Abstract: An inductor and method for making the same are provided. The inductor includes a coil formed from a conductor and having a serpentine shape. The coil may have an “S”-shape. The coil has two leads extending from opposite ends of the coil. An inductor body surrounds the coil and portions of the leads. The leads may be wrapped around the body to create contact points on the exterior of the inductor.

Abstract: A coil component includes a main body portion containing resin and having a hole portion, a coil provided in the main body portion, and a substantially cylindrical pipe arranged inside the hole portion. The coil includes an inner wiring embedded in the pipe and an outer wiring exposed from the main body portion. The inner wiring and the outer wiring are integrally continuous.

Abstract: The present invention provides a display panel and a manufacturing method thereof. The display panel includes a display area, a non-display area surrounding the display area, and an array substrate disposed in the display area and the non-display area; the array substrate includes a notch disposed in the non-display area of the array substrate and surrounding the display area to form a circle; and a packaging layer filled in the notch, and a material of the packaging layer is silicon nitride.

Abstract: A test and measurement instrument, comprising at least one port configured to receive a signal from a device under test; a user interface configured to receive a user input, the user input indicating magnetic properties of a magnetic material of the device under test, and one or more processors. The one or more processors are configured to generate a hysteresis loop mask based on the magnetic properties of the magnetic material, determine whether the signal received from the device under test violates the hysteresis loop mask, and generate an alert when the signal received from the device under test violates the hysteresis loop mask. The test and measurement instrument may also include a display configured to display the hysteresis loop mask, the signal received from the device under test, and/or the alert.

Abstract: A device and to a method of producing a device, wherein the method includes, inter alia, providing a substrate and generating at least two mutually spaced-apart cavities within the substrate. In accordance with the invention, each cavity has a depth of at least 50 ?m. The cavities are filled up with magnetic particles, wherein the magnetic particles enter into contact with one another at points of contact, and wherein cavities are formed between the points of contact. At least some of the magnetic particles are connected to one another at their points of contact, specifically by coating the magnetic particles, wherein the cavities are at least partly penetrated by the layer produced in the coating process, so that the connected magnetic particles form a magnetic porous structure.

Abstract: Systems and methods for sensing, measuring, or monitoring the temperature of an electrical transmission line of an electrical cable, are provided. A temperature sensitive inductor is disposed in thermal contact with the electrical transmission line. The temperature of the electrical transmission line can be sensed, measured, or monitored by measuring the inductance of the temperature sensitive inductor. Mechanisms and methods to eliminate, minimize, or account for the magnetic coupling between the current carried by the electrical transmission line and the temperature sensitive inductor are provided.

Abstract: In at least one embodiment, a hybrid permanent magnet is disclosed. The magnet may include a plurality of anisotropic regions of a Nd—Fe—B alloy and a plurality of anisotropic regions of a MnBi alloy. The regions of Nd—Fe—B alloy and MnBi alloy may be substantially homogeneously mixed within the hybrid magnet. The regions of Nd—Fe—B and MnBi may have the same or a similar size. The magnet may be formed by homogeneously mixing anisotropic powders of MnBi and Nd—Fe—B, aligning the powder mixture in a magnetic field, and consolidating the powder mixture to form an anisotropic hybrid magnet. The hybrid magnet may have improved coercivity at elevated temperatures, while still maintaining high magnetization.

Abstract: A fuel injector for fuel-injection systems of internal combustion engines. The valve includes an electromagnetic actuating element having a solenoid coil, a fixed core, an outer magnetic-circuit component and a movable armature to actuate a valve-closure member which cooperates with a valve-seat surface provided on a valve-seat member. The valve is characterized by its extremely small outside dimensions. The entire axially movable valve needle, including armature and valve-closure member, has a mass of only m<=0.8 g. The valve is suitable as a fuel injector, especially for use in fuel-injection systems of mixture-compressing internal combustion engines with externally supplied ignition.

Abstract: An improved choke assembly for a power electronics device is provided. More specifically, a choke assembly with improved protection from environmental conditions such as dirt and water is provided. An improved choke assembly may include an insulative housing for an inductor coil that seals the inductor coil from the environment.

Abstract: This invention is a manufacturing device for a permanent magnet disposed in a rotating electrical machine, in which a plurality of magnet pieces, each formed by being fractured and split along a notch groove, are aligned and joined to each other with an adhesive interposed between fractured surfaces. First pressing means for aligning the plurality of fractured and split magnet pieces with the fractured surfaces opposed to each other in a width direction by pressing from the width direction of the permanent magnet and second pressing means for aligning the plurality of magnet pieces in a thickness direction by pressing from a thickness direction of the permanent magnet are provided. Moreover, third pressing means for joining the opposing fractured surfaces of the magnet piece with the interposed adhesive by pressing the plurality of magnet pieces from a longitudinal direction of the permanent magnet is provided.

Abstract: A lead-frameless power inductor and its fabrication method are disclosed. The power inductor comprises a lower substrate, a coil provided on the lower substrate, and an intermediate layer which encloses the coil, wherein the lower substrate can be a soft magnetic entrainer or a non-magnetic entrainer. The coil is made of an insulated wire, and the intermediate layer is a colloid consisting of magnetic powder. The steps of fabrication are: forming a wire package to fix on the upper surface of the lower substrate, wherein the wire package is formed of a lacquer insulated copper wire or the like, then coated with a colloid consisting of the magnetic powder, and then is cutting into granulated elements and forming in order.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for a permanent magnet includes the steps of a) producing a permanent magnet (1), b) fracturing the permanent magnet (1) to obtain two or more separate pieces (13), and c) restoring the permanent magnet (1) by fitting the fracture surfaces of adjacent separate pieces (13) together.

Abstract: A method includes coating a conductive wire with a paste comprising a first inorganic dielectric material, an organic binder, and a solvent to form a coated wire, drying the coated wire at a first drying temperature to remove at least a portion of the solvent and form a green wire, winding the green wire around a core to form a green assembly, heat treating the green assembly at a decomposing temperature above the first temperature and below a melting point of the first inorganic dielectric material to decompose the organic binder to form an intermediate assembly, and exposing the intermediate assembly to a densifying temperature that is above the decomposing temperature and substantially equal to or above the melting point of the first inorganic dielectric material to densify the dielectric material on the conductive wire.

Abstract: Improvement of torque densities, miniaturization and weight saving for outer rotor type motors or permanent-magnet-field-type DC motors can be efficiently achieved by high-energy densification of a magnet. However, torque pulsation or armature reaction gives negative influences thereto. Further, in application of a slotless (coreless) structure eliminating the torque pulsation or the armature reaction, the magnetic resistance of motor magnetic circuits will be enhanced. For solving the above problems, there is provided an annular magnet that is opened in a reverse direction relative to the opening direction of a U-shaped segment fabricated in constantly-directed magnetic fields, the annular magnet having an anisotropic distribution where angles relative to inner peripheral tangent lines can be continuously changed in the range of approximately 0 to 90 degrees, and having energy density (BH)max of 160 to 186 kJ/m3.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing sintered magnet poles is described. The mold is filled with a vitrifiable base material powder and closed with a plate. A magnetic field aligns the powder and a plate pressed onto the powder establishes a compact that holds the alignment in place. The compact is sintered to form a sintered magnet pole. The mold forms a protective cover of the sintered magnet pole and the plate forms a base plate of a magnet pole piece. Furthermore, a magnet pole piece is provided which has a magnet pole and a base plate which is fixed to a protective cover so that the base plate and the protective cover surround the magnet pole. The base plate and/or the protective cover of the magnet pole piece has at least one element that provides a geometrical locking of the magnet pole to the base plate and/or the protective cover.

Abstract: A reactor which may be employed in an inverter for automotive vehicles. The reactor includes a coil, a core, a casing, and a positioning member. The core is made of a solidified magnetic powder/resin mixture and has the coil embedded therein. The positioning member is disposed in the casing to position the coil relative to the casing and equipped with fins configured to stir the magnetic powder/resin mixture before solidified. Specifically, the positioning member is designed to perform two functions: one is to fax the location of the coil within the casing, and the other is to stir the magnetic powder/resin, mixture through the fins, thus eliminating the need for removing a portion of the magnetic powder/resin mixture adhered to the fins, which leads to improved productivity of the reactor.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing sintered magnet poles is described. A vitrifiable base material powder is filled into a mold, the mold is closed with a plate, the mold with the powder is placed in a magnetic field for aligning the powder, the plate is pressed such onto the powder as to establish a compact that holds the alignment in place, and the compact is sintered so as to form a sintered magnet pole. The mold ultimately forms a protective cover of the sintered magnet pole and the plate ultimately forms a base plate of a magnet pole piece. Furthermore, a magnet pole piece is provided which has a magnet pole and a base plate which is fixed to a protective cover so that the base plate and the protective cover surround the magnet pole. The base plate and/or the protective cover of the magnet pole piece has at least one element that provides a geometrical locking of the magnet pole to the base plate and/or the protective cover.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a developing agent regulating member is provided. The method includes providing a non-magnetic member and a magnetic member. The non-magnetic member and the magnetic member are fixed together by caulking such that an end face of the non-magnetic member and an end face of the magnetic member are substantially aligned with each other, and such that the non-magnetic member and the magnetic member are closely pressed together in order to reduce a gap between the non-magnetic member and the magnetic member. The end face of the non-magnetic member and the end face of the magnetic member are polished so as to prepare the regulating face of the developing agent regulating member by making the end face of the non-magnetic member and the end face of the magnetic member flush.

Abstract: Disclosed is an inductance part including a coiled conductor formed from a metal conductor, a magnetic body formed by pressure-molding a mixture of metal magnetic powder and bonding material in such a manner that the coiled conductor is embedded in the mixture, and a terminal derived from the coiled conductor. The coiled conductor is formed in a single layer with no insulating film on its surface. The metal magnetic powder of the magnetic body penetrates into the surface of the coiled conductor so as to make the filling factor of the metal magnetic powder in the magnetic body not less than 80% by volume.

Abstract: Magnet cores pressed using a powder of nanocrystalline or amorphous particles and a pressing additive should be characterised by minimal iron losses. These particles have first surfaces represented by the original strip surfaces and second surfaces represented by surfaces produced in a pulverisation process, the overwhelming majority of these second particle surfaces being smooth cut or fracture surfaces without any plastic deformation, the proportion T of areas of plastic deformation of the second particle surfaces being 0?T?0.5.

Abstract: A device for positioning and affixing magnets on a magnetic yoke member of an electric motor includes: a nonmagnetic support for receiving the magnets; a magnetic element for holding the magnets in position on the nonmagnetic support arranged on the other side of the nonmagnetic support with respect to the magnets, the attraction exerted by this element on the magnets greater than that exerted by the magnetic yoke member during positioning of the device with respect to the yoke; a device for varying the magnetic forces present, whereby the magnetic attraction of the magnetic yoke member and/or the magnetic element on the magnets may be varied such that the magnetic force of attraction exerted by the yoke on the magnets becomes greater than that exerted by the magnetic element on them, thus provoking transfer of the magnets to the yoke.

Abstract: In order to achieve excellent heat resistance, durability and weatherability for use in an extended range of temperature environments, a rare earth bonded magnet is formed such that a material mixture comprising: a rare earth magnetic powder having a particle diameter ranging from 30 ?m to 500 ?m; a resin binder constituted by a thermosetting resin; and an organic phosphorous compound, is compression-molded and hardened, wherein the organic phosphorous compound is uniformly dispersed in the resin binder.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing sintered magnet poles is described. A vitrifiable base material powder is filled into a mould, the mould is closed with a plate, the mould with the powder is placed in a magnetic field for aligning the powder, the plate is pressed such onto the powder as to establish a compact that holds the alignment in place, and the compact is sintered so as to form a sintered magnet pole. The mould ultimately forms a protective cover of the sintered magnet pole and the plate ultimately forms a base plate of a magnet pole piece. Furthermore, a magnet pole piece is provided which has a magnet pole and a base plate which is fixed to a protective cover so that the base plate and the protective cover surround the magnet pole. The base plate and/or the protective cover of the magnet pole piece has at least one element that provides a geometrical locking of the magnet pole to the base plate and/or the protective cover.

Abstract: In order to improve tranquility and controllability of an iron core-equipped permanent magnet motor with an improvement of a maximum energy product (BH)max by improving a shape compatibility of a radial anisotropic magnet, there is provided a radial anisotropic magnet manufacturing method of fixing magnet powder in a net shape so as to maintain a magnetic anisotropic (C-axis) angle of a magnet with respect to a tangential line and for performing a deformation with a flow so as to have a predetermined circular arc shape or a predetermined annular shape. Particularly, by performing a deformation with a viscous flow or an extension flow, a deformability of the magnet is improved, and thus a shape compatibility with respect to a thickness is improved. AC-axis angle ? with respect to a tangential direction is controlled at an arbitrary position and an arbitrary angle so as to reduce cogging torque without separating a magnetic pole into segments.

Abstract: A magnetic assembly for a linear electromechanical machine, the assembly comprising an annular support centered on an axis of reciprocation of the machine. A magnet assembly is attached to the annular support. The magnet assembly comprises at least one annular part which is substantially magnetic. The annular part has at least one non-conductive portion in a substantially radial plane and extending at least half of the way through the wall of the annulus.

Abstract: A preferred method for manufacturing a transformer winding includes winding an electrical conductor into a first plurality of turns, placing an electrically insulating material having adhesive thereon over the first plurality of turns, and winding the electrical conductor into a second plurality of turns over the electrically insulating material. The preferred method also includes melting and curing the adhesive by energizing the electrical conductor so that a current greater than a rated current of the transformer winding flows through the electrical conductor.

Abstract: A method for constructing a permanent magnet assembly by using a non-magnetic frame between individual magnet segments to restrain the movement of the magnet segments. The frame restricts the movement of the magnets during assembly. The frame also provides an effective system for replacing magnets in the existing assembly.

Abstract: A wire-wound type chip coil can take various inductance values while maintaining its outer dimension at a specified fixed value. A chip coil is formed by winding at least two conductive wires regularly in a single layer around a core made of a magnetic material and firmly connecting both ends of each conductive wire to terminal electrodes disposed on respective flanges of the core. This makes it possible to obtain a great current capacity. Furthermore, the inductance decreases because of an increase in the magnetic path length. A great number of different inductance values can be easily obtained by properly selecting parameters including the number of substantially parallel conductive wires, the diameter of each conductive wire, and the number of turns.

Abstract: A method for making a rotor for a permanent magnet electric motor comprising the steps of providing an annular permanent magnet and an annular back-up member. Affixing the magnet to the inner surface of the back-up member in an un-magnetized condition and overmolding both in an injection molding process while controlling the flow of the molten plastic so as to cause the plastic to engage the opposite sides of the magnet at substantially the same time resulting in a knit line intermediate the magnet sides on the inner surface of the magnet. Magnetizing the magnet.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a laminated polar anisotropic hybrid magnet, which includes separately mixing first permanent magnet powders having low magnetic properties and second permanent magnet powders having high magnetic properties with a thermoplastic resin to prepare first and second compound pellets, respectively, and firstly injecting the first compound pellets by use of a first injection mold, to prepare a polar anisotropic and anisotropic resin magnet, which is then placed into a second injection mold having an outer diameter lager than that of the first mold, followed by secondly injecting in a magnetic field together with the second compound pellets. The manufacturing method of the current invention is advantageous in terms of exhibition of higher magnetic properties of the laminated polar anisotropic hybrid magnet, and reduction of the use of expensive materials, thus generating economic benefits.

Abstract: A method of making composite electric machine rotor assembly of a desired magnetic pattern. Magnetic segments and non-magnetic segments are separately formed to green strength, and then arranged adjacent to each other in a desired magnetic pattern. A small amount of powder material is added in-between the segments, and the whole assembly is then sintered to form a sinterbonded composite component of high structural integrity.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a rotor of an electric motor to be arranged inside a stator, a permanent magnet is formed in a ring-shape, and a rotating shaft and the permanent magnet are concentrically arranged in a mold. Then, a rubber material in a fluid state is poured into a space between the permanent magnet and the rotating shaft to vulcanize and mold a cushioning member having predetermined hardness. The permanent magnet and the rotating shaft are integrally coupled through the cushioning member.

Abstract: An electric traction motor for a vehicle including a housing, a wound stator field located in the housing, a rotor magnetically interacting with the wound stator field, high energy magnets configured in the rotor, and low energy magnets configured in the rotor.

Abstract: In the case of a small-sized motor of the present invention, a printed board to which an electric circuit including an electric element is attached is mounted on a case cover. The printed board has a soldering part to be connected to a member attached to an interior of the case cover for being connected to an electric power source supplied from an outside and a soldering part to be connected to a projection in a notch provided on an opening part side of the metal case to body-earth the electric circuit. In the soldering part for the body-earthing, at the time of assembling the motor, after fitting the case cover to the metal case opening part, a pair of electrodes are brought into contact from an outside of the metal case near the soldering part, to weld the soldering part by a principle of the electric resistance welding.

Abstract: A common mode choke coil has a plurality of metallic conducting wires buried into a sintered magnetic material such that the metallic conducting wires are proximate to each other and an electrode mounted on a surface of the sintered magnetic material so as to be connected to each end portion of each of the metallic conducting wires. The metallic conducting wires are integrally coated with a non-magnetic and electrically insulating material at a predetermined distance between each of the metallic conducting wires to thereby form coated conducting wires. The coated conducting wires buried into the sintered magnetic material are thus obtained.

Abstract: In a method for fabricating a surface mountable chip inductor, a spiral coil pattern is formed on a surface of a cylindrical body fabricated by mixing ferrite or ceramic powder with thermoplastic organic binder, the cylindrical body is transformed into a square-shaped body by being inserted into a square-shaped mold and pressure being applied at a certain temperature. An electric characteristic lowering problem can be prevented by forming the coil on the cylindrical body, and transforming the cylindrical body into a square-shaped body to improve surface mounting.

Abstract: A method of making composite electric machine components. Magnetic segments and non-magnetic segments are separately formed to green strength, and then arranged adjacent to each other in a desired magnetic pattern. A small amount of powder material is added in-between the segments, and the whole assembly is then sintered to form a sinterbonded composite component of high structural integrity.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an inductor is performed in such a manner that the surface of a metal wire provided with an insulating film thereon is coated with a thermal melting resin. The thickness of the thermal melting resin is, for example, approximately 1 ?m. As the thermal melting resin, a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin, such as a polyimide resin or an epoxy resin, containing 85 wt % of a powdered ferrite is used. This coated metal wire is densely wound to form a solenoid-type coil conductor. Next, the thermal melting resin is softened by a heat treatment at, for example, 180° C. and is then solidified by spontaneous cooling. Accordingly, the portions of the coil conductor adjacent to each other are bonded together by the thermal melting resin.

Abstract: A Neodymium-Iron-Boron permanent magnet which is substantially wider across a first axis than across the perpendicular second axis. The second axis is the axis defining the north and south poles of the magnet. At one of the poles is a permalloy cap which is substantially parallel to the first axis and inhibits the extension of magnetic flux from that pole and encourages instead a deep extension of the magnetic flux from the other pole. An aperture penetrates the magnet through the second axis which is wider at the pole away from the permalloy cap than it is at the pole adjacent to the permalloy cap. The shape of this aperture causes a distortion of the deeply extending magnetic flux lines at the pole away from the permalloy cap to be pinched inward toward the second axis rather than being parallel to it.

Abstract: A method of firing magnetic cores includes the steps of attaching a powder to the surface of a plurality of flattened-ring compact bodies made of a magnetic material, arranging the plurality of flattened-ring compact bodies adjacently so that the axes of flattened through-holes of the flattened-ring compact bodies are vertically oriented, and firing the flattened-ring compact bodies while the powder is interposed between the adjacent flattened-ring compact bodies. Alternatively, a method of firing magnetic cores includes the steps of attaching a powder to the surface of a plurality of thin compact bodies made of a magnetic material, vertically arranging the plurality of thin compact bodies adjacently, and firing the thin compact bodies while the powder is interposed between the adjacent thin compact bodies.

Abstract: A method of producing a chip inductor including the steps of inserting a conductive wire made of a metallic wire into a metallic mold, supporting both end portions of the conductive wire on support portions provided on inner surfaces of the metallic mold so as to position the conductive wire in the approximate center portion of the metallic mold, casting magnetic ceramic slurry into the metallic mold, molding the ceramic slurry case in the metallic mold by wet pressing to obtain a molding body having the conductive wire embedded therein, firing the molding body, and forming external electrodes on both end surfaces of the fired magnetic core such that the external electrodes are connected to both end portions of the conductive wire.

Abstract: A method for producing an anisotropic magnet with high energy product through extrusion and, more specifically, by placing a particle charge of a composition from the which magnet is to be produced in a noncircular container, heating the container and particle charge and extruding the container and particle charge through a noncircular extrusion die in such a manner that one of the cross-sectional axes or dimension of the container and particle charge is held substantially constant during the extrusion to compact the particle charge to substantially full density by mechanical deformation produced during the extrusion to achieve a magnet with anisotropic magnetic properties along the axes or dimension thereof and, more specifically, a high energy product along the transverse of the smallest cross-sectional dimension of the extruded magnet.

Abstract: The method serves for manufacturing a canned rotor of a permanent magnet motor. Firstly a shaft (2) provided with a rotor core [rotor laminated sheet package] (3) together with a pre-blank (11) forming the later magnet and a [sheet] metal casing (6) surrounding the pre-blank is applied with play into a pressing tool (12). The pre-blank (11) is then deformed by way of end-face pressure impingement such that it then bears with a non-positive fit and over the whole surface on the rotor core [rotor laminated sheet package] (3) and on the [sheet] metal casing (6), wherein the casing (6) is widened radially until its bearing on the pressing tool (12) by way of the radially widening pre-blank (11).

Abstract: The present invention provides magnets having a metallic pin mounted therein with high bond strength and with high reliability and exhibiting good productivity. It also provides magnets in which the bond strength of the metallic pin remains high even at high temperatures or in organic solvents. Specifically, the present invention relates to a magnet having a metallic pin mounted therein without using an adhesive, and this magnet can be made by sintering the magnet and the metallic pin at the same time.

Abstract: A method of making a composite powder metal disk for a rotor assembly in a synchronous reluctance machine. The method includes filling discrete regions of a disk-shaped die with ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic powder metals, compacting to powders, and sintering the compacted powders. By this method, a disk is formed that includes alternating regions of magnetically conducting powder metal and magnetically non-conducting powder metal compacted and sintered to a high density. The method may also include forming a rotor assembly by stacking a plurality of the composite powder metal disks axially along a shaft with their magnetic configurations aligned.

Abstract: A method of making a composite powder metal disk for a rotor assembly in a surface permanent magnet machine. The method includes filling inner and outer annular regions of a disk-shaped die with soft and hard ferromagnetic powder metals, compacting the powders, and sintering the compacted powders. By this method, a disk is formed that includes permanent magnets on the surface of an inner ring of magnetically conducting powder metal compacted and sintered to a high density. In one embodiment, non-ferromagnetic powder metal is filled into regions of the die such that the permanent magnets are separated by magnetically non-conducting powder metal compacted and sintered to a high density. The method may also include forming a rotor assembly by stacking a plurality of the composite powder metal disks axially along a shaft with their magnetic configurations aligned.

Abstract: A method of making composite electric machine components. Magnetic segments and non-magnetic segments are separately formed to green strength, and then arranged adjacent to each other in a desired magnetic pattern. A small amount of powder material is added in-between the segments, and the whole assembly is then sintered to form a sinterbonded composite component of high structural integrity.

Abstract: A lamination ceramic chip inductor includes at least one pair of insulation layers; and at least one conductive pattern which is interposed between the at least one pair of insulation layers and forming a conductive coil. At least one conductive pattern includes a conductive pattern formed as a result of electroforming.

Abstract: A common mode choke coil has a plurality of metallic conducting wires buried into a sintered magnetic material such that the metallic conducting wires are proximate to each other and an electrode mounted on a surface of the sintered magnetic material so as to be connected to each end portion of each of the metallic conducting wires. The metallic conducting wires are integrally coated with a non-magnetic and electrically insulating material at a predetermined distance between each of the metallic conducting wires to thereby form coated conducting wires. The coated conducting wires buried into the sintered magnetic material are thus obtained.

Abstract: A method for producing an inductor having an internal conductor includes coating an internal conductor with a covering material, placing the internal conductor coated with the covering material in a shaping mold, and filling a material around the internal conductor so as to form a compact unbaked chip element with the internal conductor provided at a predetermined position. The unbaked chip element is then baked in order to eliminate the covering material so as to form a gap around the internal conductor.