Abstract: The invention provides a system for treating an occlusion within a body lumen. The system may comprise an insulated outer sheath; an elongated conductive tube, wherein the insulated outer sheath is circumferentially mounted around the elongated conductive tube; and an insulated wire having a helically coiled portion at a distal end of the insulated wire. The coiled portion includes an exposed distal tip, and a distal portion of the elongated conductive tube is circumferentially mounted around the distal coiled portion of the insulated wire. When a voltage is applied across the insulated wire and the elongated conductive tube, a current is configured to flow from the exposed distal tip of the insulated wire to the elongated conductive tube to generate a plurality of cavitation bubbles. In an alternate embodiment, an elongated central electrode is used in place of the conductive tube.

Abstract: Applications of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) based atmospheric pressure plasma jets are often limited by the relatively small area of treatment due to their 1D configuration. This system generates 2D plasma jets permitting fast treatment of larger targets. DBD evolution starts with formation of transient anode glow, and continues with development of cathode-directed streamers. The anode glow can propagate as an ionization wave along the dielectric surface through and outside of the discharge gap. Plasma propagation is not limited to 1D geometry such as tubes, and can be organized in a form of a rectangular plasma jet, or other 2D or 3D shapes. Also described are a method for generating 2D plasma jets and use of the 2D plasma jets for cancer therapy.

Abstract: In some additional aspects, an apparatus can include a chamber having an inlet valve for receiving a reactant gas and an outlet valve for delivering a product gas, a piston positioned inside the chamber and configured to move along a length of the chamber for adjusting pressure in the chamber, a sensor for collecting information related to one or more conditions of a respiratory system associated with a patient, a controller for determining one or more control parameters based on the collected information, and one or more pairs of electrodes positioned inside the chamber for initiating a series of electric arcs external to the patient to generate nitric oxide based on the determined control parameters.

Abstract: A seal structure of an optical fiber drawing furnace for sealing a gap between an upper end opening of the optical fiber drawing furnace and an optical fiber glass preform inserted from the upper end opening, includes a plurality of blade members, a support mechanism for supporting the plurality of blade members, and a pressing operation mechanism for individually pressing the plurality of blade members in a radial direction of the optical fiber glass preform so as to bring distal ends of the plurality of blade members into contact with a side surface of the optical fiber glass preform, wherein a pressing force at the time of bringing the plurality of blade members into contact with the optical fiber glass preform is set at 0.1 to 10 N per blade member.

Abstract: There is provided an electron microscope in which a crossover position can be kept constant. The electron microscope (100) includes: an electron source (110) for emitting an electron beam; an acceleration tube (170) having acceleration electrodes (170a-170f) and operative to accelerate the electron beam; a first electrode (160) operative such that a lens action is produced between this first electrode (160) and the initial stage of acceleration electrode (170a); an accelerating voltage supply (112) for supplying an accelerating voltage to the acceleration tube (170); a first electrode voltage supply (162) for supplying a voltage to the first electrode (160); and a controller (109b) for controlling the first electrode voltage supply (162). The lens action produced between the first electrode (160) and the initial stage of acceleration electrode (170a) forms a crossover (CO2) of the electron beam.

Abstract: An electrode is provided for use in a plasma arc torch. The electrode includes a body having a forward portion, a middle portion and an aft portion. The forward portion includes an electrode tip comprising a conductive first material, wherein the electrode tip includes: 1) a pilot contact region for initiating a pilot arc across the nozzle and 2) an emitter. The middle portion comprises a second material and defines a proximal end for mating with the forward portion and a distal end for mating with the aft portion. The material density of the second material is at least half of the material density of the first material. The electrode also includes an electrically conductive path extending from the forward portion to the aft portion of the body.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cut-off member intended to be electrically series-connected to an electric circuit comprising a device for protecting an electric installation against lightning, the cut-off member (1) comprising: a first conducting armature (7) electrically connected to a first coupling terminal (3) to the electric circuit and a second conducting armature (9) electrically connected to a second coupling terminal (5) for coupling to the electric circuit; at least one fuse element (11) disposed between the first conducting armature (7) and the second conducting armature (9) and electrically connected to the first conducting armature (7) and to the second conducting armature (9), the at least one fuse element (11) being arranged to melt when it is crossed by a current of a threshold intensity over a threshold period of time; a device for increasing a peak arc voltage (15) between the first conducting armature (7) and the second conducting armature (9) in the case of melting of the at least o

Abstract: A radiation source apparatus comprising: a container (400) for being pressurized with a gaseous medium in which plasma which emits plasma emitted radiation is generated following excitation of the gaseous medium by a driving radiation (50), wherein said container is operable (66, 67) substantially to remove radiation with a wavelength of 10-400 nm from said plasma emitted radiation before said plasma emitted radiation exits said container as output radiation. In an embodiment the container comprises: an inlet radiation transmitting element (64) operable to transmit said driving radiation from outside said container to inside said container, and an outlet radiation transmitting element (65) operable to transmit at least some of said plasma emitted radiation from inside said container to outside said container as output radiation; wherein at least one of said inlet and outlet radiation transmitting elements comprises a plane parallel plate.

Abstract: Systems and apparatus for controlling electrostatic discharge on an electronic circuit board. A voltage surge attractor comprises a cylindrical main body having a bottom end configured to be mounted to a substrate for an electronic circuit board and a top end. A cone portion comprising a conical frustum has a base disposed on the top end of the main body and the cone portion tapers upward from the base to a cone top. A cap extends upward from the cone top. The cap has one of spherical shape, a spheroidal shape or an ellipsoidal shape. An electronic device comprises a substrate having a plurality of electronic components mounted on the substrate and a chassis ground disposed on the substrate. One or more voltage surge attractors are mounted on the substrate in electrical connection to the chassis ground.

Abstract: Provided is a discharge ionization current detector that is highly durable and yet can be produced at a low cost. An electrode structure 19 consisting of a dielectric-coated metal tube 16, with an insulator-coated metal wire 18 included therein, is inserted from above into a first gas passage including a dielectric tube 10. The metal tube 16 is connected to the ground on the upstream side of the first gas passage. One end of the metal wire 18 is extracted from the upstream side of the first gas passage to the outside and connected to a bias power source 33. An area which is not covered with the insulator is provided at the other end of the wire 18. This area is arranged in a second gas passage, which extends from the downstream end of the first gas passage. A metal electrode consisting of a flanged metal tube 28 is placed in the second gas passage and connected to an ion current detecting circuit 34.

Abstract: A commutation spark gap includes at least one first electrode and one second electrode, both electrically conducting, each including an arc zone placed opposite the arc zone of the other electrode, the electrodes being adapted to be linked to the terminals of a source of potential. The spark gap exhibits a general tubular shape, the first electrode forming a cylindrical body of the spark gap, open at its two ends, and the second electrode, termed the central electrode, cylindrical and co-axial with the first, extending along the axis of the spark gap at least from one end to the other of the cylindrical body.

Abstract: Described herein are devices and methods for controlling inclination in a vehicle. In certain aspects, inclination of the vehicle can be controlled with an inclination control processing section that includes a first control value limiting processing section which calculates a moving amount of the centroid, calculates a maximum angular acceleration, and limits a variation of the control value for inclination control on the basis of the maximum angular acceleration.

Abstract: Embodiments of micro-x-ray sources and methods for obtaining a micro-x-ray source are disclosed.

Abstract: A lamp device includes a lamp, a socket, two magnetic electrodes, and two electrode boxes. The lamp comprises a bulb portion, a stem portion, and two magnetic contacts. The socket has a receptacle portion configured to accept the lamp. The two magnetic electrodes are disposed in the receptacle portion. Each of the two electrode boxes encloses each of the two magnetic electrodes. The magnetic electrode is free to move in the electrode box, and the magnetic electrode makes an electrical contact all the time. The lamp device may further comprise a guiding groove and an insulating wall. The guiding groove may be provided on a bottom surface of the lamp between the two magnetic contacts.

Abstract: Nanofiber actuators and strain amplifiers having a material that generates a force or generates a displacement when directly or indirectly electrically driven. This material is an aerogel or a related low density or high density network comprising conducting fibers that are electrically interconnected and can substantially actuate without the required presence of either a liquid or solid electrolyte. Reversible or permanently frozen actuation is used to modify the properties of the actuator material for applications.

Abstract: A field emission cathode has a field emitter and an extraction grid, and the field emitter and the extraction grid can be moved relative to one another. Such a field emission cathode is highly durable and exhibits a longer lifespan. An x-ray tube has a field emission cathode composed of a field emitter and an extraction grid that can be moved relative to one another. Such an x-ray tube is highly durable and exhibits a longer lifespan.

Abstract: A lamp assembly includes a reflector body having an integral crimping portion that extends inwardly over a channel formed in the reflector body, a seal feature arranged within the channel, a cathode assembly having an edge feature extending into the channel, and a resilient member held in a state of compression between the crimping portion and a first surface of the edge feature such that an opposing second surface of the edge member is held against the sealing feature thereby creating a hermetic seal between the cathode assembly and the reflector body wherein the crimping portion is configured to remain in contact with the resilient member if the hermetic seal becomes non-hermetic.

Abstract: An electrode assembly for use in a plasma processing system including a base electrode adapted to be coupled to a source of RF energy, a removable electrode removably coupled to the base electrode, and a material interposed between a surface of the base electrode and a surface of the removable electrode.

Abstract: A light source is provided that includes a reflector for generating a substantially rectangular beam. The light source may include an arc lamp that includes a magnetic field generation means in the vicinity of the arc for reducing the arc diameter, or a secondary reflection means for avoiding part of the light that is generated from being obscured by the arc lamp electrodes.

Abstract: An charge exchanger for changing the polarity of an ion beam includes an charge exchange member provided in the path of an ion beam, and through which the ion beam can pass, and charge conversion material coating the surface of the charge exchange member. The charge conversion material is, for example, a fine powder of particles of magnesium against which the ion beam collides. The charge exchange rate caused by such collisions is controlled based on the measured dosage of ions injected into a target or on predetermined ion injection conditions. First, a desired ion dosage is determined based on the specifics of the ion implantation to be carried out. Then, an ion beam is injected onto a wafer after having been passed through the charge exchanger. Finally, the charge exchange member is advanced at a speed which establishes an charge exchange rate that gives rise to conditions necessary for the specific ion implantation process to occur.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp of the present invention includes: a first electrode section having a first filament; a second electrode section having a second filament; a fluorescent tube in which a fluorescent substance Is applied on an inner wall of the fluorescent tube; a first structure of a nonconductor provided in the fluorescent tube: and a second structure of a conductor provided in the fluorescent tube. The first structure and the second structure are provided between the first filament and the second filament.

Abstract: A magnetic field controller has been developed, which allows magnetic deflection of the arc of an alternating current high intensity discharge (HID) lamp. The controller consists of a driving circuit and an electromagnet. The system delivers a fast switching magnetic field, which can follow the alternating current signal of an alternating current HID ballast. The method minimizes the electromagnet's inductance and uses fast reacting ferromagnetic materials (Ni--Zn ferrite). To achieve the required magnetic field, a current amplifier was developed to pick up the signal from the alternating current ballast and drive the electromagnet with up to two amperes. The alternating magnetically deflected HID lamp system allows the use of magnetic deflection for alternating current HID lamps. A vehicle headlamp system can achieve multiple beam functions (day light running, low beam and high beam) of a headlight system with only one alternating current lamp.

Abstract: A high voltage switch, including: first and second electrodes having electrode surfaces; an electrically non conductive tube having an outer surface connecting the electrode surfaces; an electrically non conductive wall surrounding the tube and forming an enclosure in which the electrode surfaces and the outer tube surface are sealed; an ionizable material in the enclosure, an electric field being created in the enclosure responsive to application of a high voltage potential across the electrodes; and, an electrically conductive member adapted for movement in the tube between a first position substantially inside the enclosure and a second position substantially outside the enclosure, the electrically conductive member distorting the electric field when moved into the first position and causing an ionized current flow path between the electrode surfaces. A plurality of such switches can be ganged for simultaneous and/or sequential operation.

Abstract: The invention which relates to a device for the generating of electron beams with a vacuum chamber, in which a massive cathode (10) is arranged with a wire cathode (14) arranged above and a aperture anode (17) below the massive cathode (10) and whom below the aperture anode (17) focusing and/or deflecting magnet arrangements are provided which direct an electron beam (23) emitted by the massive cathode (10) and accelerated by the aperture anode (17) to a processing location (22), has the basic task to make the power of such devices variable over a large range using simple mechanical means. According to the invention the task is solved by arranging the aperture anode (17) rigidly and the massive cathode (10) and the wire cathode (14) axially movable within the vacuum chamber (1). For the movements of the massive cathode (10) and the wire cathode (14) contact means are provided which follow their movements and lead to the outside of the vacuum chamber (1).

Abstract: An FED, modified with an electrostatically deformable anode, has a control network attached to electrodes thereof to switch the FED off as the anode is deformed by electrostatic force and switch the FED on as the anode returns to a quiescent state. Frequency selectivity is realized by incorporating a variable frequency determining network within the control network.

Abstract: Disclosed is a laser apparatus for effecting laser oscillation by exciting a laser medium by discharge between an anode and a cathode opposedly arranged to each other in a discharge tube, comprising means disposed in the discharge tube to support both the electrodes movably along the axial direction of the discharge tube so as to prevent warp of the electrodes on laser oscillation and keep the parallelism therebetween with high accuracy. Also disclosed is a laser apparatus comprising main discharge means for effecting laser oscillation by exciting a laser medium by generating discharge, and preionization means for generating ionization previously to the discharge by the main discharge means so as to stabilize laser oscillation under a high gas pressure and a high current density.

Abstract: A vacuum switch apparatus has an electrically insulating vacuum enclosure which is evacuated to a vacuum degree of 2.times.10.sup.-2 Torr or less. One set of anode and cathode electrodes is arranged in the vacuum enclosure, having capacity which permits the flow of a discharge current of at least 1 KA therebetween and being operable to switch the discharge current at least 10.sup.6 shots. A high voltage power supply applies a high voltage of at least 20 KV across the anode and cathode electrodes. An electron beam irradiation unit irradiates an electron beam on the anode electrode through the cathode electrode. A control electrode is arranged between the beam irradiation unit and the cathode electrode, for controlling passage and interception of the electron beam. A control voltage power supply applies a control voltage to the control electrode.

Abstract: An apparatus for remotely adjusting the anode-cathode gap in a pulse power machine has an electric motor located within a hollow cathode inside the vacuum chamber of the pulse power machine. Input information for controlling the motor for adjusting the anode-cathode gap is fed into the apparatus using optical waveguides. The motor, controlled by the input information, drives a worm gear that moves a cathode tip. When the motor drives in one rotational direction, the cathode is moved toward the anode and the size of the anode-cathode gap is diminished. When the motor drives in the other direction, the cathode is moved away from the anode and the size of the anode-cathode gap is increased. The motor is powered by batteries housed in the hollow cathode. The batteries may be rechargeable, and they may be recharged by a photovoltaic cell in combination with an optical waveguide that receives recharging energy from outside the hollow cathode.

Abstract: An electrode arrangement for establishing a sustained electrical arc with a low voltage in which a pair of electrodes are initially brought together and then separated while a current is applied. The sustained arc is adapted to activate fuel flowing past the arc, and the flow is vortical so that the arc is caused to migrate around an annular arc gap space. Several geometric configurations of the electrodes include opposing cylindrical shapes having endwise alligned cavities and a generally tapered portions of one electrode received in a generally tapered opening in the other electrode.

Abstract: A thermal device, such as a glow discharge starter, includes an hermetically sealed envelope containing an ionizable medium, a bimetallic electrode having a bimetallic element associated therewith, and a counter electrode. A mount sealed in the envelope includes a glass stem having a disk-shaped portion extending substantially across the envelope and a longitudinally-extending planar portion. The transverse portion of the mount assists in centering the electrodes within the envelope and preventing the bimetallic element from oxidizing during the manufacturing process when the mount is sealed to the envelope. Preferably, the transverse portion is disk-shaped having a radius within the range of from about 89 t0 93 percent of the internal radius of the envelope. The defined thickness of the planar portion of the glass stem allows rapid transfer of heat during sealing so that the planar portion can effectively be sealed to the envelope without developing seal cracks.

Abstract: Ion detection apparatus has an ionizer provided with an ionizer volume for receiving a specimen to be analyzed. An electron gun is operatively associated with the ionizer for bombarding the specimen with an electron beam and converting the specimen into ions. An analyzer receives the ions from the ionizer volume and includes a detector for detecting the ions. The electron gun has focusing means for varying the size and intensity of the electron beam. The electron gun may have an accelerating anode, a focusing collimator and a second anode. The ionizer means may have an extractor lens and collimating lens as well as a groundplate. The ionizer means may have an electron collecting plate for receiving electrons which pass through the ionizer volume and providing feedback regarding the electron beam.

Abstract: A spark gap producing apparatus that introduces an auxiliary gap in the electrical path between the spark source and the spark plug of an internal combustion engine is disclosed. The spark apparatus can be permanently installed such that it maintains a reliable auxiliary gap. Alternatively, it may be installed in a motorized form such that it can be computer controlled. the computer would control the gap size and, therefore, the capacitance of the spark gap apparatus. Thus, depending on the efficiency needs of the engine, the computer would compensate. In still another embodiment, the driver himself would have direct manual control over the gap size. Since spark "hotness" is controlled by the gap size, the driver would have complete control over the efficiency and power of the engine.

Abstract: An electron gun which is rugged, provides good thermal decoupling of the hode, permits precise alignment of the electrodes to be achieved easily and allows geometric changes to be carried out with ease is described. In the cathode assembly three set screws and a split ring of insulating material are used to secure the cathode. Alignment is achieved by suitably adjusting the set screws and because contact can be limited to the three set screws thermal coupling is reduced. Similarly a Whenelt electrode is secured and aligned by a further group of set screws. Finally, the anode is secured to replaceable stand-offs by means of screw passing through oversized holes in an anode plate. The oversized holes permit easy alignment and the use of stand-offs permits the spacing between anode and cathode to be changed as desired by replacing the stand-offs.

Abstract: A wide angle flash tube reflector has dual involute surfaces thereon intersecting at a cusp and bent in the horizontal to intercept light from a light source adjacent the cusp and to reflect such light in a dispersion pattern that spreads the flash coverage to match extended light coverages of lenses from a normal focal length to extreme wide angle. One light source is in the form of a bent tube having adjustably positioned cathode and anode electrodes for varying the length of a plasma arc to control the extent of the dispersion pattern reflected from the dual involute surfaces.

Abstract: A single starting electrode is provided for an electrodeless high-intensity-discharge lamp arc of the type having an arc tube situated within the bore of an excitation coil and in the interior of which arc tube is to be provided a plasma arc discharge driven by the excitation coil. The starting electrode is a conductive conical spiral having a narrower end disposed adjacent to one of the arc tube surfaces. A high voltage is formed by induction, as the spiral electrode receives an RF magnetic flux, to cause an electric field to be produced sufficient to create a glow discharge in the arc tube, and cause a rapid transition to a high-current solenoidal discharge to form the discharge plasma responsive to the normal field provided by the excitation coil.

Abstract: A pair of starting electrodes are provided for an electrodeless high-intensity-discharge lamp of the type having an arc tube situated within the bore of an excitation coil and in the interior of which tube is to be provided a plasma arc discharge driven by the excitation coil. Each of the starting electrodes is a conductive ring actuated by a piezoelectric bender to move from a normal rest position away from the arc tube to a starting portion disposed adjacent to an associated one of an opposed pair of envelope surfaces. A high-voltage pulse coupled between the starting electrodes causes an electric field to be produced sufficient to create a glow discharge in the arc tube, and cause an almost instantaneous transition to a high-current solenoidal discharge to form the discharge plasma responsive to the normal field provided by the excitation coil; thereafter, the benders are de-activated and the starting electrodes move back to the rest positions.

Abstract: In a multipole linear accelerator such as of a quadrupole type, fine positional adjustment of the tip portions of the electrodes constituting the multipole structure can be made with electric contact kept substantially unaffected between the electrodes and the cavity drum in which the electrodes are mounted. Each of the electrodes are provided with a series of contact plates on both sides of the root portion of the electrode over the whole length thereof. Each of the contact plates, which are held to the root portion of the electrode by means of an adjusting screw bolt, slantwise bridges the root portion of the electrode and the inner surface of the cavity drum with elastic contact pieces interposed.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a photomultiplier tube (10) comprising a tube body (20), a photocathode (30) and an electron multiplier element (40) destined to be placed at a small distance from the photocathode (30). According to the invention the tube (10) is provided with sliding means (50) of the electron multiplier (40) parallel to the axis (22) of the tube body (20), means (50) provided with abutments (53) situated in the proximity of the said window (31).

Abstract: This invention relates to a device for advancing an electrode-holder elem in particular mounted on a pulse generating apparatus of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,559,227 to Rieber. This advance device comprises a radially projecting element fast with the rear part of the electrode-holder element and member for controlling same, the radially projecting element being formed by a toothed wheel of fixed axial position with respect to the insulating support and controlled in rotation by two pistons mounted symmetrically on either side of the wheel to control a rotation in both directions. This device allows a greater precision of the advance of the electrodes and an increase in the efficiency of destruction of the targets.

Abstract: This invention relates to a glow discharge starter having an hermetically sealed envelope containing an ionizable medium, a bimetallic electrode and a counter electrode located within the envelope. A silver plating completely covers the nickel-containing portions of the electrodes. Preferably, the thickness of the silver plating is from about 0.0002 inch to about 0.0004 inch. The present invention results in a glow discharge starter which has stable electrical characteristics, does not require the use of complex gas mixtures, and has an increased life.

Abstract: A vacuum-to-air interface (10) is provided for a high-powered, pulsed particle beam accelerator. The interface comprises a pneumatic high speed gate valve (18), from which extends a vacuum-tight duct (26), that termintes in an aperture (28). Means (32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48) are provided for periodically advancing a foil strip (30) across the aperture (28) at the repetition rate of the particle pulses. A pneumatically operated hollow sealing band (62) urges foil strip (30), when stationary, against and into the aperture (28). Gas pressure means (68, 70) periodically lift off and separate foil strip (30) from aperture (28), so that it may be readily advanced.

Abstract: An improved plasma arc reactor is provided with variably positionable electrodes, including a cylindrical anode electrode having an inner, frustoconical cavity providing a reaction chamber and a spherical cathode ball electrode mounted therein. Between these electrodes an arc discharge is induced and sustained to heat and ionize an inert gas to produce an arc plasma for refining raw material introduced into the reaction chamber. A magnetic induction coil is mounted around the outer diameter of the anode electrode to thereby establish a magnetic field to rotate the arc discharge and plasma within the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A glow discharge tube for exciting a sample in emission spectrochemical analysis or mass spectrometry, in which glow discharge is effected between the anode tube and the sample while gas is being passed, for exhaust, through the narrow gap formed between the sample surface and the end of the insulating tube fit on the anode tube so as to maintain a constant pressure in the anode tube. Since the insulating tube projects further than the anode tube toward the sample side, a shortcircuit is never formed between the anode and the cathode even if sample vapor adheres to the walls surrounding the exhaust passage. As a result, efficient analysis can be achieved with the glow discharge tube of the present invention.

Abstract: An ignition element for use in igniting a high-frequency plasma torch is ungrounded and displaceable. When a tip end of the ignition element is positioned in a location in a gas to be formed into a plasma, which flows under normal pressure, and a high-frequency energy is applied to the above location in the gas flow, the gas is ignited into a high-temperature plasma in a small period of time shorter than 1 second. After the gas has been ignited, the ignition element is immediately retracted out of the location. The ignition element may be in the form of an ignition rod of metal or an ignition tube of quartz or the like. Where the ignition rod is used, it instantaneously contacts the high-temperature plasma upon ignition so that the high-temperature plasma is of high purity consisting only of the component of the gas. The ignition tube may be used for producing a high-temperature plasma of higher purity on and after ignition. The ignition tube is employed while a pressure therein is reduced.

Abstract: An electron gun includes a preferably non-metallic apertured grid with a flat upstream-facing surface closely spaced from and parallel to a flat emitting surface of a cathode. The grid aperture diverges in a downstream direction and has its peripheral wall contoured to shape the transverse cross-section of an emitted electron beam at a predetermined downstream location, preferably at the beam crossover. The peripheral wall of the grid aperture is devoid of sharp transitions, has a circular cross section to produce a circular beam crossover of minimum diameter, and has a convex segment extending from the upstream end of the aperture and joining a concave segment extending to the downstream end of the aperture. The convex first segment has a smaller radius of curvature than the second concave segment and has its center of curvature disposed substantially at the upstream facing surface.

Abstract: A low cost multimegavolt high current switch that can effectively switch tages in the megavolts range and currents in the order of 200 thousand amperes. Switching is accomplished by the movement of a conductive member from a first electrically isolated position to a second electrically isolated position. During movement along a guided path the conductive member passes through an arc gap, initiating an arc or plasma in the gap to accomplish the switching action. Movement of the conductive member from one position to the other may be accomplished by gravity, pressure, electromotive drive, or other propelling means.

Abstract: An electron beam apparatus comprises an electron source with an electron emitter in the form of a wire, suitably of metal, which slides on two supports. The two supports are constructed and spaced apart at such a distance (not more than 1 millimeter) that for the wire portion between the supports, a thermal equilibrium is achieved which is optimum for high electron emission from a small area of the wire. The wire can be heated to a temperature just below its melting point and is transported across the support under a low tensile stress.

Abstract: A corona treater includes an active electrode which has one or more insulated electrode elements slidably supported by an insulating track. A contact spring connects each electrode element to a conductive electrode bar embedded in the track, and sheet material to be treated is fed through a treatment zone created between an active discharge surface on each electrode element and a bare metal roller electrode.

Abstract: In an X-ray generator device a target member emitting X-rays by electron bombardment is arranged in a rod-shaped tubular probe and is provided with a conically tapering front part facing a comparatively narrow aperture in a controlling electron beam diaphragm for the purpose of forming a substantially punctiform radiation source. The position of the target member is adjusted by securing the rod-shaped target member at a part of its length reckoned from its opposite, rearmost end in a central bore of an oblong cylindrical target carrier positioned coaxially in the probe, said target carrier being only at its foremost end connected with the wall of the probe, thereby allowing fine adjustment of the target member with respect to said aperture by displacement of said opposite end of the target carrier in a radial plane in the probe, e.g. by means of wedge means formed as adjusting screws in the annular channel between the target carrier and the inner wall of the probe.

Abstract: This disclosure is concerned with automatically replenishable cold cathode structures and the like wherein the monitoring of a predetermined variation in electron beam performance caused by erosion of the cathode material generates control signals for advancing reserve cathode material into operative position.