Abstract: The present invention provides a phosphor, including a constituent having the formula CapSrqMm-AaBb-Ot-Nn:Eur, wherein M selected from the group consisting of beryllium and zinc; A selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, gadolinium and lutetium; B selected from a group consisting of silicon, germanium, tin, titanium, zirconium and hafnium; 0<p<1; 0<q<1; 0?m?1; 0?t?0.3; 0.00001?r?0.1; a=1, 0.8?b?1.2; and 2.7?n?3.1; and the phosphor contains 20˜1500 ppm of magnesium and/or 40˜5000 ppm of barium. A high brightness phosphor emitting in the 600˜680 nm region is achieved by means of adjusting the proportion of each of the elements of the phosphor, and in combination with controlling concentration of the magnesium and barium of the phosphor within a specific range. In addition, the present invention provides a light emitting device provided with high brilliance.

Abstract: A light source apparatus, comprises a lamp housing, a xenon lamp provided in the lamp housing, a reflection mirror which reflects light emitted from the xenon lamp, and first and second power feeders which supply electric power to the xenon lamp, wherein a direction of the first power feeder connected to one end of the xenon lamp and a direction of the second power feeder connected to the other end thereof are approximately in point symmetry with respect to a center of lamp axis connecting electrodes which face each other.

Abstract: A green phosphor, has an orthorhombic structure of a Pnma space group and the Formula 1: (M11-xDx)pM2qOrAs??[Formula 1] wherein M1 is magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and any combination thereof, D is at least one of metal selected from the group consisting of europium, manganese, antimony, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, terbium, dysprosium, erbium, ytterbium, bismuth, and any combination thereof, M2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, aluminum, gallium, and any combination thereof, A is at least one selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, and any combination thereof, and 2.7?p?3.3, 0.7?q?1.3, 3.5?r?4.5, 1.7?s?2.3, and 0<x?0.1. A method of preparing the green phosphor is disclosed, and a white light-emitting device including the green phosphor. The white light-emitting device has good thermal stability.

Abstract: An emitter is disclosed. The emitter includes a base layer comprising an array of nanocavities on an emission surface of the base layer, wherein facets of the nanocavities are substantially along equivalent crystallographic planes of one or more families of planes having substantially equal surface energies, wherein the equivalent crystallographic planes have surface energies equal to or lower than a surface energy of the crystallographic plane of the emission surface. Methods of making such emitters and radiation sources including such emitters are also disclosed.

Abstract: A flat or substantially flat light-emitting and/or UV (ultraviolet)-emitting structure including first and second dielectric walls facing each other and defining an internal space containing a light source, first and second electrodes for the light source, which generate electric field lines with at least one component perpendicular to the first and second electrodes, the first electrode being supplied or capable of being supplied by a high-frequency electromagnetic signal f0, and as an outer cover for the first electrode, an electrical safety system that includes an electrical conductor separated from the first electrode by a dielectric, the protective conductor being connected or capable of being connected to an electrical power supply with a potential V and/or with a frequency f that are adjusted so that the peak value of external leakage current is equal to 2 mA or less if f is zero, or 0.7 mA or less if f is non-zero.

Abstract: A flat panel display is disclosed. The flat panel display includes a plurality of electrically addressable pixels, a plurality of thin-film transistor driver circuits each been electrically coupled to an associated at least one of the pixels, respectively, a passivating layer on the thin-film transistor driver circuits and at least partially around the pixels, a conductive frame on the passivating layer, and a plurality of nanostructures on the conductive frame, wherein, creating a voltage difference between the pixels and the conductive frame by addressing one of the pixels using the associated driver circuit causes the nanostructures to emit electrons that induce a corresponding one of the pixels to emit light. The display further comprising a nano material deposited on a metal cathode layer. The nano-material providing additional electron emission through secondary electron emission.

Abstract: The invention relates to a UV-B emitting discharge lamp comprising Pr(III) as an activator.

Abstract: A 3-dimension facet light-emitting source device including a transparent container, an anode plate, a cathode plate, a plurality of transparent plates and a low-pressure gas layer is provided. The transparent container has a sealed space. The transparent plates are disposed between the anode plate and the cathode plate, and have a fluorescent layer thereon respectively. The lower pressure gas layer is filled in the sealed space to induce electrons emitting from the cathode plate, and the electrons fly in a direction parallel to the transparent plates and hit each fluorescent layer to emit light, so as to form a set of 3-dimension facet patterns.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the formula (I): (Ca,Sr,Ba)1-x-yMeySiN2:Eux, where Me?Mn2+, Mg2+, Be2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and/or Ru2+; x=0.005 to 0.20; and y<1, and/or of the formula (II): (Ca,Sr,Ba)2-xSi1-zMazN2:Eux, where Ma?Hf4+, Th4+ and/or Zr4+; x=0.005 to 0.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a plasma display panel (PDP) having an upper substrate at which black matrices are disposed. The apparatus includes an external light shield having a panel side facing a display surface of the PDP and an opposing viewer side facing away from the display surface. The light shield includes a base unit and includes pattern units that absorb external light from the viewer side. The pattern units have boundaries defined by intersections of the pattern units and the base unit. The boundaries define widths of pattern tops disposed toward the panel side or the viewer side and define widths of pattern bottoms disposed toward the other of the panel side and the viewer side. A distance between a pair of adjacent black matrices is 4 to 12 times greater than a distance between adjacent boundaries, of a pair of adjacent pattern units, at adjacent pattern bottoms.

Abstract: There is provided a light source unit which includes a luminescent light source which receives excitation light so as to emit light of a predetermined wavelength band, excitation light sources which shine excitation light on to the luminescent light source, a reflection space having the luminescent light source in an interior thereof and an emission space which emits luminescent light source light emitted from the reflection space from an emission port whose area is made smaller than the area of the luminescent light source and a projector which employs the light source unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a plasma display panel comprising a front panel wherein an electrode, a dielectric layer and a protective layer are formed on a substrate of the front panel; and a rear panel wherein an electrode, a dielectric layer and a barrier rib and a phosphor layer are formed on a substrate of the rear panel, the front panel and the rear panel being oppositely disposed to each other, wherein the electrode of the front panel is composed of a transparent electrode and a bus electrode; and the bus electrode comprises a melted-solidified portion obtained by a melting and subsequent solidifying of electrically-conductive particles.

Abstract: The present invention aims to drive a PDP at low voltage by providing a material with a high secondary electron emission coefficient under a practical manufacturing condition. In order to achieve the aim, a crystalline oxide selected from the group consisting of CaSnO3, SrSnO3, BaSnO3, and a solid solution of two or more of them, in which an amount of Ca, Sr or Ba in a surface region thereof is reduced, is used as a material for a protective film when a plasma display panel is produced.

Abstract: Provided is a white light emitting diode (LED) including a blue LED chip; and yellow, green, and red light emitting phosphors that are coated on the blue LED chip at a predetermined mixing ratio and converts light, emitted from the blue LED chip, into white light.

Abstract: A material suitable for improving the secondary electron emission coefficient of PDPs is provided to thereby enable a PDP to operate at a higher efficiency. Provided is a PDP (200) which includes a protective layer (7) formed by MgO and electron-emitting particles constituted of a crystalline compound dispersed on the protective layer (7) to form an electron emission layer (20). The electron-emitting particles are a crystalline compound whose primary components are indium, oxygen, and one or more selected from the group consisting of calcium, strontium, barium, and rare earth metals.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp including a phosphor layer including (Y1-x-yGdx)AlO3:EU3+y, wherein 0.4?x?0.7 and 0?y?0.1, and at least one of each of a green and blue emitting phosphor. The resulting lamp will exhibit a white light having a color rendering index of preferably 90 or higher with a correlated color temperature of from 2500 to 10000 Kelvin. The use of (Y1-x-yGdx)AlO3:Eu3+y in phosphor blends of lamps results in high CRI light sources with increased stability and acceptable lumen maintenance over, the course of the lamp life.

Abstract: The subject of the present invention is a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD-) lamp (1) for generating and emitting ultraviolet radiation comprising: —a housed discharge gap (3), whereby the housing has at least two walls, whereby at least one of the walls is a dielectric wall and at least one of the walls has an at least partly transparent part, a filling located inside the discharge gap (3), at least two electrical contacting means for electrical contacting associated with at least the two walls, respectively, whereby the discharge gap (3) is formed by at least two discharge sub-volumes (7) and/or discharge sub-areas (8) differing in at least one of their discharge parameters for realizing at least two dominant emission regimes and/or one emission regime with different radiant intensities and a method for producing said DBD-lamp (1).

Abstract: To enhance luminance and color rendering of a light emitting device comprising phosphors as wavelength converting material and at least one semiconductor light emitting device that emits visible light, as said phosphors, are used phosphors which are one or more kinds of phosphors selected from a group consisting of oxides, oxynitrides and nitrides, and are a mixture consisting of two or more kinds of phosphors whose luminous efficiency is 35% or higher when excited by the visible light from said semiconductor light emitting device at room temperature. In addition, said mixture contains a first phosphor, and a second phosphor that is different from said first phosphor and capable of absorbing emitted light from said first phosphor, and said first phosphor is contained 85 weight % or more of said mixture of phosphors.

Abstract: A Plasma Display Panel includes a front panel and a rear panel. The front panel includes a display electrode and a dielectric layer on a glass substrate. The rear panel includes a barrier rib and a phosphor layer on a substrate. The front panel and the rear panel are arranged to face each other, and the peripheries thereof are sealed to form a discharge space therebetween. The display electrode is constituted of multiple layers including at least a metal electrode layer containing silver and a glass material. A content of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) in the dielectric layer is in a range from 5% to 25% inclusive by weight, and a content of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) in the glass material of the metal electrode layer is in range from 5% to 25% inclusive by weight.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a plasma display panel that can be driven at low voltage and can offer favorable image display performance. In order to achieve the aim, on a surface of the front panel 1 on which the display electrode 5 is formed, the protective layer 7 made by using a crystalline oxide material that contains a crystalline oxide selected from the group consisting of (i) at least one of SrCeO3 and BaCeO3 and (ii) a solid solution of SrCeO3 and BaCeO3 is disposed so as to face the discharge space 14. By using the crystalline oxide material that contains the crystalline oxide selected from the group consisting of (i) at least one of SrCeO3 and BaCeO3 and (ii) a solid solution of SrCeO3 and BaCeO3, chemical stability can be improved without reducing secondary electron emission efficiency. A PDP capable of lowering drive voltage compared with a case where MgO is used can be obtained by using the crystalline oxide material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a mercury dispensing system (11; 21, 31) for fluorescent lamps, comprising a dispensing member (12; 22, 32) containing a mercury releasing compound. The dispensing member (12; 22, 32) is fixed on a metal support (13; 23; 33) suitable to be heated by electromagnetic induction in order to cause the activation of said mercury releasing compound. The surface area of the metal support (13; 23; 33) is comprised between 9 and 64 mm2. The invention also relates to fluorescent lamps comprising said mercury dispensing system (11; 21; 31).

Abstract: The present invention provides a phosphor with less luminance degradation that includes an oxide that is excellent in chemical stability and allows the electrostatic charge of the phosphor surface to shift toward positive direction. The present invention is a phosphor including a phosphor body and a composite oxide on at least a part of the surface of the phosphor body. The composite oxide contains M, Sn, and O, and M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, and Ba.

Abstract: A discharge lamp is disclosed, including a sealed vessel with an inner surface, at least one illuminating gas filled inside the sealed vessel, and a fluorescent layer coated on the inner surface. The composition of the fluorescent layer is adjusted according to a colored light emitted by the illuminating gas during a discharge process within the sealed vessel, such that the colored light is converted into a visible light after passing through the fluorescent layer.

Abstract: A current driving apparatus and method using a pulse width modulation (PWM) technique to display a desired gray level for passive matrix organic light emitting diode (PMOLED) display applications is disclosed. The current driving circuit includes a memory, a logic and a segment driver. The memory stores a desired gray level, the logic comprises a counter and provides a predetermined bias time, and the segment driver provides a constant current to the PMOLED display based on the desired gray level and the predetermined bias time. The segment driver provides a constant current to the PMOLED display until the counter value reaches the desired gray level, and the counter is first counted zero for the predetermined bias time and then increments by one for every other cycle.

Abstract: A fluorescence particle 17 according to the present invention is used for a light emitting display device and is made of a fluorescent material. The fluorescent material has at least one element 18 selected from the group consisting of Al, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr and Y. Within a range 17a from the surface 17s of the fluorescence particle through a depth of 20 nm, the at least one element 18 has a local maximum of its concentration profile in the depth direction.

Abstract: A display device (100) comprising a plurality of lighting units (101), each lighting unit comprising at least one light emitting diode (202) being provided with a fluorescent element (203) arranged to absorb at least part of the light emitted by said light emitting diode and emit light of a wavelength range different from that of the absorbed light is provided. The fluorescent element (203) comprises at least one phosphor being an europium(II)-activated halogeno-oxonitridosilicate of the general formula EaxSiyN2/3x+4/3y:EuzOaXb.

Abstract: A glass composition for ultraviolet light is provided. The glass composition for ultraviolet light contains Lu, Si, and O in an amount of 99.99 weight % or more in total. The glass composition contains Lu in an amount of 26% or more and 39% or less in cation percent and Si in an amount of 61% or more and 74% or less in cation percent.

Abstract: The invention relates to a photochemical reactor (12). The invention further relates to a photochemical processing system. The photochemical reactor comprises a vessel (20) comprising the fluid (30), a light source (40) for generating UV-radiation (UV1) and emitting it towards the fluid, and a luminescent material (50) arranged between the light source and the fluid for converting at least part of the UV-radiation emitted by the light source to further UV-radiation (UV2) having an increased wavelength compared to the UV-radiation. The luminescent material is removably connected to the photochemical reactor and is separate from the light source. By having the luminescent material removably connected to the photochemical reactor, separate from the light source, the luminescent material may be exchanged with new luminescent material if the current luminescent material has degraded.

Abstract: In a plasma display panel, in which an area percentage of the display electrodes in an area of an image display region of the front panel is expressed by a longitudinal axis, and a difference between a coefficient of expansion of the front substrate from room temperature to 300° C. and a coefficient of expansion of the dielectric layer from room temperature to 300° C. is expressed by a lateral axis, the difference between the coefficients of expansion and the area percentage stay within a region formed by connecting coordinates (35×10?7/° C., 60%), coordinates (8×10?7/° C., 60%), coordinates (5×10?7/° C., 40%), and coordinates (23×10?7/° C., 40%) in the mentioned order with a straight line where the straight line is included.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) having improved discharge efficiency, low discharge firing voltage, and high reliability. A plasma display device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a first substrate and a second substrate spaced apart and facing each other. A plurality of address electrodes are between the first and second substrates. A plurality of barrier ribs are between the first and second substrates and define a plurality of discharge cells and a non-discharge region located between adjacent ones of the discharge cells. A carbon-based material is in the non-discharge region. A phosphor layer is in the plurality of discharge cells. A plurality of display electrodes are between the first and second substrates and extend in a direction crossing the address electrodes.

Abstract: An electro-luminescence display device and a driving method thereof for assuring a high aperture ratio are disclosed. In the device, a plurality of pixel cells is arranged in a matrix type. A plurality of data electrodes applies video signals to the pixel cells. A plurality of gate lines are connected to the pixel cells positioned adjacently to each other at the upper/lower sides thereof in such a manner to cross the data electrodes.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) includes a front substrate and a rear substrate that face each other; a pair of base portions disposed between the front substrate and the rear substrate and are concavely indented in directions away from each other; a pair of barrier walls disposed on the pair of base portions to define a discharge cell; a scan electrode and a sustain electrode that generate a mutual discharge in the discharge cell; an address electrode to cross the scan electrode and that generates an address discharge together with the scan electrode; a phosphor layer disposed in the discharge cell; and a discharge gas injected into the discharge cell.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus having first white color light sources and blue and/or red second coloring light sources disposed on a back side of a liquid crystal panel, and an image quality processing calculation circuit for detecting a brightness of input image signals, in accordance with a detection result, controlling intensities of the first white color light sources and/or second coloring light sources and correcting pixel signals to be supplied to the liquid crystal panel.

Abstract: A low-pressure gas discharge lamp includes a gas discharge vessel having a gas filling with a discharge-maintaining composition. At least part of a wall of the discharge vessel is provided with a luminescent material including a first UV-B phosphor containing, in a host lattice, gadolinium(III) as an activator and praseodymium(III) as a sensitizer.

Abstract: In a PDP, an end of a first partition (124) is provided with a partition end 126 whose height dimension and width dimension are smaller than those of the first partition (124). With this arrangement, when a nozzle is moved from a portion between the partition ends (126) on a first side to a portion between the partition ends (126) on a second side in a phosphor layer forming step for forming a phosphor layer, a phosphor paste can be uniformly applied to recessed portions (123A), thereby easily providing the PDP that includes the phosphor layer with which good images can be realized.

Abstract: Device generating high-luminance and highly-efficient ultraviolet rays by applying polyphase alternating current discharge plasma in a multi-poled magnetic field to a light source for generating ultraviolet rays and using a usual molecular gas other than mercury and rare gases. The inside of a flat container 3 is evacuated, and 1 Torr or less of a molecular gas for use in discharge light emission fills therein or is flowed thereinto. Next, a phase-controlled twelve-output alternating current power supply of 1 kW or lower is connected to twelve divisional electrodes 1 for supply of discharge electric energy. Thus, plasma P occurs with stable alternating-current glow discharge along the surface of the divisional electrodes 1 covered with a barrier layer 2. As a result of discharge, light with a wavelength unique to the molecular gas that contains ultraviolet rays is emitted and extracted outside from a light extraction window 32.

Abstract: In the method of driving a plasma display panel according to the present invention, the address electrodes are divided into a plurality of electrode groups, and the an application time point of data pulses applied to one or more of the address electrode groups in the address period is different from that of a scan pulse applied to the scan electrode in all the sub-fields of the frame. In addition, the width of the scan pulse applied during an address period of a predetermined number of the sub-fields is greater than the width of scan pulses applied during the address period of the remaining sub-fields.

Abstract: The invention relates to a metal halide lamp comprising a ceramic discharge vessel (10), characterized in that an MoV leadthrough is connected to a PCA element (Al2O3) by means of a specific adhesive layer containing Al and Mo.

Abstract: A flat-type fluorescent lamp includes upper and lower glass substrates facing each other; a spacer glass having a zigzag shape between the upper and lower glass substrates for providing a plurality of discharge areas; first and second electrode parts at ends of the upper and lower glass substrates along a longitudinal direction thereof; first and second reflective sheets respectively formed on upper and lower surfaces of the spacer glass; and a plurality of first fluorescent substances formed on the upper glass substrate and a plurality of second fluorescent substances formed on the lower glass substrate.

Abstract: A method of compensating for changes in an OLED drive circuit, includes: providing a drive transistor; providing a first voltage source and a first switch; providing an OLED device connected to the drive transistor. Voltages are measured and used to compensate for changes in the OLED drive transistor.

Abstract: Light emitting apparatuses including warm white LED based lights including a semiconductor light source and a phosphor material including a yellow emitting phosphor, a red emitting phosphor, and, optionally, at least one of a green, blue or green-blue emitting phosphor.

Abstract: A circuit for driving an electro-optical device, the electro-optical device having a plurality of scanning lines, a plurality of data lines divided into groups, each group having a predetermined number of data lines, and a plurality of pixels disposed to correspond to intersections of the plurality of scanning lines and the plurality of data lines, includes a scanning line driving circuit that selects each of the plurality of scanning lines for each selection period, the selection period including a plurality of data output periods, a plurality of image signal lines that correspond to the groups, a plurality of switching elements that switch between conductive states and non-conductive states of the data lines belonging to each group and the image signal lines corresponding to each group, a control circuit that sequentially switches the switching elements corresponding to each group to the conductive states for each data output period in the selection period, and a voltage output circuit that applies a voltag

Abstract: A photocuring composition includes black particles (A), black particles (B), an organic binder (C), a photopolymerizable monomer (D), and a photopolymerization initiator (E). The black particles (B) have a volume resistivity lower than the volume resistivity of the black particles (A) and an average diameter larger than the average diameter of the black particles (A).

Abstract: A light-emitting device according to the present invention includes: first insulators (4) arranged so as to face each other; an emitter (2) arranged between the first insulators; a second insulator (5) functioning as a base for the first insulators and the emitter; an electrode (6) arranged to face, or contact with, the first insulators partially; another electrode (10) contacting with the second insulator and interposing the second insulator between the electrode and itself; and a light-transmitting substrate (8) that faces the second insulator with the first insulators interposed somewhere and with the emitter interposed elsewhere.

Abstract: To provide a lighting device capable of a substantial color adjustment and unlimited control of spectral components, a lighting device of the present invention puts a first transparent plate in which a phosphor layer dispersed with a first phosphor is formed in places and a second transparent plate in which a phosphor layer dispersed with a second phosphor is formed in places in a path of light from a light source, and stacks the first transparent plate and the second transparent plate on top of each other. The second phosphor differs from the first phosphor. How much in terms of area the phosphor layers overlap with each other is made variable, and the color tone of the lighting device can thus be controlled. The lighting device uses a blue light source as its light source, a green phosphor as the first phosphor, and a red phosphor as the second phosphor.

Abstract: A display device includes a plurality of gas discharge tubes sandwiched between a front support plate and a rear support plate. A plurality of signal electrodes are formed on the rear support plate to extend along the longitudinal direction of the gas discharge tubes. The signal electrodes are divided into a plurality of groups. The distance between adjacent ones of the signal electrodes in each group has a first distance. The distance between adjacent ones of the signal electrodes between adjacent groups has a second distance that is larger than the first distance. Thus, a space may be provided between the two adjacent gas discharge tubes of the respective adjacent groups.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flat lamp (1) transmitting radiation in the ultraviolet, known as a UV lamp, comprising: first and second flat dielectric walls (2, 3) that are facing each other, kept substantially parallel, and sealed, to one another, thus defining an internal space (10) filled with gas (7), the first dielectric wall at least being made of a material that transmits said UV radiation; electrodes composed of first and second electrodes (4, 5), having different given potentials, for a perpendicular discharge between the walls, the first electrode at least being based on a layer arranged in order to allow overall UV transmission; and an emitting gas or a phosphor coating (6) on one main inner face (22, 32) of the first and/or the second dielectric wall (2, 3), the phosphor emitting said UV radiation by being excited by the gas. The invention also relates to the uses thereof and to the manufacture thereof.

Abstract: The high-pressure discharge lamp includes: a pre-seal glass inserted in the internal space of each of seal portions and integrally comprising a metal foil sheathing portion which sheathes a metal foil, an electrode sheathing portion which sheathes a portion of an electrode that extends from a first end of the metal foil toward a base portion and an external lead pin sheathing portion which sheathes a portion of an external lead pin that extends outwardly from the other end of the metal foil; and a conductor for generating discharge between the conductor and the metal foil. The electrode sheathing portion is fused to the base portion. The external lead pin sheathing portion has an outer surface hermetically fused to an inner surface of one of the seal portions. A clearance hermetically sealed between the pre-seal glass and the seal portion encapsulates inert gas therein.

Abstract: A flat fluorescent lamp structure comprises a first substrate, a second substrate assembled to the first substrate to form a sealed space, at least one wall dividing the sealed space into a plurality of illuminating chambers filled with a discharge gas, wherein two terminals of each the illuminating chamber are mounted with two outside electrodes respectively for generating an electrical current through the illuminating chamber. At least one tunnel is formed therethrough to communicate the illuminating chambers. A phosphor layer is formed on a plurality of inner surfaces of the illuminating chambers, wherein the tunnel extends along a tilt direction relative to the illuminating chamber, and therebetween the entire tilt direction and the illuminating chamber form an acute angle. The entire tilt direction is formed by a first end of the tunnel directly connected with the illuminating chamber and a second end of the tunnel directly connected with another illuminating chamber adjacent to the illuminating chamber.

Abstract: A display having improved thermal management and a method for producing the display are disclosed. The display includes a pixel structure adjacent a front panel with thermo-mechanical elements extending between a back panel and the pixel structure to dissipate heat generated by the pixel structure.