Abstract: A printed circuit board (PCB) has a tridimensional (3D) dielectric substrate having opposite sides and made of fiber-reinforced polymer. Each side comprises channels and pockets formed by molding a dielectric laminate, and the channels and pockets define a layout for conductive traces and pads of the PCB. The channels and pockets in a same side of the 3D dielectric substrate have a uniform depth. Side walls of the channels and pockets have a draft angle in a range of greater than 0 degrees to about 5 degrees. The conductive traces and pads are formed into the channels and pockets by electrolytic metallization. In addition, the outer surface of conductive traces and pads are flush with the sides of the 3D dielectric substrate.

Abstract: Methods and systems for estimating an amount of torque that is transferred via a differential ring gear assembly are described. In one example, axial displacement of the differential ring gear assembly is determined and converted into a torque estimate. The torque estimate may be used to verify other powertrain torque estimates or for closed loop torque control.

Abstract: A sensor wheel for a human-powered vehicle comprises a wheel body and an attachment part. The wheel body is configured to be rotatable relative to a vehicle body of the human-powered vehicle about a rotational axis along with a rotational hub of the human-powered vehicle. The wheel body includes a plurality of openings spaced apart from each other in a circumferential direction with respect to the rotational axis. The attachment part is configured to be operatively coupled to the rotational hub. At least one opening of the plurality of openings has a radial length defined radially with respect to the rotational axis. The radial length is equal to or larger than 8 mm.

Abstract: A starter-generator module for a gas turbine engine includes an inner stator portion with an armature defining a rotation axis and an outer rotor portion disposed about the rotation axis. The outer rotor portion includes a permanent magnet and a gear teeth member. The permanent magnet is disposed about the rotation axis and the gear teeth member is defined on the outer rotor portion such that the gear teeth member transmits rotational energy to an accessory gearbox in a start mode and receives rotational energy from the accessory gearbox in a generate mode.

Abstract: A phonic wheel having a body and a tooth is disclosed. An embodiment of the phonic wheel includes a body that is configured to rotate about a rotation axis. The tooth is attached to the body. The tooth has a first axial end relative to the rotation axis, a second axial end opposite the first axial end, and a mid portion extending between the first and second axial ends. The mid portion has a substantially axially uniform height from the body. The first axial end has a greater height from the body than the height of the mid portion.

Abstract: Method and device for tightening a threaded connection, preferably for connecting pipeline components, wherein the threaded connection to be tightened comprises a connecting element unit having an external thread, a connecting element unit having an internal thread, and a seal element arranged therebetween.

Abstract: An inclined-axis axial piston machine includes a housing, a drive shaft and a cylinder barrel. The drive shaft is mounted in the housing so as to be rotatable with respect to a first axis of rotation and is integral with a flange. Each piston is coupled to the flange via a ball joint. A multiplicity of counting perforations are arranged in a periodically distributed and continuous manner over an outer circumferential surface of the flange. The housing accommodates a sensor arranged opposite the counting perforations such that rotation of the drive shaft causes a signal change at the sensor. Each counting perforation is formed integrally from the flange, in the form of a recess having a single continuous perimeter. A side wall of the recess, starting from the perimeter, extends uninterruptedly, without sharp bends or offsets, over the entire circumference of the perimeter.

Abstract: Detection device for a wheel hub assembly provided with a rolling bearing, the detection device having a phonic wheel made of magnetized material and mounted on a rotating ring of the bearing, a shaped support element angularly constrained to the rotating ring of the bearing arranged directly between the phonic wheel and the rotating ring so as to angularly lock together the phonic ring and the rotating ring, and a sensor facing the phonic wheel; a protection device being integral with the rotating ring of the bearing so as to protect simultaneously both the phonic wheel and the sensor from external contaminants.

Abstract: A wheel hub bearing for motor vehicles including a rotatable hub provided with a flange for the engagement of the hub to a wheel of a vehicle and provided with a radially outer free portion and a bearing unit provided with a radially outer ring for the engagement of the wheel hub bearing to a knuckle of the vehicle and a radially inner rotatable ring angularly connected to the hub. Furthermore, the wheel hub bearing has a device for detecting a vehicle parameter and provided with an encoder and a sensor in communication with the encoder. The encoder is ridgidly coupled to the radially outer free portion of the flange to jointly rotate with the hub.

Abstract: A monitoring system for monitoring one or more properties associated with a rotating shaft is provided. The system includes a first phonic wheel which is mounted coaxially to the shaft for rotation therewith, the first phonic wheel comprising a circumferential row of teeth. The system further includes a first sensor configured to detect the passage of the row of teeth of the first phonic wheel by generating a first alternating measurement signal. The system further includes a processor unit configured to determine the durations of successive first speed samples. Each first speed sample is a block of n successive cycles of the first alternating measurement signal, where n is an integer, and in which the beginning of each cycle is a zero-crossing point from the previous cycle and the end of each cycle is the corresponding zero-crossing point to the next cycle.

Abstract: Provided is a rotating electric machine. Angles formed by tooth center axes of adjacent teeth are defined as tooth pitch angles. Maximum tooth pitch angles are defined as first tooth pitch angles ?1. At least one of tooth pitch angles become smaller as proceeding from the first tooth pitch angles ?1 in a clockwise direction and a counterclockwise direction, respectively, and such tooth pitch angles are defined as second tooth pitch angles ?3. Cross-sectional areas of second coils, which are arranged in slots each formed between adjacent teeth corresponding to the second tooth pitch angles ?3 in a cross-section perpendicular to a rotation axis, is smaller than cross-sectional areas of first coils, which are arranged in slots each formed between adjacent teeth corresponding to the first tooth pitch angles ?1 in the cross-section perpendicular to the rotation axis.

Abstract: A wireless system for determining the displacement of spinning components of a differential assembly, including a differential case having a hollow interior space; a differential assembly having an actuator including an electromagnet having a coil, a spinning component selectively engaged with a differential gear arrangement and at least one sensor assembly non-rotatably mounted to the differential case including at least one sensor communicatively coupled to a printed circuit board, a transmitter and a power source. The sensor assembly extends axially and radially within the differential case and at least one sensor is configured to directly sense the axial displacement of the spinning component and the sensor assembly is configured generate a signal representing the axial displacement of the spinning component into a signal that is wirelessly transmitted to a receiver positioned outside the differential case.

Abstract: A sensor device comprises a magnet having a magnetization in a first direction. Furthermore, the sensor device comprises a differential magnetic field sensor arranged on the magnet and having a first sensor element and a second sensor element, wherein the sensor elements are spaced apart in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. The first sensor element and the second sensor element are designed to detect a magnetic field component in a third direction perpendicular to the first direction and perpendicular to the second direction.

Abstract: Systems and methods relate to a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) platform that can include a stator and a rotor magnetically levitated by the stator. The rotor and stator can be annular, such that the rotor rotates about a rotational axis. The stator can include magnets that provide guidance, levitation, and drive forces to drive the rotor, as well as to control operation of rotor blades of the rotor that can be independently rotated to specific pitch angles to control at least one of lift, pitch, roll, or yaw of the VTOL platform. Various controllers can be used to enable independent and redundant control of components of the VTOL platform.

Abstract: A starter-generator module for a gas turbine engine includes an inner stator portion with an armature defining a rotation axis and an outer rotor portion disposed about the rotation axis. The outer rotor portion includes a permanent magnet and a gear teeth member. The permanent magnet is disposed about the rotation axis and the gear teeth member is defined on the outer rotor portion such that the gear teeth member transmits rotational energy to an accessory gearbox in a start mode and receives rotational energy from the accessory gearbox in a generate mode.

Abstract: An axial field rotary energy device can include a rotor having an axis of rotation and a magnet; a stator coaxial with the rotor, the stator can have a printed circuit board (PCB) having a plurality of PCB layers that are spaced apart in an axial direction, each PCB layer can include a coil having only two terminals for electrical connections, each coil is continuous and uninterrupted between its only two terminals, each coil consists of a single electrical phase, and one of the two terminals of each coil is electrically coupled to another coil with a via to define a coil pair; and each coil pair is electrically coupled to another coil pair with another via.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus includes a mounting stand installed to rotate about a rotation shaft extending along a rotary shaft of a rotary table and configured to hold a substrate, and a magnetic gear mechanism including a driven gear configured to rotate the mounting stand about the rotation shaft and a driving gear configured to drive the driven gear. The driven gear is connected to the mounting stand via the rotation shaft and installed to rotate in such a direction as to rotate the mounting stand. The driving gear is disposed in a state in which the driving surface faces the driven surface passing through a predetermined position on a movement orbit of the driven gear moving along with the rotation of the rotary table.

Abstract: A sensor system includes a drum, a first sensor, and a second sensor. The drum is mounted for rotation about a rotation axis and includes a band and a plurality of members that extend axially away from the band. The first sensor and the second sensor are configured to generate electrical output in response to detecting one or more of the plurality of members.

Abstract: A speed sensor system for measuring rotational speed includes a magnetic sensor and a cylindrical drum rotatable around the magnetic sensor. The cylindrical drum includes several axially extending members disposed circumferentially around a first edge of the cylindrical drum. The magnetic sensor is configured to generate an electrical output that indicates each passage of each of the axially extending members around the magnetic sensor as the cylindrical drum rotates around the magnetic sensor. The axially extending members are adapted to deflect radially outwards away from the magnetic sensor in response to an increased rotational speed of the cylindrical drum. The deflection of the axially extending members provides voltage regulation functionality that maintains voltage outputs of the magnetic sensor within a desired operational range.

Abstract: A parallel magnetic circuit motor includes a rotor without magnets and a stator with magnets. The rotor, stator and windings are configured to produce unidirectional current and torque with electrically independent phases.

Abstract: A motor includes a stator, a rotor, and a case. The stator includes a stator core and windings. The rotor is provided inside the stator. The rotor includes first and second rotor cores and a field magnet. The first and second rotor cores each includes a core base and claw-shaped magnetic poles. The core bases are opposed to each other and the claw-shaped magnetic poles of the first and second rotor cores are alternately disposed in a circumferential direction. The field magnet is disposed between the core bases in the axial direction. The field magnet is magnetized in the axial direction so as to cause the claw-shaped magnetic poles of the first rotor core and the second rotor core to function respectively as first magnetic poles and second magnetic poles. At least part of an end part of the case in the axial direction is made of a non-magnetic body.

Abstract: A waste air flow capture system, comprising: a) a cylindrical shroud configured to receive a waste air flow from a waste air flow channel of an HVAC compressor or a heat pump compressor and configured to vent the waste air flow received from the waste air flow channel of an HVAC compressor or a heat pump compressor; b) a first electrical generator configured to generate electricity when a first fan blade assembly rotates relative to the cylindrical shroud and/or a second electrical generator configured to generate electricity when a first fan blade assembly rotates relative to the cylindrical shroud; and d) a first fan blade assembly enclosed by the cylindrical shroud and coupled to the first electrical generator motor on a first side of the first fan blade assembly and coupled to the second electrical generator motor on a second side of the first fan blade assembly.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided comprising an electrical motor comprising a rotor and a stator, the rotor comprising a plurality of rotor teeth and the stator comprising a plurality of stator teeth. The apparatus has a driver circuit to drive the electrical motor comprising a boost converter comprising a charge storage element and coupled to a first terminal of a coil winding on at least one of the plurality of stator teeth, and a buck converter comprising the same charge storage element and coupled to the same first terminal of the coil winding on the at least one of the plurality of stator teeth. An inductive element of the boost converter and the buck converter is provided by the coil winding of the at least one of the plurality of stator teeth, and the charge storage element is referenced to a supply node for coupling the second terminal of the coil winding to an electrical supply.

Abstract: A driver circuit for driving an electrical motor coil is provided which comprises combined switched inductance boost voltage converter circuitry and switched inductance buck voltage converter circuitry. An input node of the driver circuit is provided to be coupled with the electrical motor coil, which provides the inductive element of both the boost and buck circuitry. Further the boost and buck circuitry share a storage capacitor, which provides the capacitive element of each circuitry, and a voltage developed across the storage capacitor by the boost circuitry forms an input of the switched inductance buck voltage converter circuitry.

Abstract: A well tool can include a magnetic sensor having opposite sides, and a magnetic shield that conducts an undesired magnetic field from one side to the other side of the sensor. Another well tool can include a magnetic sensor in a housing, the sensor having opposite longitudinal sides relative to a housing longitudinal axis, and a magnetic shield interposed between the housing and each of the opposite longitudinal sides of the magnetic sensor. Another well tool can include at least two magnetic sensors, one magnetic sensor sensing a magnetic field oriented orthogonal to the housing longitudinal axis, and another magnetic sensor sensing a magnetic field oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis, and a magnetic shield interposed between a housing and each of opposite longitudinal sides of the magnetic sensors.

Abstract: A method of controlling a portable device based on variation of a magnetic field by a detachable pen attached to the portable device and a portable device thereof is provided. The method includes detecting variation of a magnetic field due to at least one of an attaching, a detaching, and a rotation of the pen, determining whether there is a control operation corresponding to the variation of the magnetic field, and performing the control operation corresponding to the variation of the magnetic field when there is the control operation.

Abstract: To provide a torque detection device which allows less deformation of detection coils than in the conventional techniques in axially pressing and holding in yokes, coil bobbins around which the detection coils are wound. A torque sensor includes a pair of coils, coil bobbins around which the coils are respectively wound, yokes which respectively hold the coil bobbins, one yoke cover fitted by pressing into inner diameters of the yokes, and pressing portions which are formed to project radially and outward at a plurality of circumferential positions of a radial outer end portion of respective flange portions of the coil bobbins, and act between the coil bobbins to axially press the coil bobbins during assembly.

Abstract: An object is to detect the pressing force of a tip driven unit. In the controller 22, a motor control circuit 85, a load change detection unit 86, a moving speed calculation unit 87 that calculates the moving speed of a rotating body 41, a pressing force detection unit 88 that obtains the pressing force of the rotating body 41 based on the moving speed which is calculated, a CPU 89, and an alarm 91 are disposed. The pressing force is obtained based on the cycle of load change by the joint 41a in which a front end and a rear end overlap with each other is formed in the rotating body 41.

Abstract: A multi-phase motor including a rotor and a stator including at least one core. The stator includes a plurality of phase sections. Each phase section is configured to provide a phase of the multi-phase motor. Each phase section includes at least one of the core(s), at least two ring magnets having polarity facing in a substantially same direction, and a winding between the at least two ring magnets. The winding is configured to be energized to direct flux through the at least one core at a first portion associated with a first one of the ring magnets, and to be differently energized to direct flux through the at least one core at a second portion associated with a second one of the ring magnets.

Abstract: Absolute multi-turn position sensing integrated within the structure of a hybrid stepper motor implemented by sharing the magnetic structure of the motor with the sensing means. An alternating magnetic field is obtained from a single magnet within the stepper motor rotor by use of alternating flux paths directed to large Barkhausen jump effect sensing elements. Pulses generated from the large Barkhausen sensing are decoded electronically and stored in a non-volatile memory to absolutely locate the motor position within a fraction of 1 electrical cycle of the motor over an arbitrary range. This coarse position sensing can optionally be extended by use of a higher resolution absolute within-electrical-cycle sensing means to provide integrated high resolution position sensing over an arbitrary number of revolutions.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor system includes a scale and a magnetic sensor arranged in a relative positional relationship variable in a first direction, and a computing unit. The magnetic sensor includes a first detection circuit disposed at a first position and a second detection circuit disposed at a second position. Each of the first and second detection circuits includes a spin-valve magnetoresistive element. The difference between the first position and the second position in the first direction is smaller than or equal to 1.25% of a one-pitch amount of change in the relative positional relationship between the scale and the magnetic sensor. The computing unit generates an abnormal-event determination signal indicative of the presence of an abnormal event in the magnetic sensor by computation using detection signals from the first and second detection circuits.

Abstract: An electrical rotating machine having a stator or a rotor with a core that includes a plurality of tapered pole pieces is a low loss electrical machine that results in improvements such as higher output power, higher torque and higher efficiency than a machine that does not have tapered pole pieces. The stator or the rotor with tapered pole pieces may be applied to a power train in automobiles, power tools, and various appliances. The core is constructed by winding an iron-based amorphous magnetic alloy ribbon to form a cylinder-shaped core, then heating, impregnating with resin, and machining by cutting the cylinder-shaped core to form a plurality of tapered pole pieces being separated in an alternating manner by a plurality of slots. The cores having an outside diameter of 50 mm-1200 mm, a tapered angle of 10°-45°, and a slot depth of 10 mm-210 mm are advantageous.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor is provided with a channel of a semiconductor, a first insulating film and a metal body arranged opposite to each other with the channel in between, a ferromagnet provided on the first insulating film, a first reference electrode connected to the metal body, a second reference electrode connected to the metal body, a magnetic shield covering a portion opposed to the ferromagnet in the channel, and a second insulating film provided between the channel and the magnetic shield. The magnetic shield has a through hole extending toward the portion opposed to the ferromagnet in the channel.

Abstract: A measuring device for determining an operating state variable of a rotating structural element, in particular a bearing, which has a plurality of components. Specifically, the measuring device has a permanent magnet, an encoder ring for manipulating the magnetic field which is generated by the permanent magnet, a magnetic field sensor, a radio unit for transmitting measurement signals from the magnetic field sensor to an evaluation unit, and an energy converter unit for converting rotation energy into electrical energy. The encoder ring is produced from a ferromagnetic and non-premagnetized material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a magnetic flux switching type electric generator using a shielding member as a permanent magnet in that a magnet is fixed and a shielding member is formed at a passing portion of the magnetic flux, so that the magnetic flux is repeatedly opened and blocked through a continuous revolution or a repeated motion of the shielding member to generate induced electricity, whereby the amount of generation of electric power can be more and more increased.

Abstract: An operation of drilling an earth borehole uses a drilling rig, a drill string of drill pipes having its generally upper end mechanically coupleable with and suspendable from the drilling rig, a drive string portion of the drill string, mechanically coupleable with the topmost drill pipe of said drill string, and a drive mechanism mechanically coupleable with the drive string for rotating the drive string and the drill string. A system for generating electric power in the region of the drive string includes an electric generator, which includes a rotating generator component mounted on said drive string for rotation therewith and a stationary generator component mounted on a stationary portion of the drilling rig. The rotating generator component produces electric power in the region of the drive string.

Abstract: A rotor assembly comprising: an inner rotor and an outer rotor for rotating in a magnetic field of a motor, the inner rotor comprising a main inner rotor cavity, and a plurality of first holes being formed between the inner rotor and the outer rotor; two side boards, each side board having a main side board cavity, and being perforated by a plurality of second holes; two damping elements each damping element comprising a main damping element cavity; a plurality of rubber sleeves, each rubber sleeve having a rubber sleeve lip; and a plurality of third holes; an axle; and a plurality of positioning pins.

Abstract: A downhole source of electrical power for drilling tools is driven by the rotation of a drillstring or, if the drillstring is not rotating, by the rotation of a drilling sub. The source consists of an alternator having a rotor made up of a series of coils that are mounted on, and spaced around the circumference of, a rotating drilling sub, and a stator made up of a multiplicity of permanent magnets also spaced around the circumference of the drilling sub. The stator is mounted on the drilling sub by means of bearings and incorporates a counterweight that holds the rotor relatively stationary with respect to the sub and with respect to the coils, so that rotation of the sub, either by rotation of the drillstring or by rotation of a drill motor in the drilling sub, produces relative rotation of the rotor and stator to generate an AC electrical output.

Abstract: A low torque rotary electric generator includes a rotor, a stator and a housing. The rotor includes a shaft, an inductor retainer, a first set of inductors and a second set of inductors. The first and second set of inductors are retained on each end of the inductor retainer. The shaft is retained in the inductor retainer. The stator preferably includes a first permanent ring magnet, a second permanent ring magnet and a plurality of generator coils. The permanent ring magnets and the plurality of generator coils are retained on an inside perimeter of the housing. The permanent ring magnets are retained adjacent each end of the rotor. Each permanent ring magnet may be replaced with a plurality of individual permanent magnets. Each generator coil is disposed between the first and second inductors. The housing preferably includes a tubular member, a first end cover and a second end cover.

Abstract: An electric motor having a single field rotor wherein the flux within the rotor is generated by magnetic means located at the end regions of the motor housing such that the flux within the motor rotor maintains a constant polarity.

Abstract: A reluctance motor comprises a stator (2) and a rotor (4). The stator (4) consists of a ferromagnetic but not permanent-magnetic material and has stator teeth (6) that are radially directed towards the rotor (4). Two tangentially adjacent stator teeth (6) each define between them one respective stator slot (7) in which a part of a stator winding (8) is arranged. Permanent magnets (10) are arranged on the stator (2) and emit permanent magnetic fields. The permanent magnets (10) are arranged tangentially in the area of the stator slots (7) and their magnetic fields are radially oriented in the same direction. The permanent magnets are associated with flux guiding elements (12) which deflect the permanent magnetic fields emitted by the permanent magnets (10) in such a manner to the stator teeth (6) that the permanent magnetic fields, based on the tangential position, are oriented in the opposite direction relative to each other in the area of the stator teeth (6) and in the area of the stator slots (7).

Abstract: A turbocharger comprises a turbine wheel and a compressor wheel mounted to a turbocharger shaft. An electric induction motor is provided for assisting rotation of the compressor wheel in predetermined circumstances. The motor comprises a fixed stator having motor field coils which generate a rotating magnetic field when energised by an AC control signal which induces eddy current flow in a rotor to generate a rotor magnetic field which in turn interacts with the stator magnetic field producing torque in the rotor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a motor with a frequency generator attached thereto, equipped with the frequency generator (FG) for detecting a rotational speed of the motor.

Abstract: A wheel rotation detecting device including a sensor unit that is supported on a stationary ring which does not rotate even when the wheel is in use, and the rotation of the wheel that is attached to a rotary ring can be detected by a rotation detecting sensor held within the sensor unit. Within the sensor unit, in addition to a rotation detecting sensor, there are disposed other sensors such as a temperature sensor and a vibration sensor, thereby allowing detection of the rotation speed and the rotation number of the wheel supported on the rotary ring, as well as detection of other car driving conditions.

Abstract: A segmented arc generator is adapted to convert mechanical power such as wind or water power into electrical power at a wide range of wind or shaft speeds. A rotor has a plurality of salient poles disposed about a periphery of a rotor ring. A stator has a stator ring disposed radially about and in close proximity to the rotor ring. The stator ring includes a plurality of stator coils wound on a ferromagnetic structure and having permanent magnets imbedded within the structure. Relative motion between a rotor pole and a corresponding stator coil induces a coil voltage across that coil. A phase controlled converter in electrical communication with the stator coils rectifies the output voltage. A pulse width modulated inverter is in electrical communication with the phase controlled converter for converting the D.C. voltage output by the phase controlled converter to an A.C. voltage of controlled amplitude and phase relationship determined with respect to a voltage waveform present on a connected utility grid.

Abstract: A generator or a 3-phase motor is arranged to provide multipolar permanent magnet excitation in combination with multipolar reluctance distribution wherein different numbers of poles are used for the permanent magnet excitation and for the reluctance distribution so that the principal working flux has a finite waveform. An annular rotor rotates about a cruciform stator. The magnets are buried in pole pieces of the stator so they converge radially inwardly with a triangular pole piece between them. Each pole piece is joined to the remainder of the stator by a bridge piece. The inner periphery of the rotor is formed as a circumferential array of teeth separated by recesses. The rotor may be within an annular stator or the machine may be linear.

Abstract: In a switched reluctance motor and control system for such a motor, a rotor comprises four salient poles each having a width of about 50-degrees, and a stator has six salient poles each having a width of about 30-degrees. One Excitation winding is mounted around each stator salient pole and these are connected in series. An excitation drive circuit supplies a dc excitation current to each excitation winding to excite the motor in accordance with an excitation command signal. A torque-current drive circuit renders a current, whose magnitude in accordance with a torque command, to flow into torque windings mounted one round on each of the six stator salient poles successively according to the angle of rotation of the rotor.

Abstract: A magnetic ceramic composition containing ferrite serving as a primary component and a sintering aid. The composition can be sintered at low temperature. The sintering aid contains about 2-45 mol % Li2O; about 5-40 mol % RO, with R being at least one of Ba, Sr, Ca, and Mg; and about 30-70 mol % (Ti, Si)O2 with SiO2 accounting for at least about 15 mol %. The resultant composition provides inductor elements in which migration of inner conductors is suppressed, and insulation deterioration and increase of direct-current resistance is restrained.

Abstract: A pulse signal generator comprises a magnetic element (1) capable of causing a large Barkhausen jump; a detector (2) provided relative to the magnetic element; a magnetic field generator (3) provided in vicinity of the magnetic element for applying a biasing magnetic field to the magnetic element for making a predetermined magnetization; and a magnetic circuit forming unit (4) provided in vicinity of the magnetic element for applying a main magnetic field to the magnetic element for causing a large Barkhausen jump in the magnetic element. The magnetic field generator is provided with magnetic field concentration means (32A) for concentrating the biasing magnetic field upon the magnetic element and the magnetic field adjusting means (74) for adjusting an intensity of the biasing magnetic field upon the magnetic element.

Abstract: A battery charging system in which current is averaged over a long time period (seconds) to determine the maximum average charging rate. When the integral of charging current over this long period reaches the programmed maximum charge value for one period, current is simply cut off for the remainder of the fixed long period.