Abstract: A security element including: a first layer having a first surface; an array of image regions across the surface, each region including at least first and second sub-regions; a first diffractive optically variable effect generating structure in or on the surface across the first sub-regions; and a second diffractive optically variable effect generating structure in or on the surface across the second sub-regions; wherein the surface is arranged so each first sub-region has a first average inclination and each second sub-region has a second average inclination different from the first, wherein the first structure and inclination provide that the first effect is exhibited across the first sub-regions at least at a first viewing angle and the second structure and inclination provide that the second effect is exhibited across the second sub-regions at least at a second viewing angle different from the first. Also, a method of manufacturing the security element.

Abstract: A secure placard and a method of producing the secure placard are disclosed. A substrate includes a first portion and a second portion. The first portion of a substrate has varnish applied thereto and a holographic pattern is formed in the varnish. The substrate also includes a second portion that is free of the varnish. The second portion of the substrate is adapted to be printed on using a heat-based process without damage to the holographic pattern.

Abstract: The embodiments set forth a jewelry accessory setting for an array of stones, such as gemstones including for instance diamonds, where said stones are arranged in accordance to a gradient of known quality, such as cut, clarity, carat or color. The jewelry accessory may include bars between each stone to prevent color contamination. The jewelry accessory alternatively sets forth natural stones together with treated or synthetics stones. The jewelry accessory is useful when utilized in a method of valuing stones of unknown quality, such as by a purchaser assessing the value of a piece of jewelry with stones of unknown quality by comparing such potential purchase to the jewelry accessory set forth herein.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a portable data carrier by means of a continuous manufacturing method, comprises the steps: providing at least one foil as a rolled good, unrolling at least one first foil, with at least a first foil being coated at least partly with an adhesive on at least one side, with at least the first foil being scored on at least one side along at least one creasing edge, with at least the first foil being folded up in precise fit along at least one creasing edge and bonded, with the foil being folded up in the direction of the side which is coated with adhesive, with the side coated with adhesive being arranged on the opposite side of the foil which has at least one scored creasing edge along which it is folded.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a portable data carrier by means of a continuous manufacturing method, comprises the steps: providing at least one foil as a rolled good, unrolling at least one first foil, with at least a first foil being coated at least partly with an adhesive on at least one side, with at least the first foil being scored on at least one side along at least one creasing edge, with at least the first foil being folded up in precise fit along at least one creasing edge and bonded, with the foil being folded up in the direction of the side which is coated with adhesive, with the side coated with adhesive being arranged on the opposite side of the foil which has at least one scored creasing edge along which it is folded.

Abstract: A method is provided for printing to a target. The method includes printing a first image to the target. The first image is printed with a metallic material. The method also includes printing a second image to the target over the first image. The second image is printed with a colored semi-transparent material.

Abstract: A plastic card includes a multi-layer card body into which is integrated a window-type security feature. The card body includes a core layer that is laminated between top and bottom opaque print layers. The security feature includes a transparent insert incorporated into the core layer that serves as a light-transmissive card window. Overt and covert print elements are printed onto the top and bottom surfaces, respectively, of top print layer in alignment with the clear insert, with only the overt print element visible in natural light. By contrast, covert print element is only viewable by illuminating the partially light-transmissive top print layer through the insert. Preferably, the overt and covert print elements are tightly nested design elements that render the resulting harmonized image more difficult to replicate by unscrupulous individuals. Additionally, the insert is preferably dosed with a UV brightener to provide a forensic-level of security to the plastic card.

Abstract: A security device for verifying an authenticity of a security document comprises an at least partially transparent substrate with a first surface and a second surface. A first pattern is arranged on the first surface. A second pattern is arranged on said second surface. The first and the second pattern each comprise a plurality of pixels with at least three different gray levels visible from a macroscopic perspective. The first and second pattern cover only gray levels in a range between 20% black and 80% black, in particular between 35% black and 65% black. The first pattern is inverted with respect to the second pattern.

Abstract: The invention concerns a linerless self-adhesive material obtained starting from a self-adhesive material with a liner, by means of a process that comprises the delamination of the liner from a self-adhesive layer, activation of the liner or self-adhesive layer, transferral of the liner over the self-adhesive layer and re-lamination of the two components so as to produce the linerless self-adhesive material. The liner or the self-adhesive layer is coated with a thermo-adhesive that allows for permanent lamination of the liner located on the self-adhesive layer.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for producing a film element having mutually registered metallic layers (11, 16) and a film element which can be produced by such a process. A first metallic layer (11) provided on a first surface of a flexible single-layer or multi-layer carrier film (10) and a masking layer (13) provided on the second surface of the carrier film (10), opposite to the first surface, are structured in accurate register relationship with each other by means of mutually synchronized structuring procedures. After structuring of the first metallic layer (11) and the masking layer (13) one or more further layers are applied to the first metallic layer (11). Applied to the one or more further layers (15) is a second metallic layer (16) to which a first photoactivatable layer (17) is applied.

Abstract: A security element includes an optically variable structure having a multiplicity of first embossed structures each including at least two flanks which converge at at least one certain angle. In at least one first partial region of the optically variable structure, at least one flank of the first embossed structures respectively has at least one additional embossed structure which is mounted on the flank of the first embossed structures or inserted into the flank of the first embossed structures. The geometry of the at least one additional embossed structure is executed to be at least near-inverse to the geometry of that flank of the first embossed structure on which the at least one additional embossed structure is mounted or inserted.

Abstract: Described is a security document with a transparent security element (12) which is arranged in a window or in a transparent region of the security document and has a structure layer, in which a first region (12f) of the structure layer has an asymmetrical diffractive relief structure, wherein the first region (12f) has an optical effect which is unexpectedly different in a front view and in a rear view of the security document.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a security element (20) for security papers, value documents and the like, having a feature region (24) that selectively influences incident electromagnetic radiation (30). According to the present invention, it is provided that the feature region (24) includes metallic nanopatterns (28) in which volume or surface plasmons are excited and/or resonance effects are caused by the incident electromagnetic radiation (30).

Abstract: A higher forgery prevention effect is realized. A display includes a first interface section provided with a relief-type diffraction grating constituted by a plurality of grooves, and a second interface section provided with a plurality of recesses or projections arranged two-dimensionally at a center-to-center distance smaller than the minimum center-to-center distance of the plural grooves, and each having a forward tapered shape.

Abstract: A toy system for sending and reading hidden secret messages including a toy dart or arrow launcher using a dart/arrow with a surface for preprinted or written messages, a pen if the message is to be written, and a decoder structure. In one embodiment, the dart surface includes a red and white camouflage pattern and the message is in light blue ink. A red filter placed over an opening in the dart launcher is used for reading messages from the outer surfaces of the darts before the darts are launched. A separate decoder may be provided to an intended recipient of secret messages. Other embodiments to read messages use a red flashlight, or invisible ink to write a message and ultraviolet light to decode, or heat sensitive ink to write a message and a heat-generating structure, including a recipient's hand, to read the message.

Abstract: A tamper evident document, a process of preparing the tamper evident document, and a tamper evident ink. The tamper evident document includes a paper substrate having a face for providing information, and a tamper evident ink applied on the face of the paper substrate. The tamper evident ink includes (i) microcapsules having a cross-linked polymer shell and a core surrounded by the shell; and (ii) developer particles. The cores of the microcapsules include at least one color former dissolved in a carrier oil. If information on the tamper evident document is altered by force or pressure (e.g., by scraping with a knife), the microcapsules rupture and the color former reacts with the developer particles to provide a visual indication of tampering (e.g., appearance of color or color change) on the face of the document.

Abstract: A method of color laser marking an article having a polymeric foil with at least one colorless layer containing an infrared absorber, a polymeric binder and a color forming compound; including the steps of:—laser marking the colorless layer with an infrared laser using a first laser operation mode to generate a blue or cyan color; and—laser marking the same colorless layer with an infrared laser using a second laser operation mode to generate a black color, wherein the first laser operation mode applies less energy to the colorless layer than the second laser operation mode. Also disclosed is an article, such as a security document, including a polymeric foil and a colorless layer containing laser marked graphical data having a blue or cyan color and laser marked information having a black color.

Abstract: A security document precursor including one or more lamellae provided with two or more holes near a perimeter edge surface of the precursor, wherein the holes perforate the largest surface of the one or more lamellae, and wherein at least one of the holes is filled with a colored material which differs in color from at least one of the one or more lamellae, such that the colored material is visible from a direction perpendicular on the perimeter edge surface; wherein at least one of the one or more lamellae is transparent or translucent: or wherein at least one of the one or more lamellae is opaque and the opaque part of the at least one of the one or more lamellae between the perimeter edge and the hole filled with a colored material has been removed. A security document and a method of preparing the security document precursor are also disclosed.

Abstract: Improvements in security devices are provided that are used for authenticating or security applications. The security device includes a first color-shifting layer and a second color-shifting layer, which exhibits different reflective characteristics to the first color-shifting layer. A partial first light absorbing layer is between first surfaces of the first and second color-shifting layers and a second light absorbing layer applied to a second surface of the second color-shifting layer. The color of the partial first absorbing layer is selected to substantially match the color of light reflected at a normal angle of incidence by the combination of the second color-shifting layer and the second absorbing layer.

Abstract: An anti-counterfeit printed matter forming an invisible image that can be visualized clearly and prevents a visible image from impeding visibility of a visualized invisible image. In the anti-counterfeit printed matter according to this invention, a plurality of object elements are arranged at a predetermined pitch in a matrix, each object element including a first and second object arranged along a first direction on both sides of a boundary at a center, opposing each other, and third and fourth objects arranged along a second direction perpendicular to the first direction on both sides of a boundary at the center, opposing each other. The first object and the second object, and the third object and the fourth object of each object element have a negative/positive relationship. The first object and/or the second object forms a first invisible image. The third object and/or the fourth object forms a second invisible image.

Abstract: An object is protected against counterfeiting by an article including an HVS-perceivable target and HVS-perceivable texture surrounding the target. The texture produces a gentle HVS stimulus modulation. Color of the target has a higher saliency than that of the texture, whereby the texture provides camouflage for the target. Location of the target with respect to the texture is a function of a serial number or other information about the object.

Abstract: A product package article has an HVS-perceivable security pattern on its surface. The security pattern is based on simultaneous color contrast. The security pattern can provide protection against counterfeiting.

Abstract: A security element, comprising at least two contiguous areas having an identical or different coloring which can vary depending on the inclination of the incidence and, therefore, reflection of direct light or depending on the type of incident light. The security element also has a single graphic marking which crosses with continuity the two areas having variable coloring so that the graphic marking straddles the two areas so that it is perfectly aligned, without having discontinuities of any kind. Moreover, the effect of this graphic marking is perfectly visible both when the security element is viewed from the recto and when it is viewed from the verso.

Abstract: An inkjet recording method of the present invention includes preparing an inkjet recording apparatus having an inkjet head that has N (N?4) nozzle arrays, so as to respectively discharge inks of at least four colors of cyan, magenta, yellow and black, having nozzles arranged in a first direction at a predetermined pitch P for discharging a curable ink which is cured by providing active energy, each of the nozzle arrays is arranged to be shifted in the first direction so as to have distances of more than 0 among each virtual line extending from each nozzle in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, in which the viscosity of any of the respective inks at 25° C. is 10 to 30 mPa·s.

Abstract: Haptic security features, which are generally not visually perceptible or reproducible, are applied on a surface of a substrate according to a predetermined scheme. The haptic security features are complemented by visual features that bear a relationship to the haptic security features, and/or otherwise to features of an underlying image that is already printed on the substrate. One or more colored ink layers that includes characters or other features that bear a relationship to the haptic security features is embedded into the haptic security features on the surface of the substrate to form a composite security feature that has visual information as well as haptic response. Haptic security features are based on redundantly encoding features that are pre-printed on the substrate in a preliminary step of forming a visual image on the substrate by overprinting portions of the underlying pre-printed image related to the haptic security features.

Abstract: The invention describes a method providing prints with fluorescent effects on a document generated by color electrophotographic print processes, employing an electrophotographic printer equipped with five print modules, where four printing stations are equipped with black, yellow, magenta and cyan toners and a fifth station is equipped with substantially clear fluorescent toners to be printed on top of the color toners or directly on a substrate of the print document. In further developments of the present invention, the clear fluorescent toner absorbs light in the UV-A range or comprises metallic pigments or metallic effect pigments added to the clear fluorescent toner.

Abstract: The invention provides a thread and counterfeit preventive paper satisfying the conditions that, when the micro-character of the thread is viewed from one side and opposite side of the paper or printed material, the image of micro-character can be recognized in the same direction from any side, not in opposite direction to each other, and that, when viewed from the opposite side, the image of the corresponding micro-character is not visible. The counterfeit preventive paper and counterfeit preventive printed material have a structure in which a thread having metal deposition layers formed in a pattern of micro-character and colored printed layers formed thereon provided on both sides of a strip-like and light permeable substrate is inserted between paper layers.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a security feature for a security element, a security paper or a data carrier that exhibits a substrate into which at least one through opening and at least one marking in registration with the through opening are to be introduced. The method includes the steps of providing a substrate with a laser-modifiable marking substance at least in the region of the marking to be produced and, in the same operation, introducing at least one through opening into the substrate by the action of laser radiation at higher laser power and modifying the laser-modifiable marking substance in the marking region by the action of laser radiation at a lower laser power to produce at least one marking in registration with the through opening.

Abstract: There is provided a light-emitting medium by which whether a valuable paper or the like is forged or not can be judged easily and promptly. A light-emitting medium constituting a valuable paper includes a light-emitting image. The light-emitting image is composed of a pattern area formed on a substrate by using a first fluorescent ink containing a first fluorescent material, and a background area formed on the substrate by using a second fluorescent ink containing a second fluorescent material. When UV-A is irradiated, the first fluorescent ink and the second fluorescent ink emit light of colors that are viewed as different colors from each other. In addition, when UV-C is irradiated, the first fluorescent ink and the second fluorescent ink emit light of colors that are viewed as different colors from each other, the colors being different from the colors that are viewed when the UV-A is irradiated.

Abstract: A two-dimensional code with a logo, wherein a two-dimensional code that represents information by means of a cell dot distribution pattern formed by having a plurality of cells colored and a logo mark visually representing characters are superimposed. In a preferred embodiment, at least a part of the cell dot color area is smaller than the cell area while the two-dimensional code that represents the information by means of the cell dot distribution pattern that color codes the cells and the logo mark that visually represents the character are superimposed.

Abstract: An integrated security structure is provided employing an external source of energy to change the appearance of the structure rendering the structure more challenging to duplicate due to its complexity. The security structure includes a substrate forming part of a bank note, identification document, or other security device; an active device within the substrate changing color between at least two colors wherein a color of the substrate surrounding the active device matches one of the at least two colors to form a metameric device. At least one Interference Security Image Structure (ISIS) is configured to be metameric with a bleached state of the active device and is therefore invisible at normal incidence. Another ISIS is metameric with the colored state of the electrochromic device and consequently becomes invisible during coloration. When the whole device is tilted, both ISIS's change color while the rest of the device essentially remains the same.

Abstract: A verifiable/copy-protected document features a combination of nearly identical line-screen patterns for embedding latent images within visually integrated settings. The latent images can be detected for purposes of verification with a matching viewer but are indistinguishable from their visually integrated settings under ordinary viewing conditions. The line-screen patterns, which can be incorporated into document artwork, are printed at certain combinations of line frequencies and print densities so that the line-screen patterns digitally reproduce as a largely undifferentiated solid tint.

Abstract: A multilayered liquid container having a discharge port welded under specified conditions to a sealant, which is constituted of a resin comprising a cycloolefin resin as a main component. The discharge port is composed of: an innermost layer constituted of a resin comprising a cycloolefin as a main component; and a surface layer whose main part is constituted of a resin comprising a specific type of polyethylene as a main component. According to the present invention, there can be provided a multilayered liquid container, which can prevent an effective component of a content fluid from being adsorbed onto or penetrating through not only the container body, but also the resin constituting the discharge port, and enables high temperature sterilization treatment, coupled with the discharge port having high welded strength and drop strength.

Abstract: A variable guilloche includes at least two guilloche curves, printed in a common space and having at least one point of overlap. The at least two curves are plotted from equations having variables corresponding to a specified data string of steganographic information.

Abstract: A method for creating a differential gloss image includes providing first and second anisotropic halftone structures. The first and second anisotropic structures have different orientations. One of the first and second anisotropic structures is applied to image data in a first region of an image to be halftoned. The other of the first and second anisotropic structures may be applied to image data in a second region of an image to be halftoned. A mixture of the first and second anisotropic structures is applied to image data in a third region of the image to be halftoned, whereby when printed, the three regions each have a gloss characteristic which differs from that of the other two regions.

Abstract: In a printing carrier for transferring confidential information with a transparent film layer onto the front side of which the confidential information can be printed and wherein a concealing means, which considerably complicates the capability to identify the confidential information on the film layer is present behind the film layer, provision is made according to the invention for the film layer to carry on the front side at least one structure imprint, which does not add to the confidential information and which improves the effect of the concealing means due to its irregular area coverage.

Abstract: The invention provides an image processing apparatus, an image processing method, a recording medium and a program capable of suppressing security dots from being reproducible visibly while enhancing reproduction of a color, in an original, specified by a user, in the process of forming a monochrome image from a color image. The image processing apparatus includes a unit for taking a color image, a unit for separating a color image into respective color elements, a unit for judging the security dots through the use of the separated data, and a unit that, when it is judged that security dots are included, recalculates the blending ratio through the use of the security dot judgment result to convert the color image into a monochrome image.

Abstract: A method in a diffractive color system that specifies visual color effects and/or target colors that are formed by mixing together two or more diffractively produced primary colors. The primary colors and the characteristics of the elementary gratings used in producing them are selected in such a manner that they produce the desired exact primary colors particularly in the application-specific lighting and by taking into account, when required, the color of the substrate material and/or other background separately. A diffractive color system implements the method. A diffractive component produces the mixed target color. A product contains one or more diffractive color effects.

Abstract: A security device comprises a substrate having a viewing region. A first pattern of a first color and a second pattern of a second color are printed on one side of the viewing region. A third pattern of the first color and a fourth pattern of the second color are printed on the other side of the viewing region. The first and second patterns on the one side of the viewing region overlap the fourth and third patterns respectively on the other side of the viewing region whereby a) when each side of the viewing region is viewed in reflected light, the patterns on that side can be distinguished by at least their colors, and b) when the viewing region is viewed in transmitted light, from either side of the substrate, the viewing region is sufficiently transparent that subtractive color mixing between the overlapped different colors results in a perceived single resultant color being visible.

Abstract: An optically variable device is disclosed having a substrate with an array of pyramidal structures formed upon it or within it. The structures are coated with an optically variable color-shifting coating. Each of the structures form a pyramidal-like having at least three slanted faces and wherein one or more colors seen when viewing the pyramids vary as substrate is rotated at least 30 degrees about an axis orthogonal to the substrate. In order to see a color shift the device is rotated around the surface normal of the substrate, while keeping the angle of incidence to the light source the same, and keeping the viewing angle the same. Various forms of pyramids may be used, however pyramids with planar faces are most suitable.

Abstract: An optically variable device is disclosed having a substrate with an array of pyramidal structures formed upon it or within it. The structures are preferably formed by printing pyramids with an optically variable color-shifting ink using an Intaglio-like printing process. Alternatively the structure can be formed by embossing a layer of ink with positive pyramids so as to yield an array of positive embossed pyramids. Each of the structures form a pyramidal-like having at least three slanted faces and wherein one or more than one color is seen when viewing the pyramids vary as substrate is rotated at least 30 degrees about an axis orthogonal to the substrate. In order to see a color shift the device is rotated around the surface normal of the substrate, while keeping the angle of incidence to the light source the same, and keeping the viewing angle the same. Various forms of pyramids may be used, however pyramids with planar faces are most suitable.

Abstract: The invention relates to a security element with an optically variable structure, which has an embossed structure and a coating, wherein the embossed structure and the coating are combined such that at least parts of the coating are completely visible upon perpendicular viewing, but are concealed upon oblique viewing. This embossed structure has nonlinear embossed elements, which are combined with the coating such that when changing the viewing direction different pieces of information become visible.

Abstract: Described herein are various embodiments of imagery or items comprising imagery using semiconductor processing or fabrication techniques and methods of using such techniques to make imagery. For example, according to one embodiment, a method of making imagery having nano-scale or micro-scale portions can include providing a silicon wafer, coating the silicon wafer with a layer of oxide, depositing a layer of photoresist onto the oxide layer, and removing a patterned portion of the photoresist to expose a patterned portion of the oxide layer. The method can also include removing at least some of the patterned portion of the oxide such that the patterned portion of the oxide layer has a predetermined thickness resulting in a predetermined viewable color. The patterned portion of the oxide layer can define at least one of the nano-scale or micro-scale portions.

Abstract: The appearance of a color print viewed under UV illumination is predicted using a target comprising color patches each printed using a known coverage of printer colorant(s). In one case, the target is illuminated using a UV light source and an electronic image of the target is captured using a digital camera or the like. In another case, a spectrophotometer is used both with and without a UV cutoff filter to measure the target. The captured image data or the spectrophotometric measurements are used to derive a UV printer characterization model that relates any arbitrary combination of printer colorants to a predicted UV color appearance value. Metameric colorant mixture pairs for visible light and UV light viewing can be determined using the UV model together with a conventional visible light printer characterization model. A visual matching task is used to determine a correction factor for the UV printer characterization model.

Abstract: A hidden image game piece is formed on a transparent or translucent substrate which is part of an optical disc (e.g., a CD or DVD). The hidden image can be used to contain a “key” which is required to gain access to the data contained on the optical disc, thereby aiding in the prevention of that type of piracy of the content of the optical disc which could be accomplished by a simple disc-to-disc copy.

Abstract: A moiré pattern display sheet defined by a surface is described. A first layer has a pattern printed thereon. The pattern includes a series of visual elements in a first row that have been distorted at least in a first direction. The series of visual elements is generated from an electronically saved file of vector based graphics. A light steering optical layer overlaying the first layer. The light steering optical layer comprising a plurality of optical features which change the direction of the light and thereby provide a depth effect of the series of visual elements to a viewer looking through the light steering optical layer.

Abstract: A compound of Formula (1) and salts thereof: wherein: R1 and R2 are independently H or optionally substituted C1-4alkyl; R3 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R4 and R5 are independently H, optionally substituted alkyl optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl with the proviso that R4 and R5 do not carry a carboxylic acid substituent; X and Y are independently an acetyl group, an acetate ester group, an amide group, a sulfoxide group, a sulfone group, a phosphonate group, a nitro group, a nitrile group, an isonitrile group, a quaternary amine, a carbonyl group (other than a carboxylic acid), a polyhaloalkyl group or a halogen atom; a+b=0 to 4; n=1 to 6; and m is greater than 0: provided that the compounds of Formula (1) contain at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of —SO3H and —PO3H2. Also compositions, inks, printing processes, printed materials and ink-jet cartridges.

Abstract: Azaphthalocyanine compounds of Formula (1) and salts thereof: wherein: MAzPc represents a azaphthalocyanine nucleus of formula (A): M is 2H, Cu or Ni; each P is independently CH or N; R1, R2 are independently H or optionally substituted alkyl; R3 is optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; y is greater than 0 and less than 4; z is greater than 0 and less than 4; and the sum of y+z is in the range of from 1 to 4; 15 provided that at least one P is N in any one of the four component rings of the azaphthalocyanine nucleus. Also compositions, inks, printing processes, printed materials and ink-jet cartridges.

Abstract: Method for generating a label for a medication in which information about the medication is obtained and printed on the label in a hierarchical manner with more important information in a more prominent location or more prominent type relative to other less important information. The information may be divided into primary information and secondary information with the primary information being placed on the label before the secondary information. The label may be used in a container having a curved front wall, a planar rear wall, a substantially planar bottom wall and a cap engaging with the front and rear walls to seal the container. The rear wall is constructed with a device for removably received an information card containing information relating to the medication.

Abstract: A security device having one or more printed or transferred first areas, each first area having one or more first colors; and one or more printed or transferred second areas, each second area having one or more second colors. At least one of the first an second areas has a discontinuous pattern, and the first area or areas surrounds the second area or areas, each first area being distinguishable from the second area or areas. The first area(s) and/or second area(s) define an image. A camouflage pattern is provided over the image and at least an adjacent region surrounding the image, the camouflage pattern having a color and pattern such that in combination with the first and second areas, it renders the image substantially invisible when viewed under reflected light but visible when viewed in transmission.