Abstract: An image forming apparatus, includes an image forming unit, a driver having a driving unit as a driving source of the image forming unit, a detector which detects driving information of the driving unit, and a controller which controls the driver to operate with a delay time corresponding to a difference between the detected driving information and a reference value.

Abstract: An electronically commutated asynchronous motor (12) features a stator (202), a short-circuit rotor (204), a controller (FOR 20) for field-oriented regulation of the motor (12), a sensor magnet (274) in thermally conductive connection with the short-circuit rotor (204), a rotor position sensor (14A; 18; 18?) arranged at a predetermined distance (d) from the sensor magnet (274) to generate an output signal (HALL, U, U1, U2) that is dependent upon the spatial orientation of the sensor magnet (274), and a temperature evaluation apparatus (CALC_T 44) configured to ascertain, during operation, from the sensor output signal (HALL, U, U1, U2), a temperature value (T) that characterizes a temperature (T_SM, T_S) in the motor (12).

Abstract: An electric drivetrain for a mobile machine is disclosed. The electric drivetrain has at least one power consuming device, a sensor associated with the at least one power consuming device, and a controller in communication with the power consuming device and the sensor. The sensor is configured to generate a signal indicative of a temperature of the power consuming device. The controller is configured to limit a power consumption level of the at least one power consuming device to an amount corresponding to a value of the signal.

Abstract: A method for non-intrusive determination of an internal temperature of a given area of an electrical machine stator, comprises obtaining a temperature gradient between an internal wall of the stator and an external wall of the stator, obtaining temperature measurements at locations on the external wall of the stator, and using the temperature gradient and the external temperature measurements to extrapolate corresponding internal temperatures of the stator.

Abstract: A motorcycle has a transmission including a transmission mechanism and an electronic control unit (ECU). The transmission mechanism includes a crankshaft as an input shaft, a driven shaft as an output shaft and an electric motor. The electric motor changes continuously the transmission ratio between the crankshaft and the driven shaft. The ECU estimates the heat value of the motor from a rate of change in the transmission ratio. When the estimate heat value reaches or exceeds a specified value the electric motor is restricted or stopped.

Abstract: An alignment changing control device that includes: a motor drive section which adjusts electrical power supplied to a motor of the electric actuator according to an operation command and, when receiving an operation inhibiting signal, limits or stops supplying the electrical power to the motor; a motor temperature estimating section for calculating an estimated temperature of the motor from at least a current supplied to the motor, an outside air temperature and a vehicle speed, based on heat balance relationship; and a comparators which transmits the operation inhibiting signal to the motor drive section when the estimated temperature of the motor calculated by the motor temperature estimating section is higher than a predetermined temperature, which is equal to or lower than an operation allowable temperature of the motor.

Abstract: A compressor control device includes a driving circuit, for controllably supplying a coil of an electric motor of a compressor. A temperature sensor is thermally coupled to the driving circuit and provides a temperature sensing signal correlated to a temperature in the driving circuit. A control stage, coupled to the driving circuit and to the temperature sensor, selectively prevents the driving circuit from supplying the coil, in response to a minimum temperature increment being detected by the temperature sensor within a pre-determined control time window.

Abstract: An automatic anti-trap device is provided to add safety to other apparatuses. The automatic anti-trap device of this invention has a driving circuit to control a motor, a current sensor to generate a current signal, a current ripple peak value circuit to generate a current ripple peak value signal according to the current signal, and a micro processor to generate a working signal for the driving circuit to control the motor according to a keystroke signal, the current signal and the current ripple peak value signal.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electric motor comprising a temperature monitoring device which is provided with at least two temperature sensors that have different temperature characteristics and are connected to terminal clamps by means of electrical wires, whereby it is possible in an advantageous manner to connect regulating devices having different temperature sensor input characteristics to the electric motor.

Abstract: A power supply to provide operation power for cooling fans includes a non-stop power system to provide DC power in normal conditions to a remote switch control circuit to set a computer in an ON or OFF condition. The non-stop power system also outputs the DC power to a fan actuation control circuit to drive a rear end cooling fan. The fan actuation control circuit and the remote switch control circuit are bridged by a cooling delay unit. The cooling delay unit receives a computer ON/OFF signal from the remote switch control circuit and outputs another signal to enable the cooling fan to operate for a period of time before stopping.

Abstract: Thermistor monitoring arrangement of an alternating-current electric motor controlled by a power transformer, such as a frequency converter, for at least one thermistor monitoring the temperature of the motor, in which is a power transformer (200), in which is a power stage (203) and a control unit (204), controlling an alternating-current electric motor (201) provided with a thermistor (202), and into which power transformer, such as a frequency converter, an input circuit connected to a thermistor located in the motor is integrated, to which input circuit a safety circuit (a so-called Safe Stop circuit) that prevents unexpected starting or ensures safe stopping of the frequency converter is connected.

Abstract: A synchronous motor control device having an optimal protection function in accordance with an operational state of a motor is provided.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for controlling drive of a motor mounted on a vehicle and formed to have a rotor and a stator equipped with a plurality of phases of coils to be supplied by current in turn, phase by phase, to rotate the rotor. The apparatus comprises a voltage detector, temperature detector, setting block, and current-supply block. Of these, the voltage detector detects a voltage of power to be applied to the motor, while the temperature detector detects a temperature of the motor. The setting block uses the detected temperature and the detected voltage of the power to set a target torque at which the motor should generate a torque. The current-supply block supplies current to the motor so that the motor generates the torque on the target torque set by the setting block.

Abstract: A controlling device includes a range switch mechanism, range switch operating means, operation frequency monitoring means, and heat generation limit controlling means. The range switch mechanism is adapted to change a shift range using a motor. Through the range switch operating means, an occupant inputs a required shift range. The motor is controlled in accordance with the required shift range such that the shift range is changed into the required shift range. The operation frequency monitoring means monitors an operation frequency of the range switch operating means. The heat generation limit controlling means switches a control of the motor to a heat generation limit control when the operation frequency of the range switch operating means exceeds a predetermined frequency.

Abstract: An apparatus for the thermal regulation of an AC drive for providing power to a motor includes a temperature sensor producing a signal indicative of temperature, a heater resistor connectable across a DC link of the AC drive, and a first switch. A controller is operable to monitor the temperature signal and control the first switch to provide power via the DC link to the heater resistor if the sensed temperature is below a predetermined setpoint.

Abstract: A protection system for an electrical device may include at least one temperature sensitive element located in a region adjacent to a component of the electrical device and configured to provide an output related to an actual temperature in the region. The system may also include a controller configured to determine the actual temperature in the region based on the output of the at least one temperature sensitive element and to determine a predicted temperature of the component based on the actual temperature in the region and on a predetermined heat dissipation characteristic of the electrical device.

Abstract: A method of controlling a motor speed for a fan assembly includes receiving a duty cycle value at a microcontroller. The microcontroller receives a measured fan speed from a speed sensor. An expected fan speed is determined, where the expected fan speed corresponds to the duty cycle value. The measured fan speed is compared with the expected fan speed. A duty cycle of a motor driving signal is reduced if the measured fan speed is less than a predetermined fraction of the expected fan speed.

Abstract: In a servo control apparatus constituted by a converter unit 3 for rectifying an AC power supply voltage to produce a DC power supply voltage, and a plurality of inverter units 5 for producing drive power supply voltages of motors from the DC power supply voltage, the servo control apparatus is provided with a power supply breaker 2 which is connected to the side of the AC power supply of the converter unit 3; and a ground fault detecting circuit 16 built in the converter unit 3. When a ground fault happens to occur, the servo control apparatus stops the operations of all of the inverter units 5 so as to cut off the breaker 2.

Abstract: Fan module and control device thereof. The fan module comprises a plurality of fans and the control device. The control device comprises a temperature sensing circuit, and a driving circuit. The temperature sensing circuit detects an ambient temperature of the fans and generates a sensing signal accordingly. The driving circuit is coupled between the fans and temperature sensing circuit, and comprises a fully powered operating mode and a power-saving operating mode, wherein the driving circuit selects different operating modes in accordance with the sensing signal, and generates a fan driving signal controlling the speed of the fans.

Abstract: A control circuit for a cooling fan is provided that adjusts input power and drive a cooling fan. The control circuit comprises a temperature detector for detecting temperature; a power controller for controlling driving power to the cooling fan based on the input power and supplying the driving power; a proportional electric power block supplying control power proportional to temperature variation of the detected; and a fixed electric power block supplying control power at a fixed level when the detected temperature is lower than a predetermined level. The control circuit for a cooling fan is configured to detect temperature variation and to operate with less noise by controlling rotational velocity of the cooling fan in proportion to variation in temperature variation to reduce noise generated when operating the cooling fan.

Abstract: A self-startup circuit for a DC fan includes a voltage sampling device receiving a first control signal, a comparator, and a self-startup device. The comparator includes two input terminals and an output terminal. One input terminal is connected to an output terminal of the voltage sampling device. The self-startup device has a switching device and a diode connected in parallel. The self-startup device has an input terminal connected to the output terminal of the comparator, and outputs a second control signal for keeping the DC fan rotating even when the first control signal has a very low duty cycle.

Abstract: A fan controlling device for a frequency converter, which is applied to a high-power frequency transforming system that installs fans according to the heat dissipating requirements and their switching operation, failure detection and control, and the fan controlling device includes a frequency transformer and a plurality of direct current fans connected to the frequency transforming system, and each fan is installed at a desired position for dissipating heat in a casing of the frequency transformer by locking, sliding tracks, drawing or latching and each fan is connected to a fan controlling device, and a sensor of the fan controlling device detects the temperature of each set temperature point for switching the fans, controlling the operating number and speed of the fans, so as to improve the quantity, position, operability of installed fans as well as reducing the power consumption when the fans are at an idle state.

Abstract: A fan operation adaptive control system is proposed, which is designed for use with an electronic system, such as a network server, for providing the network server with an adaptive operation control function; and which is characterized by the utilization of a CPLD (Complex PLD, where PLD=Programmable Logic Device) module for implementing the adaptive operation control function for various different types of fan units, including PWM-driven type (which includes 100 Hz–500 Hz, 10 KHz–50 KHz, and 1 MHz–5 MHz subtypes) and DC-driven type, such that the network server can be equipped with just one type of temperature sensor which can be used in conjunction with these various different types of fan units. This feature allows the maintenance of heat-dissipating fan units on network servers to be more convenient and cost-effective to implement than the prior art.

Abstract: A monitoring device for an electrical machining tool, in particular for temperature monitoring with an accumulator-driven machine, includes a switch element (12) for separating an electrical consumer (14) from a current supply device (10). For detection of a first operating parameter (TMOTOR) of the consumer (14) and/or the current supply device (10), a first sensor (16) is provided, whereby the first sensor (16) is connected with a display unit and/or with the control input of the switch element, in order to control the switching process as a function of the first operating parameter (TMOTOR). Furthermore, the present invention relates to an electrical machining tool as well as a current supply device with the inventive monitoring device and a corresponding method of operation.

Abstract: An electric power assist steering control system having an electric motor actuator and a motor driver circuit for generating and applying a motor current to the electric motor actuator. A current sensor is included for measuring the motor current from the motor driver circuit and generating a feedback signal. A torque sensor is included for sensing an applied steering torque and providing a torque command signal having a value indicative of the applied steering torque. A controller calculates a temperature of the electric temperature of the electric motor actuator by evaluating the motor current applied to the electric motor actuator. In the case that the calculated temperature of the electric motor actuator surpasses a predetermined temperature, the electric power assist steering control system reduces the amount of motor current applied to the electric motor actuator thereby reducing the temperature of the electric motor actuator.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling a fan is disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for controlling a fan includes applying power to the fan at startup. The fan may be supplied a predetermined amount of current, which may break the inertia of the fan propeller and begin its rotation. As the propeller begins rotating, the speed at which it rotates may be monitored. The fan startup routine may continue until the fan reaches or exceeds a minimum fan speed threshold. Once the fan has at least reached the minimum speed, the amount of current supplied to the fan may be reduced such that the fan rotates at minimum speed, and an automatic fan control algorithm may begin executing. By reducing the current such that the fan operates at a minimum speed, the amount of audible noise generated by the fan during startup may be kept to a minimum level.

Abstract: A motor control system for a brushless and sensorless DC motor for driving a compressor, pump or other application, includes a protection and fault detection circuit for detecting a locked rotor and a rotor which has stopped because of lost rotor phase lock. The motor control system also includes an off-the-shelf motor control integrated circuit having an input for disabling power outputs to the motor phase coils. The protection and fault detection circuit uses a back EMF sampling circuit coupled to the motor phase coils and momentarily disables power to the motor phase coils, via the motor control integrated circuit input, to determine if the motor rotor is rotating. The system also monitors supply voltage, supply current, temperature, and motor speed limits to detect faults and protect system components.

Abstract: A temperature sensor (33) detects the temperature of a MOS transistor (7), and a current detecting circuit (35) detects current flowing in the MOS transistor (7). When the voltage corresponding to the detected temperature or the voltage corresponding to the detected current is increased to a threshold value or more, an overheat state detecting signal and further switching signal is set to a high level. As a result, a switch circuit in a driving circuit (17) is turned on, and the gate resistance value becomes the parallel value of a resistor (25), and the PWM frequency in the PWM control circuit is lowered, whereby the switching loss of the MOS transistor (7) can be reduced under the state that the motor (2) is rotated.

Abstract: A fan motor speed control circuit includes a driving circuit, a voltage division circuit, and a speed modulator. The voltage division circuit has a first transistor and a plurality of resistors and is connected between a voltage source and the driving circuit. The speed modulator has a second transistor and a plurality of parallel resistors and is connected between the voltage division circuit and the driving circuit. The current of the fan motor speed control circuit flows through a first path under a first input voltage generated from the voltage source and through a second path under a second input voltage larger than the first one; the parallel resistors are in the second path such that the current value passing through the driving circuit varies according to the resulting resistance value of the parallel resistors.

Abstract: A control circuitry, electrically connected to a DC motor and a variable voltage source for modulating a rotational speed of the DC motor. The control circuitry includes a voltage reference component and a switching circuit. The voltage reference component is electrically connected with the variable voltage source and provides a predetermined reference voltage. The switching circuit is electrically connected with the DC motor and the voltage reference component. The switching circuit is “OFF” when a voltage given by the variable voltage source is lower than the predetermined reference voltage so that the DC motor operates with a first operation mode, and the switching circuit is “ON” when the voltage given by the variable voltage source is higher than the predetermined reference voltage so that the DC motor operates with a second operation mode.

Abstract: Temperature of the disk drive is measured using components of the disk drive without the need of including a separate temperature sensor to optimize performance of the spindle motor during startup. To measure temperature, the resistance of the VCM winding is measured and used to estimate the spindle bearing temperature. Back emf is measured from VCM windings and used during startup to accurately determine actuator position. Because the VCM coil resistance varies significantly with temperature, coil resistance variations with temperature are determined to enable compensation for inaccuracies in determination of actuator velocity. This inferred temperature is then used to optimize the start up procedure for the spindle motor to accommodate the increased frictional loading of the spindle bearing. In this way an improved performance in the reliability and spin up operation time can be realized without the addition of a separate temperature measurement hardware element.

Abstract: A system for monitoring the temperature prevailing in the stator unit of an electric drive includes a temperature sensor that is integrated into the windings of the stator unit and that transmits a temperature-dependent sensor signal. The sensor signal may be injected via an electrical transmitter unit into the signal processing unit of a position measuring device connected to the drive.

Abstract: An electric motor control unit mounted in an automotive vehicle having a motor that is variable in its rotational speed. A temperature sensing element is arranged to contact a busbar so that relays permit switching operation in response to detection of abnormal heat generation. This controls an electrical power supply to the motor to decrease the rotational speed of the motor without complete stopping of the motor. The rotational speed of the motor returns to a normal speed from the decreased speed by switching operation of the relays with diminishing of the abnormal heat generation.

Abstract: An operating procedure for the motor (1) of an electric powered tool. The operating idle speed of the motor (1) is set to a value using regulator electronics (4), and the operating speed is the same as a chosen operating speed (n1). The motor (1) runs on a pre-determined and higher idle speed (n2) for cooling purposes after a specific idle time (?T). while the motor (1) runs on the pre-determined operating idle speed (n1). The engine speed is immediately set to the operating speed (n1) once again, when the motor requires a moment of strain at a certain period of time (T3) to maintain simple and comfortable operating procedures.

Abstract: There is provided a brushless DC fan motor which can eliminate an oscillator for PWM, control the motor speed at a low cost with high accuracy, and efficiently adjust the temperature in a housing for electronic appliances when radiating the heat in the housing. The brushless DC fan motor with the rotational speed thereof controlled by controlling the voltage of a control input terminal of a drive circuit comprises a differential amplifier in which the voltage signal for controlling the speed is inputted in a first input terminal and the reference voltage signal is inputted in a second input terminal. The differential amplifier is linear in the input-output characteristic, and can set the rise characteristic of a desired gradient, and control the motor speed with high accuracy without using the PWM signal for the input signal. The voltage signal from the output terminal of the differential amplifier is given to the control input terminal of the drive circuit.

Abstract: An integrated solenoid system including a single housing containing a solenoid, a controller and one or more electrical connections. The controller includes temperature compensating means and/or voltage compensating means thereby providing predetermined, substantially constant currents to said solenoid. The housing includes an integral two-part end cover.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling an electric motor using real time predictions of motor capability based on thermal modeling and measurements is provided. The invention includes controllers for receiving and processing system input signals, strategies for: determining a maximum energy amount that can be put into the motor before the motor reaches a maximum allowable temperature; determining a motor power assist value that the motor can provide in a predetermined period of time before the motor reaches the maximum allowable temperature; determining a battery power assist value; determining a maximum power assist value that is the minimum of the motor power assist value and the battery power assist value; and comparing the maximum power assist value to a driver demand signal. Strategy outputs can be sent to a vehicle system controller and/or a power assist gauge.

Abstract: A security gate operating system, is disclosed which comprises an electrically powered motor; a thermally controlled circuit breaker set to remove power to the motor when the motor reaches a preselected threshold temperature; a cooling fan associated with the motor and selectively powered to provide auxiliary cooling to the motor to prevent the motor from overheating; and a cooling fan motor controller, adapted to selectively supply power to the cooling fan when the motor is approaching the threshold temperature. The apparatus can further comprise the cooling fan controller being a thermo-static switch set to close at a preselected temperature below the threshold temperature, or a programmed microprocessor/microcontroller programmed to provide power to the cooling fan at a preselected temperature below the threshold temperature or when the temperature of the motor is about to reach the preselected temperature.

Abstract: A thermal protection apparatus for an AC traction motor including a stator, a rotor, a blower fan and an inverter includes a method and apparatus for predicting the motor temperature assuming that the blower is operational. The method and apparatus also determines an estimated motor temperature by measuring the motor resistance or the rotor slip. The estimated motor temperatures compared to the predicted motor temperature to determine the condition of the motor cooling system.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a rotational speed of a motor, coupled to a sensing unit capable of outputting a sensing signal. The apparatus includes a controlling unit, coupled to the sensing unit, for outputting a controlling signal according to the sensing signal and independently of the rotational speed of the motor. The controlling signal is a square wave and has a duty ratio that is determined by the sensing signal. The apparatus also includes a driving unit, coupled to the controlling unit, for outputting a driving signal to a motor rotor according to the duty ratio of the controlling signal. The driving signal also is a square wave. The rotational speed of the motor rotor is determined by the duty ratio of the driving signal.

Abstract: A method for controlling heat dissipation of an electronic device, such as a central processing unit, by controlling rotational speed of a fan and supplying a clock signal with slower clock frequency to the electronic device is disclosed. The fan rotates at a speed in proportion to the temperature of the electronic device when the temperature of the electronic device is below a maximum reference temperature. The fan rotates at a maximum rotational speed when the temperature of the electronic device is beyond the maximum reference temperature. The fan rotates at a maximum rotational speed and a clock signal with slower clock frequency is supplied to the electronic device when the temperature of the electronic device is beyond both the maximum reference temperature and a slowing-clock starting reference temperature, until the temperature of the electronic device drops below a slowing-clock ending reference temperature.

Abstract: A control system for preventing a sudden change in the passengers' feeling for the acceleration. After determining whether the assistance using the motor is permitted with respect to each of different control modes, an amount of assistance for each mode is calculated. If the output assistance is permitted in any mode, the maximum amount of assistance is selected, and a previous value of the maximum amount of assistance is compared with the current value of the maximum amount of assistance. A shift value is obtained by subtracting a predetermined assistance value from the previous value when the current value is less than the previous value, and the amount of assistance is set to the shift value until the shift value becomes equal to or less than the current value, so as to gradually shift the amount of assistance from the previous value to the current value.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling a fan is disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for controlling a fan includes applying power to the fan at startup. The fan may be supplied a predetermined amount of current, which may break the inertia of the fan propeller and begin its rotation. As the propeller begins rotating, the speed at which it rotates may be monitored. The fan startup routine may continue until the fan reaches or exceeds a minimum fan speed threshold. Once the fan has at least reached the minimum speed, the amount of current supplied to the fan may be reduced such that the fan rotates at minimum speed, and an automatic fan control algorithm may begin executing. By reducing the current such that the fan operates at a minimum speed, the amount of audible noise generated by the fan during startup may be kept to a minimum level.

Abstract: The invention relates to a motor control circuit for a computer system fan motor, comprising a temperature sensor, a sensor amplifier, a fan command for applying a voltage to the fan motor according to the output of the sensor amplifier, and feedback control means. The circuit of claim also comprises means for stopping the supply of voltage across the fan motor terminals, irrespective of the output of the temperature measuring means. The sensor amplifier allows easy setting of the parameters of the voltage according to the temperature measured by the temperature sensor.

Abstract: A protective device includes a signal input intended for connection to a sensor, a signal output intended for connection to an evaluation unit, and an isolation element for galvanically separating the signal input from the signal output. The provision of the protective device prevents a transmission of overvoltages from the sensor to the evaluating unit.

Abstract: In the actuator device, there are provided the control means to control the rotation of the rotor axis via the driving means in the housing, the rotor axis rotation displacement detection means for detecting the rotation displacement of the rotor axis in the housing, the rotor axis supported rotation-free, the permanent magnet integrated concentrically with said rotor axis, the magnetic field generation means to generate the magnetic field that makes the permanent magnet generate the rotating power, and a temperature sensor for detecting the temperature of the permanent magnet.

Abstract: A circuit disconnecting member that blows on receiving radiant heat generated by heat generation of a motor circuit is connected to a motor circuit, the blowing temperature being a temperature lower than a thermal breakdown temperature of a combustible substance around the motor circuit, whereby the motor circuit is shut off, when the peripheral part of the motor circuit generates heat, to stop heat generation before an insulation cover or a contact case is subjected to thermal connection breakage. An engine starting device is prevented from being subjected to a thermal breakdown by a small-size, simple construction and an inexpensive technique without impairing the mounting layout properties of the starting motor and the performance within the rated use.

Abstract: A fan motor with variable frequency/constant speed control comprises a frequency comparator, a differential integrating circuit, and a differential amplifier. The frequency comparator calculates a frequency difference between a frequency of an external pulse signal input and a frequency of a speed signal detected from the fan. The differential integrating circuit converts the frequency difference into a voltage signal which is inputted to a negative terminal of the differential amplifier. A predetermined voltage is connected to a positive terminal of the differential amplifier. A voltage value at the negative terminal of the differential amplifier is compared with a voltage value at the positive terminal of the differential amplifier to thereby change a voltage outputted to an input end of the fan.

Abstract: A computer system or other electronic system includes a plurality of cooling fans configured to operate in parallel. The cooling fans are operated in a manner to decrease the operating time of a fan. The cooling fans can alternate in operation. Thus, operating time is more equally divided between the two cooling fans and the hours of operation and number of rotations of the fans is more nearly equal. In an embodiment to reduce noise, two fans run at a lower speed instead of one fan at a higher speed. In an embodiment, a fan operates with a reduced speed which maintains a desired operating temperature. In an embodiment a thermal table is stored in BIOS (basic/input output system).

Abstract: A start-up switch 50 for an electric motor 1 comprises a resistive element (54) which is so constituted as to be connectable to an electric current path (15) and which has such a characteristic that its resistance value increases by the heat generated by electric current that flows through the electric current path (15) and a thermostatic switch (60) which is connected in series with the resistive element (54). The thermostatic switch (60) has an actuation member (60) which is responsive to temperature so that upon reaching a preselected temperature, said member moves from a closed current path position to an open current path position. The thermostatic switch (60) is positioned to be in direct heat transfer relationship with the resistive element (54) so that the member will (66) rise in temperature as the resistive element (54) rises in temperature.