Abstract: An actuator for a vehicle coolant control valve according to the present invention includes: a drive unit to generate driving power; an output unit to drive a control valve, which selectively opens/closes a coolant flow for a vehicle using the driving power provided by the drive unit; and a sensing unit to sense an output condition of the output unit, wherein the sensing unit is provided with a position sensor to sense a position of the output unit and an electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC) filter to filer EMC. According to the above configuration, a single printed circuit board may have a function of an EMC board and a function of a sensor board, which are advantageous in ensuring space and design freedom to thus contribute to improvement of control quality.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling an EMC protection apparatus in a removable component. The removable component is inserted into an end product. As a result of the insertion power is applied to the EMC protection apparatus. A determination is made as to whether a power good signal is detected within the removable component. In response to a power good signal, an EMC protection device is rotated from a retracted state to an engaged state such that the EMC protection device is placed over an enclosure opening in the removable component forming an EMC seal. Full functionality of the removable component can be delayed until such time as the rotation is completed.

Abstract: A divided core of a motor includes: a stator core comprising a plurality of core segments; a back yoke forming a circumference of the core segments; and teeth extending from the back yoke towards a radial direction of the back yoke, wherein the plurality of the core segments are disposed along an axial direction of the stator core, and there are some areas where the teeth are overlapped with each other when disposing the core segments.

Abstract: A generator for generating energy is described. The generator includes a first shielding disk having alternating first disk regions of magnetic shielding and non-shielding. One or more conductive wires are located axially below the first shielding disk. Each conductive wire has one end that crosses through a first disk region of magnetic shielding. The generator also includes a first magnet located axially above the first shielding disk such that a first pole is of the first magnet is directed towards the first shielding disk and the conductive wire and a second magnet located axially above the first shielding disk such that a second pole is of the second magnet is directed towards the first shielding disk. The second pole is opposite the first pole of the first magnet. Methods of using the generator are also described.

Abstract: To provide a motor inhibiting emission of electromagnetic noise (EMC) to the outside and a rotary apparatus including the motor. The rotary apparatus (10) of the present disclosure includes: a housing (20); a motor (40) arranged inside the housing (20); a circuit board (50) arranged inside the housing (20) and electrically connected to the motor (40); and a flexible wiring board (44) electrically connecting the motor (40) to the circuit board (50), the motor (40) including a frame (41a) formed with a conductive member, the frame (41a) electrically connected via the flexible wiring board (44) to a ground of the circuit board (50).

Abstract: A linear vibration motor includes a housing with a first accommodation space, a vibration unit, an elastic part and a coil assembly fixed on the housing. The vibrating unit includes a support connected with the elastic part, and includes a top wall perpendicularly to a vibrating direction of the vibrating unit, a side wall bending and extending from a periphery of the top wall, a through hole penetrating the top wall, and two separation walls respectively bending and extending from the two opposite sides of the through hole. The top wall and the side wall enclose to form a second accommodation space which is divided by the two separation walls into a main accommodation space and two auxiliary accommodation spaces. The linear vibration motor further includes at least one weight block accommodated and fixed in the auxiliary accommodation spaces, and at least one magnet respectively fixed to the support.

Abstract: An annular field of a superconducting generator includes a partial cryogenic shielding assembly and a superconducting field winding surrounded by a thermal shield. The thermal shield is surrounded by a housing defining an insulating vacuum enclosure. The annular field includes a torque tube assembly disposed within the housing and coupling the thermal shield to the housing. A blanket of multi-layer thermal insulation is disposed within the vacuum enclosure, extending generally between the housing and the thermal shield. The annular field further includes a partial cryogenic shielding assembly including a floating shield disposed within the vacuum enclosure, between the housing and the thermal shield. The floating shield extends only a portion of an overall length of the housing. The floating shield includes an insulative stack of multi-layer thermal insulation. A superconducting generator and a wind turbine utilizing the superconducting generator with improved partial shielding are disclosed.

Abstract: A riding lawn mower includes a chassis, a power output assembly, a walking assembly, a power supply device, a control module, and an operating apparatus. The operating apparatus includes at least one bracket, an operating lap bar assembly, a pivoting assembly, and a position detecting module. The pivoting assembly mounts the operating lap bar of the operating lap bar assembly on the bracket. The operating lap bar can rotate around different positions in a first direction F1 and/or a second direction F2. The position detecting module includes a magnetic element and a magnetic sensor. The magnetic element is provided on the pivoting assembly or the bracket and the magnet sensor is spaced from the magnetic element so that the magnetic element and the magnetic sensor can generate a relative movement for detecting the position of the operating lap bar in the first direction F1 and/or the second direction F2.

Abstract: A cantilever linear motion reference device employing two-layer air suspension. By means of a two-layer force sealed air suspension structure, the invention realizes two-dimensional air suspension support and motion guiding and improves the rotational stiffness per unit for an air suspension working surface. By combining accurate driving and feedback control, the invention achieves high speed, high acceleration, high frequency motion, and enables construction of a small-volume, long cantilever, high torque load two-dimensional motion reference device.

Abstract: A cooling system for cooling an electric generator having a stator, a rotor and one or more superconducting coils is provided. The cooling system includes: at least a first cooling unit for cooling at least one of the stator and the rotor, at least a second cooling unit for cooling the superconducting coils, the second cooling unit being thermally connected to the first cooling unit, the first cooling unit providing a hot source for the second cooling unit.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a time-to-digital converter (TDC) that receives a reference frequency signal and a feedback frequency signal, and outputs a first digital signal indicating a time difference between the reference frequency signal and the feedback frequency signal; a digital loop filter (DLF) that outputs a second digital signal generated by filtering the first digital signal; a multiplier circuit that outputs one of a third digital signal and a final test signal, the third digital signal generated by performing a multiplication operation on the second digital signal using a multiplication coefficient; a digital-controlled oscillator (DCO) that generates an oscillation signal having a frequency based on the output one of the third digital signal and the final test signal; and a loop gain calibrator (LGC) that receives the oscillation signal, generates a pair of test signals, and determines the multiplication coefficient using the pair of test signals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a deflection scanning device with a multi-phase winding and a deflection scanning system. The deflection scanning device is of an axisymmetric structure, and comprises a ferromagnetic frame and a deflection scanning winding, wherein the inner side of the ferromagnetic frame is longitudinally provided with 2aw wire slots equally distributed along the circumference; and the deflection scanning winding comprises a w-phase winding, wherein the axis of the each phase winding is symmetrically distributed. The deflection scanning system comprises a deflection scanning device, a drive power supply unit and, a central, control unit. The deflection scanning device of the present invention can improve the uniformity of the magnetic induction intensity in the charged particle beam channel, and then reduce the defocusing effect and improve the scanning accuracy.

Abstract: An electrostatic air cleaner may include a corona charging stage, a precipitation stage, and an air mover (fan). The corona charging stage may include a first and second array placed under electrical potential difference capable of generating a corona discharge. The first array may be substantially parallel corona wires and may be located downstream of an air penetrable second array. The precipitation stage may be downstream from the corona charging stage. The spacing between the first array and the second array may be less than the distance of the precipitation stage to the second array. The air mover may be upstream of the corona charging stage or downstream of the precipitation stage or between these stages. The arrangement allows for higher ion output downstream of the first array with the same voltage and power consumption resulting in greater particle charging and better air cleaning efficiency.

Abstract: External rotor electric machine with SMC blocks interposed between permanent magnets. The machine has an internal stator and an external cylindrical rotor. Permanent magnets and SMC blocks are mounted on the inner surface of the rotor.

Abstract: A radial-gap type superconducting synchronous machine 1 is prepared which includes a rotor 20 having, on its peripheral side, a convex magnetic pole 21 which includes, at its distal end part, bulk superconductors 30. When viewed in the direction of the rotational axis C1 of the rotor 20, the magnetic pole center side of the bulk superconductors 30 is disposed nearer to a stator 10 than the magnetic pole end side of the bulk superconductors 30. A ferromagnet 28 is disposed on the rotational axis C1 side of the bulk superconductors 30. A magnetizing apparatus 100 is disposed outside the bulk superconductors 30 in the radial direction of the rotor 20. Magnetization of the bulk superconductors 30 is performed by directing magnetic flux lines from the magnetizing apparatus 100 toward the bulk superconductors 30.

Abstract: A motor-actuator device using a PDL trap system is provided. In one aspect, a motor-actuator device includes: a PDL trap having a pair of diametric magnets, and a levitated diamagnetic rotor in between the diametric magnets, wherein at least a portion of the diamagnetic rotor has a rectangular shape; and an electrode shell having at least one pair of semicircular electrodes which surround, but are in a non-contact position with the levitated diamagnetic rotor and each other. A system including the motor-actuator device and an electrode driver circuit is also provided, as is a method of operating the motor-actuator device.

Abstract: A system and method for producing discretely assembled logic blocks where the logic block assemblies are a 3-dimensional representation of the normal digital design hierarchy. The blocks contain embedded logical functions that are built up from only a few basic 2-dimensional parts that are assembled into a 3-dimensional structure that realizes a particular logic or computing element. These structures can be combined to produce more complex digital structures and even processors. The two basic structural parts are a node and a strut with the strut typically including an embedded logic function. These are combined to produce spatially distributed structures.

Abstract: A machine for obtaining very high power density is provided, significantly increasing the air-gap magnetic flux density and eliminating the ferromagnetic steel traditionally employed to carry and shield magnetic flux. In one embodiment, an arrangement of main coils and a set of compensating coils is employed to cancel out the field outside the machine without the use of iron while maintaining air gap field levels that are 3 to 10 times greater than conventional machines.

Abstract: A power conversion device includes an enclosure containing one or more drops of a liquid. A capacitive electret transducer is coupled to the enclosure. In response to applied heat at a heating surface, the liquid vaporizes and then condenses on a flexible membrane of the capacitive electret transducer. The flexible membrane is displaced in response to the vaporization-condensation and the capacitive electret transducer generates an output current.

Abstract: A fusion device produces fusion of neutral atoms and ions in an “aneutronic fusion” manner without neutrons as products utilizes strong ion-neutral coupling at high neutral densities. Ions and neutrals rotate together in a cylindrical chamber due to frequent collisions. High magnetic forces make the attainment of high rotation energy possible; the magnetic field in a medium can be set at very high values because of the absence of magnetic charges. The repeated acceleration by strong magnetic forces in the azimuthal direction makes possible very high ion velocity. Fusion takes place mainly between neutral particles. This approach can be applied to fusion with neutrons as well. Conventional fusion schemes and neutron sources can be realized using the principles described above in the generation of neutrals of high energies and densities.

Abstract: An energy harvesting system for converting kinetic energy to electrical power includes an intake energy device, an impeller, and a motor. The intake energy device includes a housing and fins. The fins are positioned on an inner surface of the housing for receiving exhaust air. The received exhaust air moves the fins generating a vortex. The impeller is positioned at an inlet of a compressor and is in fluid communication with the intake energy device. The impeller is configured to receive the generated vortex, which rotates the impeller. The motor is rotatably connected to the impeller. The motor is electrically connected to a regulating circuit for converting kinetic energy of the exhaust air to electrical power.

Abstract: An electrothermal device (1, 100) includes a primary chamber (2) having an anode nozzle (6) provided with an inlet passage (7), a cathode tip (9) at least partially inserted into the inlet passage (7), and a primary air inlet (10) leading into the inlet passage (7), and a voltage generator (11) arranged between the anode nozzle (6) and the cathode tip (9) in such a way as to generate an electric arc (12) on the path of the primary air flow (13) injected into the primary chamber (2). It includes a secondary chamber (3) wherein a secondary air flow (15) circulates in a heat exchange relation with the heated primary air flow (14) from the primary chamber (2), the secondary air flow (15) having a lower temperature than the heated primary air flow (14) leaving the primary chamber (2).

Abstract: A computer controlled support and stabilization unit comprising of a vertical array of magnets for levitating a flywheel containing fluid, a computer controlled adjustable bearing support means that can clamp and unclamp the rotating center shaft of a flywheel containing fluid between a plurality of bearings, a computer controlled adjustable magnetic lifting support means for lifting the flywheel containing fluid to reduce the forces placed on the vertical array of magnets for levitating a flywheel containing fluid and reduce the forces placed on the plurality of bearings clamping the rotating center shaft of a flywheel containing fluid.

Abstract: An actuator includes a circuit board having an electromagnetic interference (EMI) reduction circuit. The actuator includes a motor having a motor casing mounted on the circuit board. A portion of the motor casing contacts a surface of the circuit board. The actuator includes an electrical contact conductively coupled to the EMI reduction circuit and mounted on the surface of the circuit board. The electrical contact establishes a conductive path between the EMI reduction circuit and the motor casing when the motor casing is mounted on the circuit board.

Abstract: In one implementation, a magnetic sensor device used for sensing a static or dynamic magnetic field includes a ring-shaped magnet, a sensor chip arranged in an opening of the ring-shaped magnet, and a leadframe, with the ring-shaped magnet and the sensor chip directly disposed on the leadframe. The sensor chip may further include a carrier with a stepwise configuration having two or more different planes with the ring-shaped magnet and the sensor chip disposed on different planes.

Abstract: A non-traditional topology of a superconductive electric motor or generator increases the air gap flux density by reducing stray flux and concentrating lines of flux within the air gap. An electric motor or generator utilizing the invention will include three components: a rotating armature, a permanent magnet stator and a shielding sleeve. The shielding sleeve of the motor is a hollow cylinder that fits between the armature and the stator, and is configured to cool a plurality of high-temperature superconductors within it to a temperature below their critical temperatures. These superconductors are placed at an optimized position to redirect flux and promote greater efficiency.

Abstract: A linear-motion stage that is angularly or radially symmetric or asymmetric, or monolithic may be used as the moving mechanism in a Fourier transform spectrometer. In embodiments, a linear-motion stage includes a base; a first multiple-arm linkage extending from the base to a first carriage attachment end; a second multiple-arm linkage extending from the first carriage attachment end to the base; a third multiple-arm linkage extending from the base to a second carriage attachment end; a carriage extending from the first carriage end to the second carriage end. Also in embodiments, the first, second, and third multiple-arm linkages comprise a first arm rotateably connected to a second arm through a flexure, the angular travel of the first arm is configured to be different than an angular travel of the second arm as the carriage moves along the carriage motion line.

Abstract: Superconducting field poles each include a superconducting coil body formed by spirally winding a superconducting wire material, a ferromagnetic outer magnetic field-deflecting member arranged on an end face of the superconducting coil body at a radially outer side of a rotor, and a ferromagnetic inner magnetic field-deflecting member arranged on an end face of the superconducting coil body at a radially inner side of the rotor.

Abstract: Provided is a portable electronic device including a signal processing unit, a controller that supplies a control signal to the signal processing unit, and a power generation unit that generates an electrical signal as power and supplies the generated electrical signal to the signal processing unit.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus has a substrate holding member, a first supporting member, a second supporting member, and a driving system. The first supporting member supports the substrate holding member from below. The second supporting member supports the first supporting member from below such that the first supporting member and the second supporting member are capable of moving relative to each other. The driving system moves the substrate holding member, the first supporting member and the second supporting member. The driving system includes a first driving device and a second driving device, the first driving device moving the substrate holding member and the first supporting member in a direction along a predetermined axis, and the second driving device moving the second supporting member in the direction along the predetermined axis.

Abstract: Capacitive machines generate torque, generate electric power, and/or transmit electrical signals using closely spaced parallel plates wherein one plate is in motion relative to the other. Closer plate spacing, and thus greater power capacity, is obtained by defining flexures at or near the locations where the plates are anchored to their actuators or mountings, and by defining walls which obstruct fluid flow between one or more of the plates. As one plate is set in motion parallel to the other, thereby inducing fluid flow between the plates, the flow generates a fluid pressure distribution which tends to maintain the plates in spaced relation. In response to the pressure, the flexures allow the plates—which may be out of parallel—to displace and/or tilt from their nominal positions into close parallel relation, thereby providing better capacitance (and thus better torque/power/signal transmission).

Abstract: Stray magnetic fields created by non-symmetrical magnetisation of the permanent magnets in a rotating magnet array of a magnetic bearing assembly, when used in turbo molecular pumps, can cause significant problems to devices such as scanning electron microscopes. In order to minimise the stray fields, at least the dipole and quadrupole moments of each magnet in the array is first measured. The magnets in the array are then arranged relative to one another such that both the dipole and quadrupole moments are minimised, thus minimising the stray magnetic field when the magnet array rotates in the turbomolecular pump.

Abstract: Methods, systems, algorithms and signal processing devices for determining the dynamic variables of pressure, density, velocity and conductivity of a generated mass slug, known as the Treacle and formed in a shock discontinuity produced by explosive detonation, deflagration or nature, are provided herein. The parameter determination is based on the discovery of the existence of a Treacle formed in the reaction zone of a shock wave. This verbal noun describes the action of changing the kinetic energy (treacling) of a mass slug immersed and traveling through a magnetic field thereby generating a detectable Alfvén wave, which is measured and with an algorithm yields the Treacle dynamic variables. The information is further used to devise methods and systems that utilize the information to create shock shields and high power devices or any other electrically powered transmission disposed within an electrical load.

Abstract: A beam collimator includes a plurality of lens units that are arranged along a reference trajectory so that a beam collimated to the reference trajectory comes out from an exit of the beam collimator. Each of the plurality of lens units forms a bow-shaped curved gap and is formed such that an angle of a beam traveling direction with respect to the reference trajectory is changed by an electric field generated in the bow-shaped curved gap. A vacant space is provided between one lens unit of the plurality of lens units and a lens unit that is adjacent to the lens unit. The vacant space is directed in a transverse direction of the collimated beam in a cross section that is perpendicular to the reference trajectory. An inner field containing the reference trajectory is connected to an outer field of the plurality of lens units through the vacant space.

Abstract: This invention is intended to provide a wind power generator system or method for controlling a wind power generator system, designed to implement switching-initiated smooth energy changeover without leading to a complex system configuration. The method of controlling a wind power generator system according to an aspect of the invention, wherein the generator system includes a wind turbine that uses wind to generate electric power and a control device that controls the wind turbine, is a control method designed so that when the wind turbine is generating power, the turbine drives the control device by use of the turbine-generated power, irrespective of an electric power system state.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for direct energy conversion that combines the properties of Type II superconductor thin films, including the Meissner effect to create vortices to control and modulate static flux coupled in a magnetic circuit, where the laws of induction are used to produce an electrical signal without the use of moving armatures. The dynamics of magnetic flux modulation results from suppression of superconductivity and the Meissner effect by external photon irradiation. The apparatus employs a vortex channel based on the Meissner Effect, a laser, a permanent magnet, fiber optics for carrying the laser beam to the vortex channel, and a transformer composed of two separate windings. The transformer windings are arranged in a circuit having a first path through the permanent magnet and a first coil of the transformer windings; and a second path through the permanent magnet, the vortex channel, and the second coil of the transfer windings.

Abstract: An actuator is shown and described. The actuator includes a brushed DC motor and a circuit board. The circuit board for the brushed DC motor includes an EMI reduction circuit and a mounting location for the brushed DC motor. The mounting location includes a resilient conductive member that is surface mounted on the circuit board at the mounting location. When the motor is mounted to the circuit board at the mounting location, the motor case contacts and at least slightly compresses the resilient conductive member, conductively connecting the motor case to the EMI reduction circuit.

Abstract: An electrically-coupled thermal cycle is used to create an electrically-powered heat pump. Energy stored in electrical circuitry is cycled in and out of a working cylinder via windings so that the piston head performs a heat pump cycle. Such a heat pump may be used to extract heat energy from ambient air, and to deliver that heat to an external heat sink by way of the cylinder head.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising: a permanent magnet providing magnetic flux; an electric field generator comprising at least one conductive loop and high permeability material configured to direct magnetic flux preferentially through the at least one conductive loop adjacent a first portion of a length of the at least one conductive loop; and a supporting system configured to support the permanent magnet at a distance from the electric field generator and enable relative movement between the permanent magnet and the electric field generator. A corresponding method.

Abstract: A method for controlling the pressure and/or the flow rate of a fluid includes withdrawing flow energy from a fluid flowing through a pipeline (15). This energy is converted at least partially into electrical energy and used for the electrical control (65) of the flow rate and/or the pressure of a fluid. The device for controlling the flow rate and/or pressure of a fluid in a pipeline (20) has at least one electric generator (35), which is developed for the withdrawal of flow energy from a flowing fluid and for converting this energy at least partially into electrical energy. The device has a control mechanism (65) for controlling the flow rate and/or pressure of a fluid in a pipeline (20) with an electric driving mechanism supplied by the generator (35).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating electricity by electromagnetic induction, using a magnetic field modulated by the formation, dissipation, and movement of vortices produced by a vortex material such as a type II superconductor. Magnetic field modulation occurs at the microscopic level, facilitating the production of high frequency electric power. Generator inductors are manufactured using microelectronic fabrication, in at least one dimension corresponding to the spacing of vortices. The vortex material fabrication method establishes the alignment of vortices and generator coils, permitting the electromagnetic induction of energy from many vortices into many coils simultaneously as a cumulative output of electricity. A thermoelectric cycle is used to convert heat energy into electricity.

Abstract: A micro-motion generator or apparatus attached to an article such as an article of clothing generates an electric current to power a load device of the apparatus, for example an LED on the article of clothing in response to movements of the person wearing the article of clothing. The component parts of the apparatus are constructed with dimensions that enable the apparatus to be made a part of an object.

Abstract: A two-dimensional comb-drive actuator and manufacturing method thereof are described. The two-dimensional comb-drive actuator includes a supporting base, a frame and a movable body. The supporting base has first comb electrodes and the frame has internal comb electrodes and external comb electrodes. The external comb electrodes of the frame are interdigitated to the first comb electrodes of the supporting base. The movable body has second comb electrodes which are interdigitated to the internal comb electrodes of the frame. The thicknesses of the second comb electrodes of the movable body are unequal to the internal comb electrodes of the frame and the external comb electrodes of the frame are unequal to the first comb electrodes of the supporting base. The two-dimensional comb-drive actuator utilizes a conducting layer for the above-mentioned comb electrodes in order to increase the rotation angle and operation frequency thereof.

Abstract: A propulsion system is presented, the system comprising primary and secondary electromagnetic field generators being attached to a frame at a predetermined distance between them, and a control unit connected thereto and configured to create pulsating electromagnetic fields generated by at least one of the electromagnetic field generators. The pulsating electromagnetic field is configured to pulsate at time intervals determined in accordance with retardation time caused by said predetermined distance between the primary and secondary electromagnetic field generators. Interaction between the electromagnetic field generators and electromagnetic fields generated thereby provides a total net force acting on the system.

Abstract: Electromagnetic digital materials are made up of a set of voxels, some of which are made from electromagnetically active materials. Each voxel is adapted to be assembled into a structure according to a regular physical geometry and an electromagnetic geometry, and a majority of the voxels in the set are reversibly connectable to other voxels. Voxels in the set may differ in material composition or property from other voxels in the set. Voxels may be arranged into multi-voxel parts that are assembled into the structure according to a regular physical geometry and the electromagnetic geometry. Electromagnetic structures may be made from the electromagnetic digital material, and may be fabricated by an automated process that includes assembling a set of voxels by reversibly connecting the voxels to each other according to a regular physical geometry and an electromagnetic geometry and assembling the reversibly connected voxels into the electromagnetic structure.

Abstract: In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, there is provided a device for generating electrical energy using a thermal cycle of a working gas. The device comprises at least one piston movably mounted in a container to form a working chamber between the at least one piston and the container, the working chamber containing the working gas performing the thermal cycle. An electrical circuit is mounted stationary relative to the container, the electrical circuit being electromagnetically coupled to provide a motive force to the at least one piston. An electronic power converter is electrically connected to the electrical circuit and to an electrical bus, and an electrical storage device is electrically connected to the electrical bus. The at least one piston is movably mounted such that its motion electromagnetically induces current in the electrical circuit.

Abstract: A process for measuring particle concentrations in a gas using an ejector for producing an essentially constant sample flow and for efficient mixing of the particle-containing sample and essentially clean, ionized gas. The invention also relates to an apparatus implementing such process. The process and the apparatus can be utilized for example in measuring particle concentrations in an exhaust system of a combustion engine.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an armature for fuel pumps and a manufacturing method thereof, in which a polymer coating film is formed on an armature core such that the armature has corrosion resistance to an alcohol fuel and to a highly corrosive fuel.

Abstract: A micro-electro-mechanical actuator consists of a first semiconductor layer comprising a movable element with comb electrodes, a support element with inner and outer comb electrodes and a stationary element with comb electrodes, an electrical insulation layer, and a second semiconductor layer with a cavity to allow out-of-plane rotation of the movable and support elements. The movable element is mounted to the support element by a first pair of torsional hinges whereas the support element is mounted to the stationary element by a second pair of torsional hinges such that the actuator is in gimbaled structure. Inner comb electrodes of the support element interdigitate with comb electrodes of the movable element, and outer comb electrodes of the support element interdigitate with comb electrodes of the stationary element in the same plane defined by the first semiconductor layer to form in-plane comb-drive actuators.

Abstract: Some embodiments relate to an engine driven generator that includes a first electrical fan and a second electrical fan. The engine driven generator further includes a power source and a circuit connecting the power source to the first electrical fan and the second electrical fan. The circuit is configured to selectively connect the first electrical fan and the second electrical fan in series or in parallel. The circuit may operate the first electrical fan and the second electrical fan at full speed when the first electrical fan and the second electrical fan are electrically connected in parallel. The circuit may operate the first electrical fan and the second electrical fan at less than full speed when the first electrical fan and the second electrical fan are electrically connected in series.