Abstract: A display device includes a display panel including areas including pixels electrically connected to a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of data lines; a gate driver that supplies a gate signal to each of the plurality of gate lines; an average grayscale calculator that receives input image data, and calculating average grayscale values with respect to the areas; an area determiner that compares the average grayscale values with a low grayscale reference value to determine a low grayscale area among the areas, and output a charge boosting signal; a memory that stores gate clock signal information according to a grayscale; and a gate clock signal generator that supplies a gate clock signal corresponding to the areas to the gate driver by reflecting the charge boosting signal and the gate clock signal information according to the grayscale.

Abstract: A display device includes a substrate, pixels on the substrate, and a driving circuit unit connected to the pixels through data lines. The driving circuit unit includes a thermistor having a resistance value which changes according to a temperature of the substrate and a register group in which set values of a dimming ratio corresponding to the temperature are stored, the driving circuit unit controls the pixels to emit light with a first luminance based on the dimming ratio when the temperature based on the resistance value is less than a minimum temperature, the driving circuit unit controls the pixels to emit light with a second luminance based on the dimming ratio when the temperature is greater than the minimum temperature and less than a maximum temperature, and the driving circuit unit stops image display of the pixels when the temperature is greater than the maximum temperature.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to display devices, controllers, and display driving methods for compensating for a difference between respective charges of sub-pixels disposed in different locations in a high temperature condition, and preventing image quality caused by such a charge difference from being degraded.

Abstract: An organometallic compound represented by Formula 1: M(L1)n1(L2)n2(L3)n3??Formula 1 wherein M, L1, L2, L3, n1, n2, and n3 are the same as described in the specification.

Abstract: A DC-DC converter may include: a first converter for converting an input voltage to generate a first power supply voltage; a duty ratio controller configured generate a duty ratio control signal for controlling a duty ratio of a switching pulse of the first converter; a switching frequency controller configured to generate a switching frequency control signal for controlling a driving frequency of the first converter corresponding to a switching frequency of the switching pulse; and a current sensor configured to sense current flowing through the first converter. The first converter is driven at a switching frequency of a first frequency in a first mode, based on the switching frequency control signal, and generates the first power supply voltage of a first level, based on the duty ratio control signal. The switching frequency controller determines whether to turn off the current sensor.

Abstract: A pixel circuit and a display device are provided. The pixel circuit includes: a driving transistor; a switching transistor for transmitting a data voltage signal to a first electrode of the driving transistor; a storage capacitor having a first terminal coupled to a control electrode of the driving transistor, and a second terminal coupled to a reference voltage terminal; a threshold voltage extraction unit for coupling the control electrode of the driving transistor to a second electrode of the driving transistor through the scan signal; a light emission control unit for transmitting a second power voltage to the first electrode of the driving transistor; a light emitting device having a first electrode coupled to a second electrode of the driving transistor and a second electrode receiving a first power voltage; a compensation unit for transmitting a compensation voltage to a second electrode of the switching transistor.

Abstract: A voltage drop compensation system and method for a power supply inside a display panel, to solve technical problems of poor uniformity of screen brightness and high power consumption of the whole screen due to voltage drop of the power supply inside the display panel. The voltage drop compensation system includes a voltage detection circuit and a voltage compensation circuit, where the voltage detection circuit is configured to detect an ELVDD voltage of pixel units in each row; and the voltage compensation circuit is configured to compensate a data voltage of pixel units in each row based on a detected ELVDD voltage.

Abstract: A pixel circuit, a display panel, a display device, and a method of driving a display device are provided. The pixel circuit includes a driving sub-circuit, a first data writing sub-circuit, a second data writing sub-circuit, and a storage sub-circuit. The first data writing sub-circuit is configured to write a first data voltage to a first terminal of the storage sub-circuit in a case of being turned on under control of a first data scanning signal; the second data writing sub-circuit is configured to write a second data voltage to a second terminal of the storage sub-circuit in a case of being turned on under control of a second data scanning signal; and the driving sub-circuit is configured to drive a light emitting element to emit light under control of the voltage at the first terminal of the storage sub-circuit.

Abstract: One embodiment can provide a system for conditioning rechargeable battery cells. The system can include a cell-group conditioning module. The cell-group conditioning module can include a cell interface block that includes a cell contact module and a circuit module. The circuit module can be configured to supply power to cells and can be positioned adjacent to the cell contact module. The cell-group conditioning module can further include a cell platform configured to accommodate a number of cells and an actuation mechanism coupled to the cell interface block or the cell platform and configured to reduce a distance between the cell interface block and cell platform, thereby allowing the cell contact module to establish electrical contact with the cells.

Abstract: A driving method for a liquid crystal apparatus of the invention wherein at least a counter electrode of a plurality of pixel electrodes and the counter electrode is covered with an insulating film, the method including applying an alternating current voltage to a plurality of pixels, the alternating current voltage being set in a manner that first regions in which a center potential VC1 is offset to a high potential side and second regions in which a center potential VC2 is offset to a low potential side, with reference to a counter electrode potential Vcom applied to the counter electrode, are alternately arranged in a plane of a display region in which the plurality of pixels are arranged.

Abstract: A display device and a mobile terminal include a main display unit and an auxiliary display unit that are driven in a full display mode or an always-on mode. The display device includes a data driver configured to supply a data voltage to the data lines, a first gate driver connected to gate lines of the main display unit, and a second gate driver connected to gate lines of the auxiliary display unit. In the full display mode, at least a portion of the main display unit and the auxiliary display unit display image data. In the always-on mode, at least a portion of the auxiliary display unit displays image data.

Abstract: To provide a semiconductor device including a narrowed bezel obtained by designing a gate driver circuit. A gate driver of a display device includes a shift register unit, a demultiplexer circuit, and n signal lines. By connecting the n signal lines for transmitting clock signals to one stage of the shift register unit, (n?3) output signals can be output. The larger n becomes, the smaller the rate of signal lines for transmitting clock signals which do not contribute to output becomes; accordingly, the area of the shift register unit part is small compared to a conventional structure in which one stage of a shift register unit outputs one output signal. Therefore, the gate driver circuit can have a narrow bezel.

Abstract: A display apparatus including a display panel, a display driver, a controller and an external circuit is introduced. The display drive includes a power circuit that supplies a first voltage and a second voltage to the display panel to sense a plurality of sensing currents flowing through the display panel according to the first voltage and the second voltage in a first operating mode. The display driver receives the plurality of sensing currents and a target current from the display panel in the first operating mode. The controller is coupled to the display driver and configured to determine a plurality of offsets according to the plurality of sensing currents and the target current in the first operating mode. The external memory is coupled to the controller and the display driver to store the offsets in the first operating mode. The display driver and a method adapted to a display apparatus are also introduced.

Abstract: A resonator and resonator method are provided. The resonator includes an inductor, a capacitor, and a switch configured to maintain energy in at least one of the inductor and the capacitor for a select period of time and to enable variability of energy in the at least one of the inductor and the capacitor for another period of time, to set a resonating frequency of the inductor and the capacitor.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a GOA driving circuit including N number of cascaded GOA units, wherein N is a natural number not smaller than four. The GOA unit at the i-th level includes a first controllable transistor (T1), a second controllable transistor (T2), a third controllable transistor (T3), a first capacitor (C1), and a first pull-down maintain unit, wherein 1?i?a and “a” is a natural number smaller than or equal to N/2. The GOA unit at the j-th level includes a fourth controllable transistor (T4), a fifth controllable transistor (T5), a second capacitor (C2), and a second pull-down maintain unit 20, wherein a+1?j?N. The GOA driving circuit may reduce the line buffer so as to reduce the cost of the GOA driving circuit.

Abstract: A display device includes a display panel including a pixel block that includes pixels, a degradation sensor for measuring degradation information of the pixel block, and a degradation calculator for accumulating input data provided to each of the pixels and for calculating pixel degradation data of each of the pixels based on accumulated input data and the degradation information.

Abstract: An electronic device includes one or more unit pixels and threshold voltage (Vth) sensing circuitry. The threshold voltage sensing circuitry senses Vth of the one or more unit pixels, by: sampling a charge of a capacitor of the one or more unit pixels, transitioning from the sampling, and reading out the threshold voltage based upon a change in the charge of the capacitor, such that an operation of the one or more unit pixels may be modified based upon the threshold voltage.

Abstract: A display color management device includes instructions to access color profile data for each display device of a set of display devices. The color profile data is indicative of a relationship between digital color values input into a respective display device and associated physical color values displayed by the respective display device. The color profile data is representative of a color gamut of the respective display device. An overlap color gamut is determined as an overlap of all color gamuts of the set of display devices based on the color profile data. Conversion information for each display device of the set of display devices is determined based on the color profile data and based on the overlap color gamut, wherein the conversion information is configured to convert an input digital color value to dedicated output digital color values for two or more of the display devices.

Abstract: A driver circuit for an LED display for switching a light-emitting diode (LED) between a non-luminous state and a luminous state for producing light for a display, the driver circuit comprising an LED, a drive current controller (10) arranged to selectively open and close a drive current flow path (8) through the LED (2) thereby selectively to switch the LED between a non-luminous state and a luminous state, a charge injector unit (13) for inputting charge into the LED to store said charge within the LED via the junction capacitance (3) thereof, a control unit (12) arranged to control the charge injector unit to input said charge into the LED concurrently with the opening of the drive current flow path.

Abstract: The invention provides an AMOLED display device and driving method thereof. The AMOLED display device comprises: a driving circuit (10) and a display panel (20) connected to the driving circuit (10); the display panel (20) comprising a plurality of sub-pixels arranged in an array form, and the sub-pixels further comprising red sub-pixels (R), green sub-pixels (G), blue sub-pixels (B), and white sub-pixels (W); the driving circuit (10) inputting a Gamma control signal (Gamma_change), and outputting a red Gamma voltage curve (Red_Gamma), a green Gamma voltage curve (Green_Gamma), a blue Gamma voltage curve (Blue_Gamma), and a white Gamma voltage curve (White_Gamma); based on different Gamma control signal (Gamma_change), the driving circuit (10) drives the display panel (20) with different sub-pixel arrangements to reduce manufacturing cost, and improve competitiveness.

Abstract: A shift register unit, a driving method thereof, a gate driver circuit and a display device are provided. The shift register unit includes a first pull-up node control unit, a second pull-up node control unit configured to enable a pull-up node to be at a first level at a pull-down maintenance stage under the control of a first clock signal, a first pull-down node control unit configured to enable a pull-down node to be at a second level at the pull-down maintenance stage under the control of the first clock signal, a second pull-down node control unit, a gate driving signal output unit configured to output a gate driving signal under the control of the pull-up and pull-down nodes, and a carry signal output unit configured to enable a carry signal output end to output a carry signal under the control of the pull-up and pull-down nodes.

Abstract: Provided is an organic electroluminescent device (OLED) having a display area and a non-display area outside the display area that may include an OLED panel including a plurality of organic light-emitting diodes in a cell end line of the display area on an array substrate; and a touch panel on the OLED panel, the touch panel including a plurality of touch contact holes in the non-display area, wherein at least two of the plurality of touch contact holes that are immediately adjacent to the cell end line have substantially the same distance from the cell end line, and method for fabricating the same.

Abstract: A display assembly includes a display unit having a liquid crystal layer and an LED array configured to illuminate the liquid crystal layer. A driver circuit is operatively connected to the LED array and configured to control a luminance of the LED array. A control module is operatively connected to the display unit and includes a processor and tangible, non-transitory memory on which is recorded instructions for executing a method for controlling the LED array in the display unit. The control module is programmed to obtain a junction temperature (TJ) of the LED array, via the driver circuit. The junction temperature (TJ) is based at least partially on a first voltage (V1), a second voltage (V2) and a predetermined coefficient (Tcoefficient). The control module may be programmed to enter one of a plurality of stages based at least partially on the junction temperature (TJ).

Abstract: A display panel that includes a first light-shielding layer, a semiconductor layer, an insulating layer, and a gate line are successively on a substrate is provided. A contact hole passes through the insulating layer to expose the semiconductor layer. A metal layer is on the insulating layer and electrically connected to the semiconductor layer through the contact hole. The first light-shielding layer includes an overlapping region that overlaps with the metal layer and has a first width in a first direction. A minimum distance in the first direction between the edge of the metal layer adjacent to the gate line and the bottom of the contact hole is defined as a second width. The first direction is substantially perpendicular to an extending direction of the gate line, and a ratio of the first width to the second width is in a range between 0.2 and 0.8.

Abstract: A shift register group includes a plurality of series-coupled shift registers each being configured to provide an output signal. The third control signal of a first sift register of the plurality of shift registers is the output signal provided by the shift register N stages after the first shift register, and the fourth control signal of the first sift register is the voltage at the driving node of the shift register 2N stages after the first shift register, wherein N is a natural number. A driving method of the aforementioned shift register group is also provided.

Abstract: A shift register group includes a plurality of series-coupled shift registers each being configured to provide an output signal. The third control signal of a first sift register of the plurality of shift registers is the output signal provided by the shift register N stages after the first shift register, and the fourth control signal of the first sift register is the voltage at the driving node of the shift register 2N stages after the first shift register, wherein N is a natural number. A driving method of the aforementioned shift register group is also provided.

Abstract: A fluorescent material-containing sealing resin (20) production method of the present invention includes: a kneading step of kneading a powder mixture (24), which has been obtained by mixing a powder of silicone resins (21) and a powder of fluorescent materials (22) together, while melting the powder mixture (24) by heat, so that a kneaded mixture (25) is obtained; and an extruding step of extruding the kneaded mixture (25) in a form of a cord from an output port (37b) of a twin screw extruder (37).

Abstract: To provide a semiconductor device including a narrowed bezel obtained by designing a gate driver circuit. A gate driver of a display device includes a shift register unit, a demultiplexer circuit, and n signal lines. By connecting the n signal lines for transmitting clock signals to one stage of the shift register unit, (n?3) output signals can be output. The larger n becomes, the smaller the rate of signal lines for transmitting clock signals which do not contribute to output becomes; accordingly, the area of the shift register unit part is small compared to a conventional structure in which one stage of a shift register unit outputs one output signal. Therefore, the gate driver circuit can have a narrow bezel.

Abstract: A local priority-based scanning scheme that focuses scanning to areas of a display panel whose measured characteristics are under continuous change (e.g., aging or relaxation). The algorithm identifies areas or regions needing compensation, using a current measurement from a single pixel in an area as a candidate to determine whether the rest of the region needs further compensation. The algorithm thus detects newly changed areas quickly, focusing time-consuming measurements on those areas that need high attention. Optionally, neighboring pixels sharing the same state (e.g., aging or overcompensated) as the measured pixel can be adjusted automatically given the likelihood that the neighboring pixels will also require compensation if the measured pixel needs compensation.

Abstract: A dielectric material (14) for a capacitor comprising a first material and a second material, the first material being a polymer and the second material comprising particles. The particles are dispersed within the polymer, and are selected to have a relative permittivity higher than that of the polymer, characterized in that the diameter of the particles is in the nanometer range and the particles are geometrically controlled to a predetermined shape.

Abstract: A display device includes: a display panel for displaying frames during an elapse of time; and an emission driver for providing first and second emission power sources to the display panel, wherein: each of the frames comprises a first light emitting period, a light non-emitting period and a second light emitting period according to a time sequence, a difference value between the first and second emission power sources is substantially equal to or greater than a reference value during the first and second light emitting periods, and is less than the reference value during the light non-emitting period, and the difference value between the first and second emission power sources decreases over an elapse of time during the first light emitting period, and increases over an elapse of time during the second light emitting period.

Abstract: An organic light emitting device includes, a first organic light emitting diode unit, a second light emitting diode unit, and an optical component. The first organic light emitting diode unit is connected with the second organic light emitting diode unit, and an internal angle is formed between the two organic light emitting diode units. The first organic light emitting diode unit, the second organic light emitting diode unit, and the optical component are connected together to form a triangle structure. A first light emitting region of the first organic light emitting diode unit and a second light emitting region of the second organic light emitting diode unit are overlapped on the optical component and forming a third light emitting region. A uniform light can be obtained by adjusting the first organic light emitting diode unit and the second organic light emitting diode unit respectively.

Abstract: A light emitting device is provided which is capable of displaying in desired colors stably by controlling a change in luminance of OLED when an organic light emitting layer is degraded or there is a change in temperature of the surroundings. A reference value for the amount of current flowing into a pixel portion is calculated from data of a video signal. Then, the pixel portion displays an image in accordance with the data of the video signal and the drive current at the time is measured for all of OLEDs in the pixel portion. The two voltage values supplied from a variable power supply to the pixel portion are corrected such that the measured drive current approaches the reference value. With the above structure, lowering of luminance which accompanies degradation of an organic light emitting layer is prevented and a clear image can be displayed as a result.

Abstract: A shift register circuit includes plural stages of shift registers. Each stage of shift register includes a pull-up circuit, a first driving circuit and a voltage-stabilizing circuit. The pull-up circuit is used for charging a first node. The first driving circuit is electrically connected with the first node. According to a voltage level of the first node, a corresponding control signal is outputted from an output terminal of the first driving circuit. The voltage-stabilizing circuit is electrically connected with the output terminal of the first driving circuit for stabilizing the control signal from the first driving circuit. Some circuits of some other shift registers are controlled according to the control signal.

Abstract: A power supply system includes a control unit comprising a detecting and converting unit that is operable to generate a detected current based on a difference between a set voltage and a voltage representative of a current flow through an energy storage member.

Abstract: A latch circuit includes an input transistor, a retention capacitor connected between an electrode of the input transistor and a first latch control line, a first transistor having an electrode connected to the first latch control line and a gate connected to the electrode of the input transistor, a second transistor having a gate connected to another electrode of the first transistor and an electrode is connected to the second latch control line, a third transistor having a gate connected to the another electrode of the first transistor and an electrode connected to another electrode of the second transistor and another electrode connected to an output terminal.

Abstract: In a light emitting device, luminance irregularities caused by fluctuation in threshold of TFTs for supplying a current to EL elements among pixels hinder the light emitting device from improving the image quality. A voltage equal to the threshold of a TFT 110 is held in capacitor means 111 in advance. When a video signal is inputted from a source signal line, the voltage held in the capacitor means is added to the signal, which is then applied to a gate electrode of the TFT 110. Even when threshold is fluctuated among pixels, each threshold is held in the capacitor means 111 of each pixel, and therefore, influence of the threshold fluctuation can be removed. Since the threshold is stored in the capacitor means 111 alone and the voltage between two electrodes is not changed while a video signal is written, fluctuation in capacitance value has no influence.

Abstract: A gate of a driving transistor is set to a offset level corresponding to the threshold of the driving transistor by an initializing current flowing between a source and a drain of the driving transistor or a compensating transistor for the driving transistor. A conduction state of the driving transistor is set according to a gate voltage of the gate of the driving transistor that corresponds to a data signal and the threshold of the driving transistor. A current of which a level corresponds to the conduction state and of which the direction is opposite to the direction of the initializing current flows through driving transistor.

Abstract: An LED driver IC for driving external strings of LEDs comprises a prefix register and a data register connected in series with each other and with the prefix and data registers in other driver ICs. The prefix and data registers of the driver ICs are connected in a daisy chain arrangement with an interface IC. The interface IC loads data identifying a functional latch into the prefix register and data defining a functional condition into the data register of each driver IC. The data in the data register is then transferred to the functional latch to control the functional condition within the LED driver IC.

Abstract: Method, apparatus and systems for driving electroluminescent segments in electroluminescent displays are disclosed. Each segment in the display receives a series of first pulses alternating in polarity at a first electrode and a series of second pulses at a second electrode. Each of the second pulses corresponds to one of the first pulses and is opposite in polarity. The width of the second pulses corresponds to the parasitic resistance of the segment.

Abstract: A driver circuit for a light-emitting device includes a light-emitting device, a data receiving unit, a storage unit, a driver unit and a voltage divider. The data receiving unit receives a data signal, the storage unit stores a capacitor voltage, and a positive correlation exists between the capacitor voltage and the data signal. The driver unit is coupled to the light-emitting device, and the driver unit is turned on to drive the light-emitting device according to the capacitor voltage and to generate a threshold voltage of the driver unit. The voltage divider is coupled between the data receiving circuit and the light-emitting device and turned on by the capacitor voltage to generate a divided voltage. The voltage divider detects a voltage variation in the threshold voltage and in a voltage across the light-emitting device and adjusts the divided voltage according to the voltage variation.

Abstract: An LED driver IC for driving external strings of LEDs comprises a prefix register and a data register connected in series with each other and with the prefix and data registers in other driver ICs. The prefix and data registers of the driver ICs are connected in a daisy chain arrangement with an interface IC. The interface IC loads data identifying a functional latch into the prefix register and data defining a functional condition into the data register of each driver IC. The data in the data register is then transferred to the functional latch to control the functional condition within the LED driver IC.

Abstract: An LED driver IC for driving external strings of LEDs comprises a prefix register and a data register connected in series with each other and with the prefix and data registers in other driver ICs. The prefix and data registers of the driver ICs are connected in a daisy chain arrangement with an interface IC. The interface IC loads data identifying a functional latch into the prefix register and data defining a functional condition into the data register of each driver IC. The data in the data register is then transferred to the functional latch to control the functional condition within the LED driver IC.

Abstract: An illumination device includes an organic EL panel having a light emission layer provided between a first electrode and a second electrode, a power source, a power switcher, a control circuit, and a plurality of power supply portions connected to the first electrode. The control circuit controls the power switcher in such a way that, when a first power supply portion of the plurality of power supply portions is connected to the power source, a second power supply portion is not connected to the power source. The power supply portions that supply power to the first electrode are switched sequentially at a high speed. Therefore, a user will feel as if the illumination device emits light without any unevenness of brightness two-dimensionally.

Abstract: A light emitting device and an element substrate which are capable of suppressing variations in the luminance intensity of a light emitting element among pixels due to characteristic variations of a driving transistor without suppressing off-current of a switching transistor low and increasing storage capacity of a capacitor. According to the invention, a depletion mode transistor is used as a driving transistor. The gate of the driving transistor is fixed in its potential or connected to the source or drain thereof to operate in a saturation region with a constant current flow. A current controlling transistor which operates in a linear region is connected in series to the driving transistor, and a video signal for transmitting a light emission or non-emission of a pixel is inputted to the gate of the current controlling transistor through a switching transistor.

Abstract: An OLED driving circuit is provided. The OLED driving circuit comprises a switch transistor, a storage capacitor, a driving transistor and a control module. In a charging time period, a charging switch of the control module is conducted to connect the storage capacitor and a first voltage end and a data signal is transmitted from the switch transistor to the storage capacitor. In a memory time period, a memory switch of the control module is conducted to connect the storage capacitor and an OLED and the data signal is transmitted from the switch transistor to the storage capacitor. In a light-emitting time period, three light-emitting switches are conducted to connect the driving transistor to the storage capacitor, the first voltage end and the OLED.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display with improved long range uniformity is disclosed. The OLED display includes an OLED, a first transistor for transmitting a data signal of a voltage level in response to a current scan signal, a second transistor for generating a driving current of the OLED according to the data signal of the voltage level transmitted by the first transistor, a first capacitor for storing the data signal of the voltage level transmitted to the second transistor, and a second capacitor for shielding parasitic capacitor between a gate electrode of the second transistor and a cathode of the OLED.

Abstract: A light emitting device is provided which is capable of displaying in desired colors stably by controlling a change in luminance of OLED when an organic light emitting layer is degraded or there is a change in temperature of the surroundings. A reference value for the amount of current flowing into a pixel portion is calculated from data of a video signal. Then, the pixel portion displays an image in accordance with the data of the video signal and the drive current at the time is measured for all of OLEDs in the pixel portion. The two voltage values supplied from a variable power supply to the pixel portion are corrected such that the measured drive current approaches the reference value. With the above structure, lowering of luminance which accompanies degradation of an organic light emitting layer is prevented and a clear image can be displayed as a result.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display device operates for an initializing period, a scan period and an emission period divided from one frame period. The organic light emitting display device includes: a data driver for supplying data signals to output lines; a connecting unit for selectively coupling a data line of data lines to a corresponding one of the output lines or an initial power supply, and being positioned between the output lines and the data lines; a second power driver for applying second power having a low level and a high level to pixels positioned at crossing regions of scan lines and the data lines; and a first control line commonly coupled to the pixels, in which each of the pixels includes an organic light emitting diode, and an anode electrode of the organic light emitting diode is supplied with a voltage of the initial power supply for the initializing period.

Abstract: A scan driver includes a plurality of stages. Each of the plurality of stages includes an odd-numbered scan unit, an even-numbered scan unit, and a signal shift unit. The scan driver can selectively perform progressive scan and interlaced scan by varying logic levels of mode signals and clock signals applied to the stages.