches. Also disclosed is a method of making a hydraulically entangled, autogenous-bonding, nonwoven composite fabric.

Abstract: The invention relates to a non-woven layer that consists substantially of short polyolefin fibers the nonwoven layer being a felt with in the plane of the layer substantially randomly oriented fibers with a length of 40-100 mm, a tensile strength of at least 1.2 GPa and a modulus of at least 40 GPa. The invention also relates to a method for the manufacture of this felt and to layered structures in which the felt is used. Layered structures comprising a non-woven layer according to the invention have improved specific energy absorption on impact of ballistic projectiles.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for heat-setting carpet yarn by conveying continuously running yarn through a heat-setting chamber. To facilitate production of variable texture yarn, a controllable oscillating yarn supply tube assembly is provided for laying down various yarn patterns on a conveyor belt which travels through the heat-setting chamber. The oscillating yarn supply tube assembly is configured to facilitate switch of production between straight-set and various highly crimped textured yarn patterns via simple adjustment of the drive motor which oscillates the yarn supply tube. The apparatus can be used for a new machine as well as for conversion kits for existing carpet heat-setting machines having stuffer boxes supplying highly crimped yarn to a conveyor belt.

Abstract: A sheet or web of fluoropolymer fibers, such as ethylene/chlorotrifluoroethylene fibers, which has been hydroentangled. Such hydroentangled sheets or webs may be employed as filters, masks, membranes, synthetic papers, industrial fabrics, or liquid separators for use in oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions.

Abstract: A process for obtaining a multilayer composite textile structure containing nonwoven fibrous sheets (2, 3) between which is incorporated a reinforcing structure consisting of continuous yarns or filaments (5), the various constituents being bonded together by mutual entanglement of the fibers of the sheets. According to the invention, two nonwoven sheets (2, 3) are produced in which the elementary fibers are arranged preferentially in the length direction. Between these two sheets (2, 3) there is incorporated a sheet (4) of weft yarns (5) which are arranged transversely, at a distance from each other. The sheet (4) of weft yarns is produced immediately upstream of the line of junction (6) between the two nonwoven sheets (2, 3), and downstream of this zone of junction (6) the composite formed is subjected to the action of a mechanical treatment which makes it possible to implant the fibers of one sheet (2) within the other sheet (3) (and optionally vice versa). The homogeneous composite is then reeled up.

Abstract: A method of forming a three-dimensional fiber reinforced composite structure includes comprises the steps of providing yarn made of a plurality of continuous reinforcing fibers and fibers which when melted form a matrix material, randomizing the yarn, forming the randomized yarn into a preform, and consolidating the preform in one direction. Each of the plurality of reinforcing fibers extends continuously and randomly throughout the matrix because of the randomizing. The fiber reinforced composite structure formed by the present method is particularly suitable for manufacturing a vertebral prosthetic spinal implant device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lining textile and a method of manufacturing same.It comprises a woven or knitted textile support (1) and at least one non-woven layer (2).According to the invention, the non-woven layer or layers (2) are bonded to the knitted or woven textile support (1) by fluid jet needling.

Abstract: A soft, bulky light weight fabric having good absorbency and suitable for use as a wound dressing is prepared from a hydroentangled nonwoven fabric comprising a plurality of parallel spaced apart ribs interconnected by loose fiber bundles extending between adjacent ribs. The ribs comprise high density, highly entangled masses of fibers and contain at least about 60 percent by weight of the fiber in the fabric. The fabric is napped in a direction perpendicular to the ribs to obtain the soft, bulky fabric without tearing or disrupting the integrity of the fabric.

Abstract: The cross direction tensile strength of a carded web is increased by 30% to 50%, without a decrease in machine direction tensile strength, by realigning the fibers of the carded web at least partially in the cross direction. In the preferred embodiment, an air blower manifold is arranged above a scrambler roll onto which a carded web is transferred from a doffer roll at the output end of a conventional card. The air blower manifold has a plurality of louvers spaced across the width of the web in the cross direction for realigning the fibers in the cross direction. The increase in cross directional tensile strength is obtained in the resulting bonded, hydroentangled, and other nonwoven fabrics.

Abstract: A process for producing an interlocked fibrous structure useful as a thermal insulating and/or sound absorbing structure comprising at least one batting of non-flammable carbonaceous fibers, by the steps comprising implanting said batting with non-carbonaceous polymeric fibers and then heat treating the structure in an inert atmosphere so as to transform said non-carbonaceous fibers into substantially permanently set carbonaceous fibers.

Abstract: A reinforced V-belt and method relating to same in which the V-belt comprises bottom, middle and top portions, the bottom portion consisting of a layer of bias cushion fabric and one or more layers of a seamless "fiber-loaded" non-woven fabric which has been impregnated with first and second solvent solutions and a plurality of chopped or staple length fibers generally oriented in the cross-machine direction relative to the longitudinal axis of the non-woven fabric; the middle portion consists of rubberized cord and a layer of non-woven fabric disposed on top of the rubberized cord; the top portion consists of bias cushion fabric.

Abstract: A spunbonded fabric is described that is made of polyester matrix filaments and a binding component consisting of thermoplastically softenable fibers, filaments or the like, and that is suitable for use as a tufting base. The melting point of the polyester matrix filaments is by at least 90.degree. C. above that of the binding component. In the tufted condition, before the coating of the back, the maximum tensile stretching value of the carpet material is more than 50%.

Abstract: A fiber entanglement is provided which is characterized in that it is a three-dimensional entanglement comprising elastic fibers (A) each being a fine-denier fiber bundle or exhibiting porous fiber structure as seen on a fiber cross section with a number of irregularly-shaped pores extending in the fiber axis direction; nonshrinkable, nonelastic fibers (B); and shrinkable, nonelastic fibers (C); said fibers (A) are at least partially bonded or fused together at various points of contact with one another and, thereby, produce a taut condition; said nonshrinkable, nonelastic fibers (B) are folded several times over by means of the elastic fibers (A) and the shrinkable, nonelastic fibers (C). This fiber entanglement is useful as a base material for leather-like sheet materials.

Abstract: In a lap winding apparatus for forming a wadding lap from a wadding web, a lap receiving tube or the wadding lap formed thereon is supported on two winding rollers. On both sides of the winding rollers, support arms are provided which in the upper end region have means for receiving the tube and at the lower end region are connected with a pivoting mechanism which is operated by a pneumatic cylinder arrangement. Calender rollers compress the wadding web before the winding thereof. In order to prevent as far as possible "breathing" of the wadding web between the last calender rollers and the wadding lap a smoothing plate condenses the wadding web shortly before reaching the wadding lap for a last time. The smoothing plate is resiliently secured on both sides of the winding rollers to respective swing arms. On both sides of the winding rollers there is provided a respective swing arm and a force transmitting lever fixedly secured to a sleeve.

Abstract: The instant invention involves a process used in preparing fibrous tows which may be formed into polymeric plastic composites. The process involves the steps of (a) forming a tow of strong filamentary materials; (b) forming a thermoplastic polymeric fiber; (c) intermixing the two tows; and (d) withdrawing the intermixed tow for further use.

Abstract: In a lap winding apparatus for forming a wadding lap from a wadding web, a lap receiving tube or the wadding lap formed thereon is supported on two winding rollers. On both sides of the winding rollers, support arms are provided which in the upper end region have means for receiving the tube and at the lower end region are connected with a pivoting mechanism which is operated by a pneumatic cylinder arrangement. Calender rollers compress the wadding web before the winding thereof. In order to prevent as far as possible "breathing" of the wadding web between the last calender rollers and the wadding lap a smoothing plate condenses the wadding web shortly before reaching the wadding lap for a last time. The smoothing plate is resiliently secured on both sides of the winding rollers to respective swing arms. On both sides of the winding rollers there is provided a respective swing arm and a force transmitting lever fixedly secured to a sleeve.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fabric made up of short conjugate fusible fibers and longer, base fibers. The conjugate fibers have an exposed low melting point component having a lower melting point than the remainder of said fibers and said base fibers. In the method of the present invention, a web of short conjugate fibers and longer base fibers is passed through an entangling mechanism where the short fusible fibers are concentrated and intertwined in heavily entangled knot areas. The entangled web is heated to thermobond at least the low melting point component of the conjugate fibers to each other and preferably to the surrounding base fibers to reinforce and strengthen the fabric.

Abstract: A laminated nonwoven fabric having excellent bulkiness, softness and strength without cleavage of plys and fluff of fibers on the surface thereof which comprises a web mainly composed of a fiber having a high melting point or being hardly softened or molten (laminate ply A), and one or more webs mainly composed of a thermoplastic fiber which soften or melt more easily than the fiber of the laminate ply A (laminate ply B), said ply B being integrally bound to said ply A by steric entanglement of both fibers composing the plys A and B as well as partial softening or melting of the fibers composing the ply B. The laminated nonwoven fabric is produced by subjecting a laminated web made of different kinds of fibers to a fluid injection entangling treatment and then a dry heat treatment.

Abstract: A process for making a nonwoven fabric barrier layer that comprises simultaneously ring-rolling to a desired basis weight at least two adjacent plies of hydrophobic microfine fiber webs. The adjacent plies prior to ring-rolling have a cumulative basis weight of from about 1.1 to about 4 times the desired basis weight.

Abstract: An entangled fibrous mat comprising an elastic polymer fiber A and a nonelastic polymer fiber B, said fiber A having voids therein and being in a taut condition within the mat; while said fiber B is in a slack condition and is highly elastic and flexible, rich in fullness, and firm-bodied, thus being very suitable for use as a substrate for artificial leather.

Abstract: A process is provided for mechanically surface-finishing a textile fabric which comprises continuously feeding said fabric from a source of supply, such that said fabric lies in a single plane, subjecting successive adjacent sections of the fabric to intermittent mechanical impact with an abrasive means across the width of said fabric thereby avoiding substantial sustained contact between the fabric and the abrasive means, the mechanical impact being at a force and frequency sufficient to cause a substantially uniform modification of the surface characteristics of the fabric. Textile fabrics with modified surface which may be made by the above process are also provided. Apparatus for mechanically surface-finishing a textile fabric according to the aforedescribed process is further provided.

Abstract: In spun fleeces of thermoplastics in which the filaments are in approximately random arrangement, which fleeces have been strengthened by needle-punching and which have a higher tensile strength in one direction than in the direction at right angles thereto, the said tensile strengths are approximated to one another by stretching the fleece by 20 to 200% of the original length, in the direction of the lower tensile strength, at a temperature which is 85.degree. to 25.degree. C. below the crystallite melting point, while either maintaining the length in the direction at right angles to the stretching direction, or changing it, beforehand or simultaneously, by an amount within the range of .+-.10% of the original length.

Abstract: A process is provided for mechanically surface-finishing a textile fabric which comprises continuously feeding said fabric from a source of supply, such that said fabric lies in a single plane, subjecting successive adjacent sections of the fabric to intermittent mechanical impact with an abrasive means across the width of said fabric thereby avoiding substantial sustained contact between the fabric and the abrasive means, the mechanical impact being at a force and frequency sufficient to cause a substantially uniform modification of the surface characteristics of the fabric. Textile fabrics with modified surface which may be made by the above process are also provided. Apparatus for mechanically surface-finishing a textile fabric according to the aforedescribed process is further provided.

Abstract: An apparatus for compressing a web W of fibrous material where the apparatus includes a first surface (3) movable in one direction and a second surface (5) movable in an opposite direction at a speed slower than the speed of movement of the first surface. A confining means (7) having an apex (10) extends between the surfaces. A stuffing chamber (13) is formed between the two surfaces and the confining means. Movement of the first surface feeds a web of material into the stuffing chamber and movement of the second surface moves compressed material out of the chamber.A method of compressing a web W of fibrous material where said material is forced into a stuffing chamber (13) formed between a confining means (7) having an apex (10) and two surfaces (3 and 5). A web of material is fed into the stuffing chamber by moving one of the surfaces in one direction at a particular speed.

Abstract: A patterned, nonwoven, articulated fabric exhibiting a substantially uniform texture and comprised of a multiplicity of synthetic fiber elements, the opposing free ends of each of said synthetic fiber elements being joined to one another to form substantially continuous loops, said loops being interconnected to one another in a predetermined pattern. Method for producing said nonwoven fabric using specially prepared fiber elements which curl in a predetermined configuration in response to an external stimulus is also disclosed.

Abstract: Novel hydraulically entangled spunlaced fabrics and an improved process for making such fabrics composed of at least two types of staple fibers are provided. Elastomeric staple fibers which behave as ordinary staple fibers until heat treated are included in the hydraulically entangled fabric. Upon heat treatment, the elastomeric fibers become elastic and impart improved stretch and resilience properties to the fabric.

Abstract: A process for producing thermal-insulating nonwoven bulky product characterized by its structural make up of substantially continuous single filaments of from about 0.01 to 2 denier which are stabilized on themselves in the product by a surface binder on the filaments.

Abstract: An interlining material comprising a non-woven web of fibers wherein the area of the web comprises at least two distinct zones, each of which said zones has substantially uniform fiber content and extends across the width of said interlining, and in which adjacent zones have different fiber contents, the fibers of said zones merging into the fibers of each adjacent said zone; a method for making an interlining which comprises disposing a first fibrous fleece over a second fibrous fleece so as to define a web having at least two distinct zones, each of which zones have substantially uniform fiber content and adjacent said zones having different fiber contents, and thereafter randomizing the distribution of fibers through the web and merging the fibers of said first fibrous fleece with the fibers of said second fibrous fleece.

Abstract: There is described in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a process and apparatus for bi-axially stretching a non-woven web of synthetic fibers in a first and second station wherein the first and second stations are provided with sets of rolls having grooves parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the axis of each set of rolls. The groove pattern of the rolls is generally a sinosoidal wave with distances between grooves of less than 1.0 millimeters times the web basis weight in grams per square meter.

Abstract: The specification describes a multi-layered, needle-punched, felt-like cushioning material for a hot-pressing machine. The cushioning material is made of at least two fibrous batts and at least one foundation fabric interposed between the batts and needle-punched with the batts. The specification also describes a method for producing the above cushioning material. The cushioning materials according to this invention have a high density and can maintain high elasticity and excellent cushioning properties over a relatively long period of hot-pressing operation.

Abstract: Process and apparatus are provided for producing filaments comprising: supplying a plurality of streams of molten material; attenuating said streams of material into continuous filaments through the action of a stream of fluid moving from an attenuation means; said filaments being entrained in said fluid moving from said attenuation means, moving said stream of fluid and filaments along a first surface positioned intermediate said attenuation means and a foraminous surface; establishing a vacuum at said foraminous surface; directing said stream of fluid and filaments into said foraminous surface obliquely oriented with respect to said first surface such that a first portion of said fluid separates from the filaments and passes through said foraminous surface and a second portion of said fluid moves said filaments along the foraminous surface; collecting said filaments.

Abstract: This invention is directed to apparatus for expanding the width of preformed fibrous webs. Fibrous webs having fibers oriented in their lengthwise direction can be widened by this apparatus and this orientation is still maintained in the widened web. The apparatus functions by feeding the web to a blade edge lying at an angle to the lengthwise direction, abruptly changing the direction of travel of the web at the edge from the lengthwise direction to a second direction, and turning the web fibers in the second direction while expanding the width of the web. The profile of fibrous webs, i.e., the thickness, uniformity, weight and fiber density, across its width can be changed and controlled according to the apparatus disclosed.

Abstract: Manufacture of a non-woven web of man-made filaments in which one or more strands of filaments, directed parallel to each other, leaving one or more spinnerets are forwarded, each, by means of an air jet to a spreading plate for the filaments, and the resulting layer of spread filaments and air leaves the plate and advances to a moving support, upon which the filaments are deposited randomly to form a web which will then be bonded in known manner. In order to improve the isotropy of the web, the layer of spread filaments and air is guided to a fixed deflector plate forming a slit with the discharge edge of the stationary spreading plate, said slit allowing passage of the filaments but braking the air carried along with the filaments, and the layer is then subjected to an air jet directed transversely to the path of said deflected web and generally in a direction parallel to the surface of the moving support.

Abstract: A temporary fabric is formed by joining groups of two or more yarn strands at a time together at various longitudinally spaced points, forming generally transverse lines of joined points across an array of a plurality of parallel strands. No weft or filler yarn is used. An apparatus for joining is disclosed including a drum having a plurality of abrasive rotating joining discs in the surface thereof. A second embodiment includes joining discs moved transversely across a plurality of longitudinally traveling strands. The fabric can be separated into individual strands by pulling the strands apart.

Abstract: A nonwoven fabric having no pattern and composed of 100% synthetic fibers, wherein individual fibers are held together by three-dimensional entanglement into a stabilized sheet form without being subjected to any bonding treatment, which nonwoven fabric has a structure characterized by a specific volume of the nonwoven fabric of 3.5 cm.sup.3 /g or less, a bending index (in terms of R) of individual fibers of 4.0 or more, and a strength efficiency (in terms of S) of the nonwoven fabric of 90% or more. Such a nonwoven fabric has excellent properties which are comparable to conventional woven fabrics in not only hand but also practical performance characteristics. This nonwoven fabric is manufactured by a method which comprises placing on a substantially smooth supporting member a web, 35 to 170 gm/m.sup.

Abstract: A nonwoven fabric is passed to a compression zone wherein the edge portions of said fabric are compressed to produce a nonwoven fabric with a uniform thickness.

Abstract: False-twisted yarn strands are separately carried around a guide wheel and the nodes thereof are brought together and locked by mechanical entanglement, after which the strands are self-twisted. Embodiments of entanglement joining devices include reciprocating friction plates which rub the fibers together and twist them, causing joining, the plates being carried on the guide wheel. A needle punching device carried by the wheel is disclosed, the needles being reciprocated by a cam structure within the wheel. In a third embodiment edges of oppositely rotating overlapping discs contact and twist fibers in the node area, causing entanglement.