Abstract: A system includes a testing device, a current clamp, and circuitry for converting an electrical current. The testing device is configured to measure a characteristic relating to electrical equipment and to transmit data representing the measured characteristic to a remote computing device. The electrical equipment includes an electrical conductor carrying an electric current. The current clamp forms a current transformer. The current clamp is configured to be clamped around the electrical conductor and the current transformer is configured to induce an electric current from the electrical conductor. The circuitry is configured to convert the induced electric current to a direct current that is usable to power the testing device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a communication device using power line communication provided in a first system coupled to a second system via a power cable comprising a pilot line having a first impedance, which encounters at least second and third impedances and through which a first analog signal passes in a first frequency band. The device is arranged so as to: i) generate, from a local digital signal, a second analog power line communication signal having frequencies included in a second frequency band that has minimal overlap with the first frequency band; ii) supply the second analog signal to the pilot line via a capacitive means and iii) extract, from the analog signals passing through the pilot line, each second analog signal in order to convert the latter into a digital signal to be processed by the system.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wireless power receiver for transferring power received from a wireless power transmitter to a load. The wireless power receiver includes a reception coil to receive AC power from the wireless power transmitter; a rectifying unit to rectify the received AC power into DC power; and a charging management unit to control DC power applied to the load by comparing the DC power with a threshold value.

Abstract: An energy storage device is provided. The energy storage device includes at least an energy-type electrode pair, including a first positive electrode; a first negative electrode disposed opposite to the first positive electrode; and a first electrolyte disposed between the first positive electrode and the first negative electrode; at least a power-type electrode pair, including a second positive electrode; a second negative electrode disposed opposite to the second positive electrode; and a second electrolyte disposed between the second positive electrode and the second negative electrode; and a housing receiving the energy-type electrode pair and the power-type electrode pair.

Abstract: A power supply apparatus includes a first power supply unit used for a first power supply method, a second power supply unit used for a second power supply method different from the first power supply method, a first communication unit used for a first control method for controlling power supplying, a second communication unit used for a second control method different from the first control method, and a control unit that sets the power supply apparatus in any one of a first, second, and third mode based on authentication with an electronic apparatus. The control unit operates so that the power supply apparatus performs power supply to the electronic apparatus based on a set mode.

Abstract: A charging method and a charger are provided that relate to the field of electronics, and can adjust a charging current of the charger in real time and avoid a short circuit of the charger. The method in the present invention includes setting a multi-level charging current; when a terminal is charged at a present charging current, acquiring a real-time charging voltage corresponding to the present charging current; determining whether a difference between the real-time charging voltage corresponding to the present charging current and an ideal charging voltage exceeds a voltage drop threshold; when the difference does not exceed the voltage drop threshold, boosting a charging current to a next-level charging current; and when the difference exceeds the voltage drop threshold, reducing the charging current to a previous-level charging current, so as to select an appropriate charging current to charge the terminal.

Abstract: In a power supply device the bridge circuit is configured such that a plurality of series circuits of two inverse parallel connection circuits of a semiconductor switch and a diode are connected in parallel. The power supply device includes a control unit configured to control the semiconductor switch such that a voltage between AC terminals of the bridge circuit becomes a zero voltage only during a prescribed time period before and after two zero crossing points in one cycle of the input current and such that the voltage becomes a positive-negative voltage in which the output voltage is a peak current value during other time periods. Consequently, a power factor of the power receiving circuit is improved and a loss of an entire device is inhibited, and a size and a cost of the entire device may be reduced.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments are related to detecting a reverse-boosting operation of a battery charger. A device may include a plurality of switches for receiving an input voltage at an input port and conveying an output voltage. The device may also include a first sensing device coupled to the input port configured to detect if an input current is less than a threshold current. Further, the device may include a second sensing device selectively coupled to the input port to detect if the input voltage is less than a threshold voltage.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for transmitting charging power wirelessly are provided. One implementation includes an apparatus for transmitting charging power wirelessly to a vehicle. The apparatus comprises a transmit circuit configured to transfer wireless charging power to the vehicle via a wireless field. The apparatus comprises a controller configured to detect transmission of a wireless vehicle signal having a transmission period and indicative of operation of a vehicle communication system. The controller is configured to cause the transmit circuit to reduce a level of charging power within a first portion of the transmission period. A second, remaining portion of the transmission period is of sufficient duration for allowing identification of the wireless vehicle signal by a receiver of the wireless vehicle signal. The wireless vehicle signal comprises a plurality of pulses. At least one pulse is transmitted within the first portion.

Abstract: Portable electronic devices such as portable telephones, portable computers and the like may obtain power from fuel cells that consume fuel from fuel reservoirs of the portable devices. A network of fueling stations permits users of portable devices to main the devices operational by frequently topping up the fuel reservoirs. Payment systems combine payments for fuel with larger payments for other transactions to avoid the overhead of processing individual payments for very small amounts.

Abstract: A wired/wireless charging apparatus capable of performing wired charging and wireless charging and a circuit are provided. The wired/wireless charging apparatus includes a body including a wired charging circuit for wired charging, a wireless charging circuit for wireless charging, and a battery mounting space a cover coupled with the body and including a transmission coil generating a magnetic field for the wireless charging, wherein the body and the cover including a contact unit for electrically connecting the transmission coil to the wireless charging circuit.

Abstract: A portable electronic system and power management method thereof are disclosed. The portable electronic system includes a portable host and a portable power supply. The portable host has a main battery and a connecting interface. The portable power supply has a backup battery, and is coupled to the portable host through the connecting interface, and transceives a work state of the portable host and the portable power supply and a system power provided by the portable host through the connecting interface. The portable host and the portable power supply control charge or discharge states of the main battery and the backup battery according to the work state. The work state includes relative state of charges (RSOC) of the main and backup battery and information of whether the portable host is coupled to a power adaptor for receiving an external power.

Abstract: A power supply degradation determination apparatus which is mounted to the vehicle includes a controller and a DC-DC converter that control execution of a charge phase in which a capacitor capable of accumulating regenerative energy of the vehicle is charged and execution of a discharge phase in which the capacitor is discharged. The controller detects the internal resistance of the capacitor using the difference between the terminal voltage and the open circuit voltage of the capacitor during the execution of the discharge phase and the discharge current thereof, determines whether the internal resistance is a predetermined value or more, and delays the execution start of the discharge phase for a predetermined time when the internal resistance is determined to be the predetermined value or more.

Abstract: A hybrid ultracapacitor-battery energy storage system is integrated with a photovoltaic system to help solve fluctuations. A fuzzy-logic-based adaptive power management system enables optimization of the power/energy distributions and a filter-based power coordination layer serving as a rudimentary step for power coordination among the hybrid storage system and a fuzzy-logic-based control adjustment layer that keeps monitoring the operation status of all the energy storage devices, taking into account their dynamic characteristics, and fine-tuning the control settings adaptively.

Abstract: A charging method is provided for charging a battery unit. Firstly, a current change amount is set, and a predetermined time interval is determined according to characteristics of the battery unit. When the charging device is enabled, a charging current with a constant current value is provided to charge the battery unit. If a detected parameter of the battery unit reaches the threshold value, a constant charging voltage is provided to the battery unit. Moreover, the current value of the charging current is decreased by the current change amount. The number of times the current change amount is decreased is determined according to a predetermined counting value. That is, the current value of the charging current is stepwise decreased according to a time control mechanism.

Abstract: An apparatus for improving endurance capability of a terminal and a terminal thereof are provided. The apparatus includes: a heat collection module (10), used for collecting heat produced by heating electronic components inside the terminal; a thermoelectric conversion module (20), used for converting the collected heat into electric energy and transporting the electric energy to a storage capacitor module (30); a storage capacitor module, used for storing the electric energy and outputting a stable output voltage value; a comparator module (60), used for generating and sending a charging enable signal to a power management module (50) when the output voltage value exceeds a preset reference voltage value; and a power management module, used for charging a terminal battery (40) according to the charging enable signal.

Abstract: Embodiments for monitoring and powering one or more sump pumps of a sump pump system are disclosed. In one embodiment, a monitoring device includes a battery, a power inverter, a power outlet, and a power cord to receive AC power from an AC power outlet. A sump pump system includes a sump and an AC pump coupled to the power outlet of the monitoring device. The monitoring device is configured to select between AC power received from the AC power outlet and AC power supplied by the battery and the power inverter, and provide the selected AC power to the AC pump via the power outlet of the monitoring device.

Abstract: An energy storage device configured for a vehicle or a building is provided. The energy storage device includes a receiving element, a conduction element, a limiting current element, a voltage dividing element, and a storage element. The receiving element is configured for receiving a lightning's electrical power in an environment. The conduction element is coupled to the receiving element and is configured for conducting a first path or a second path in accordance with an electrical property of the lightning's electrical power. The voltage dividing element is coupled to the limiting current element and is configured for dividing a voltage of the lightning's electrical power. The storage element is coupled to the voltage dividing element and is configured for storing the lightning's electrical power.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell system and a process for operating the same, the system having at least two fuel electrodes for receiving electrodeposited metal fuel; at least one oxidant electrode spaced apart from the fuel electrode; at least one charging electrode; an ionically conductive medium communicating the electrodes of the electrochemical cell system for conducting ions to support electrochemical reactions at the fuel, oxidant, and charging electrodes; and, one or more controllers configured to operate the cell system in discharging and charging modes and monitor a state of charge for each fuel electrode. The controllers may assign each fuel electrode in a discharging unit having a state-of-charge meeting a predetermined depletion criteria from the discharging unit to the charging unit, and each fuel electrode in the charging unit having a state-of-charge meeting a predetermined loading criteria from the charging unit to the discharging unit.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for ascertaining permissible operating parameters of a battery. For this purpose, operating parameters of the battery are measured, and further relevant operating parameters of the battery are determined from the measured operating parameters. Furthermore, at least one of the determined operating parameters is compared with a predefined comparison range. If the at least one operating parameter lies within the predefined comparison range, the permissible operating range of the at least one operating parameter is determined using a mathematical model of the battery. However, if the at least one battery parameter lies outside the predefined comparison range, the permissible operating range of the at least one operating parameter is determined using previously stored battery data.

Abstract: An inverter device includes an inverter circuit, which has switching elements in a bridge connection, a capacitor, which is connected in parallel to the input side of the inverter circuit, a temperature detector, which detects the temperature of the capacitor, a battery charge information acquisition section, which acquires charge information related to a battery connected to the input side of the inverter circuit, and a warm-up controller. When the temperature of the capacitor detected by the temperature detector is lower than a prescribed temperature, the warm-up controller determines a warm-up current based on the battery charge information acquired by the battery charge information acquisition section and the temperature of the capacitor detected by the temperature detector, and controls the switching elements of the inverter circuit to supply the warm-up current to the coil of an electric motor connected to the output side of the inverter circuit.

Abstract: An on-chip digital communication interface circuit is to be directly coupled to a counterpart interface circuit of a separate battery-side gas gauge circuit. An on-chip battery charging control circuit controls battery charging voltage and current that is supplied from a separate power source interface circuit to a battery cell terminal, according to charging voltage and current limits. The charging limits are read from the gas gauge circuit and in effect carry out a selected one of several different battery charging profiles. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: Method, apparatus, and computer program product example embodiments provide device-to-device charging. According to an example embodiment of the invention, a method comprises receiving, by a first device, a user's selection of a charging criterion for balancing stored charges in the first device's own battery and in a second device's rechargeable battery; determining, by the first device, that recharging of the second device's rechargeable battery is required; computing, by the first device, an amount of charging required for the second device's rechargeable battery, in order to satisfy the user's selected charging criterion; and transmitting, by the first device, power provided by the first device's own battery, to the second device, for charging the second device's rechargeable battery until the present level of stored battery charge in the second device's rechargeable battery reaches the computed amount of charging required.

Abstract: A multimedia terminal device for high-speed charging that allows for high-speed charging of a portable electronic device connected to a multimedia terminal and a method of controlling the same are provided. The multimedia terminal device includes a power converter that is configured to convert a voltage from a battery to a voltage for the high-speed charging and to supply the converted voltage to the multimedia terminal. In addition, a switching circuit is configured to select a high-speed charging mode when an engine is driven and a low-speed charging when the engine is stopped.

Abstract: A charging coupling for connecting a robotic garden tool with a charging device may facilitate the charging of a battery of the robotic garden tool. The charging coupling may include a first charging contact and a second charging contact. The first charging contact may be a charging plate or a charging rod. The second charging contact may be provided with a row of resilient contact bars. The arrangement of the first charging contact and the second charging contact may be configured such that the resilient contact bars are pressed against the charging plate to provide multiple contact points.

Abstract: A system and method for improved power sequencing within an embedded flash memory device is disclosed.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and vehicles are provided that provide for thermal conditioning of a vehicle rechargeable energy storage system (RESS). A thermal conditioning system is coupled to the RESS, and is configured to thermally condition the RESS. A control system is coupled to the thermal conditioning system, and is configured to estimate a state of charge for the RESS and provide instructions for the thermal conditioning system to thermally conditioning the RESS based on the state of charge.

Abstract: A system for charging at least one energy reservoir cell in a controllable energy reservoir serving to control/supply electrical energy to an n-phase electrical machine (n?2). The controllable energy reservoir has n parallel energy supply branches each having at least two series connected energy reservoir modules, each encompassing at least one electrical energy reservoir cell having an associated controllable coupling unit, are connected to a reference bus, and are connected to a respective phase of the machine. As a function of control signals, the coupling units interrupt the respective energy supply branch or bypass the associated reservoir cells or switch the associated reservoir cells into the respective energy supply branch. To charge at least one cell, at least two phases of the machine are connectable via at least one respective free-wheeling diode to a negative pole of a charging device. The reference bus is connectable to the negative pole of the device.

Abstract: An automatic reeling mechanism for an electric vehicle or a charging post can automatically reel a charging cable and thus protect it against dirt and weather. In order to reduce mechanical loads and damage to the plug and minimize a risk for stumbling to a person, the automatic reeling mechanism is switched in a passive mode as long as a plug of the charging cable is plugged in and is not touched by a person. This is the case during the charging process. In this way, the automatic reeling mechanism can be comfortably used because no traction forces are active during the charging process and the charging cable can be laid out so that there is no risk of stumbling.

Abstract: A charging apparatus is provided, and relatively high charging efficiency is still maintained when a charging current changes. The charging apparatus includes: a voltage regulator; a charging power tube, where a source electrode of the charging power tube is connected to an output end of the voltage regulator and a drain electrode of the charging power tube is connected to a positive electrode of a battery, and the charging power tube is configured to generate a charging current; a charging controller, where an output end of the charging controller is connected to a gate electrode of the charging power tube, and the charging controller is configured to control the charging power tube to adjust the charging current; and a reference voltage module, configured to obtain the charging current and a battery voltage and output a reference voltage.

Abstract: Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).

Abstract: A method for processing a power source state and a terminal supporting the same, wherein the terminal includes a power source configured to supply a specific electric power; a charger IC configured to collect power source information transmitted from a charger to the power source; a gauge IC configured to collect charging information of the power source and to generate gauging information to display a fuel gauge indicating a charging state of the power source based on the power source information transmitted by the charger IC; a control unit configured to display the fuel gauge based on the gauging information transmitted by the gauge IC; and a display unit configured to display the fuel gauge.

Abstract: A wireless power transmission apparatus and a wireless power transmission system are provided. The wireless power transmission apparatus includes a main body; and a support which is disposed on a side surface of the main body, wherein the main body includes a transmission resonator unit which generates a first magnetic field of a horizontal direction with respect a ground surface and a second magnetic field of a vertical direction with respect to the ground surface.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus that is capable of reducing power consumption. A power supply unit supplies electric power to devices including first and second devices of the apparatus. A power-state-switching unit switches a power state of the apparatus among a first power state in which the power supply unit supplies power to the devices, a second power state in which the power supply unit does not supply power to the first device without supplying power from a secondary battery to the devices, and a third power state in which the secondary battery supplies power to the second device. A control unit controls so that the secondary battery is charged by the power supplied from the power supply unit in the first power state, and to control so that the secondary battery is not charged by the power supplied from the power supply unit in the second and third power states.

Abstract: A system and method provides efficient and highly reliable customer and asset tracking. A Personal Digital Key (PDK) is associated with and carried by a user or fixed to an asset. The PDK wirelessly communicates with a receiver/decoder circuit (RDC) that can be coupled to a variety of electronic devices. The RDC authenticates the PDK based on received data and stores information to track customers and provide improved service. The RDC can be coupled to or integrated with a variety of electronic devices. The operation of the electronic device is determined based on an identification code of the detected PDK and an identification code of the RDC. The electronic device, the PDK or both can be configured with a personalized user interface and execute specific functions based on stored state information associated with the PDK and RDC identification codes.

Abstract: A bidirectional inverter-charger includes a first stage receiving or delivering energy from a line or to a load. The first stage including at least one inductor coupled with a split phase bridge. A link storage is connected between rails of a first bus and between the first stage and a second stage. The second stage includes a DC-to-DC converter connectable to a battery. The DC-to-DC converter includes a transformer providing galvanic isolation between a second bridge, connected between the rails of the first bus, and a third bridge connected between the rails of a second bus. In operation, the first stage provides power factor correction and a voltage boost while charging the battery and inverting when providing power to the line or the load. The second stage provides a controllable charge current to the battery and a voltage boost of a voltage of the battery to the link storage.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described for a porous graphene electrode material is described herein that may incorporate a three-dimensional open-cell graphene structure fabricated via chemical vapor deposition onto a metal foam. After the graphene is deposited, the metal foam may be dissolved, leaving a three-dimensional open-cell graphene structure that may include single or few layer graphene. Pseudo-capacitive materials, such as RuO2, Fe3O4, or MnO2, may be deposited within the pores of the three-dimensional open-cell graphene structure to form the porous graphene electrode material. The porous graphene electrode material may have a specific capacitance comparable to chemically modified graphene (CMG) electrodes. The porous graphene electrode material may also have a conductivity greater than CMG electrodes of equivalent surface area. Use of the porous graphene electrode material in capacitors may result in significant improvements in specific power compared to CMG based capacitors.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing the sulfation from the plates of the battery and driving the sulfate crystals back into the electrolyte solution without overheating the battery is presented. The present invention includes a rotary magnetic hub and coil assembly to produces a unique output not found in other charging systems on the market. The battery desulfation method and apparatus of the present invention is self-adjusting to the battery, regardless of voltage and works by removing the sulfate crystals from the plates of lead acid batteries. As a result, the normal life of the average battery may be greatly extended. Heavily sulfated batteries may be brought back to working condition. When used for short durations for healthy batteries, the present invention keeps the sulfate crystals off the plates and in solution to extend the working life of the battery.

Abstract: A communication terminal having a secondary battery and configured to control charge of the secondary battery, a charge control program, and a charge control method of the communication terminal are provided. The communication terminal includes a first detection unit configured to detect a temperature, a second detection unit configured to detect a transmission power of an electric wave, a charge unit configured to perform intermittent charge to the secondary battery, and a change unit configured to change a duty ratio of the intermittent charge by the charge unit based on the temperature detected by the first detection unit and the transmission power detected by the second detection unit.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling a converter of a power stage receiving an adapter current for providing current to a load. The converter is operative in a buck mode for charging a battery and in a boost mode for discharging the battery to the load to supplement adapter current. The adapter current is compared with a predetermined level to develop a control signal, and at least one pulse control signal is developed based on the control signal and used to control the modulator. The modulator operates the converter in the buck mode when the adapter current up to the predetermined level, and operates the converter in the boost mode when the adapter current exceeds the predetermined level. The battery current may also be monitored to adjust the control signal to limit battery charge or discharge current in both modes.

Abstract: A charging circuit is used to charge a rechargeable battery. The charging circuit includes a voltage conversion unit and a leakage prevention unit. The voltage conversion unit converts a voltage of a power supply into a charging voltage of the rechargeable battery, and outputs the charging voltage to the leakage prevention unit. When the leakage prevention unit receives the charging voltage, the leakage prevention unit charges the rechargeable battery with the charging voltage. When the leakage prevention unit does not receive the charging voltage, the leakage prevention unit prevents a leakage of the rechargeable battery.

Abstract: A method for controlling charging in an electronic device for managing the electronic device, to stably charge a battery is provided. The method includes setting alarm such that a wake up signal is generated after a time elapses when entry into a suspend mode is requested during charging a battery or in a charging stop state, entering the suspend mode, waking-up and determining a state of the battery wake up, and turning-on or -off the battery charging according to the determined state of the battery.

Abstract: A charging control apparatus controls charging of a battery connected to a battery terminal and supplies a voltage and a current necessary for a system circuit through an output terminal. The charging control apparatus has a switching control circuit that controls a DC-DC converter, the DC-DC converter performing DC-DC conversion with respect to an input voltage input through an input terminal and outputting an obtained output voltage to the output terminal. The charging control apparatus has an output voltage detection circuit that detects the output voltage. The charging control apparatus has a battery voltage detection circuit that detects a battery voltage of the battery terminal. The charging control apparatus has a first switch MOS transistor connected between the output terminal and the battery terminal. The charging control apparatus has a voltage control circuit that controls an operation of the first switch MOS transistor according to the battery voltage.

Abstract: A vehicular charging system includes: a generator which has a field coil and is mounted on a vehicle; a storage battery which stores power; a storage state detection sensor which detects a charge state; and a power generation driving torque control device which calculates an actual value and a target value of power generation driving torque of the generator, and controls the generator based on the calculated target value. The power generation driving torque control device controls the generator based on a first target value of the power generation driving torque when a running state of the vehicle moves into a deceleration mode, and decreases the power generation driving torque to control the generator based on a second target value of the power generation driving torque when a charge state of the storage battery reaches a reference value, the second target value being smaller than the first target value.

Abstract: An energy power depositing/charging management system and method is provided. When energy is deposited in an energy storage station from an onboard power storage device of a vehicle, a vehicle energy management unit manages reductions in the remaining stored energy level of energy in the onboard power storage device. The vehicle energy management unit and a storage station energy management unit manage increases in the energy remaining amount of deposited energy in the energy storage station, thereby allowing for charging up to the remaining amount of deposited energy of energy identified with an ID for the vehicle in the energy storage station.

Abstract: An electricity charging system includes: a charger portion that charges a storage battery; a detection portion that detects an amount of charge stored in the storage battery; and a control portion that controls electric power that is supplied to charge the storage battery by the charger portion so that the electric power changes by a predetermined rule, according to the amount of stored electricity detected by the detection portion.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes a communication coil, a power receiving portion, a charge control portion, a first switch portion, a second switch portion, a communication circuit, and a processor. A voltage detection circuit of the power receiving portion generates first control signal of first state when a terminal voltage of the communication coil exceeds power supply threshold voltage. The first switch portion is controlled to turn on between first terminal and third terminal in response to first control signal. The voltage detection circuit generates second control signal of third state when a terminal voltage of the communication coil exceeds first and second charge threshold voltages during a period to charge the secondary cell. The second switch portion is controlled to turn off in response to second control signal.

Abstract: A consumer electronics device charging device having a pair of rotatable blades, wherein the blades are rotatable from a deployed position in which ends of the blades are inserted into a standard wall outlet to a retracted position in which the ends of the blades are spread apart from one another and lie flat against the charger to decrease the overall thickness of the charger.

Abstract: A contactless power supplying system, which excites a primary coil of a power supplying device to generate an induced electromotive force at a secondary coil of an appliance arranged on the device and supply the induced electromotive force to a load of the appliance, includes a metal foreign object detection device. The metal foreign object detection device includes an antenna coil, an oscillation circuit, and a detection circuit. The oscillation circuit includes a component having a design value that generates oscillation in a range of oscillation conditions from immediately after the oscillation circuit starts to generate oscillation to just before a stable and continuous oscillation condition. The detection circuit detects a suspension of the oscillation or an attenuation in amplitude of the oscillation based on a change in an electric characteristic of the antenna coil caused by a metal foreign object on the power supplying device.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments relate to techniques for facilitating thermal transfer in a portable electronic device. The portable electronic device includes a battery pack, which further includes a battery cell. The battery pack may supply power to a set of components in the portable electronic device. The portable electronic device also includes a heat dissipator composed of graphene. The heat dissipator may be in thermal contact with one or more of the components. The heat dissipator may also be disposed over a surface of the battery pack.