Abstract: A Multi-Line Phase Shifter (MLPS) for a vertical beam tilt-controlled antenna is provided, in which a housing is shaped into an elongated rectangular box, a fixed plate is attached on an inner bottom surface of the housing and has transmission lines printed thereon, the transmission lines forming part of a plurality of phase shifting patterns and a plurality of signal division patterns, for dividing an input signal and shifting phases of divided signals, and a mobile plate is installed within the housing, movably along a length direction at a position where the mobile plate contacts a surface of the fixed plate, and has transmission lines printed thereon, the transmission lines forming a remaining part of the plurality of phase shifting patterns for phase shifting by forming variable lines through coupling with the part of the plurality of phase shifting patterns.

Abstract: Tunable phase shifters and methods for using the same include a signal line; one or more grounding lines; one or more crossing lines below the signal line in proximity to the signal line and substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the signal line, where the crossing lines conform to the shape of the signal line along at least three surfaces of the signal line and where the crossing lines have a tunable capacitance; and an inductance return line below the crossing lines substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the signal line, where the inductance return line provides a tunable inductance.

Abstract: A transmission wiring structure, associated design structure and associated method for forming the same. A structure is disclosed having: a plurality of wiring levels formed on a semiconductor substrate; a pair of adjacent first and second signal lines located in the wiring levels, wherein the first signal line comprises a first portion formed on a first wiring level and a second portion formed on a second wiring level; a primary dielectric structure having a first dielectric constant located between the first portion and a ground shield; and a secondary dielectric structure having a second dielectric constant different than the first dielectric constant, the secondary dielectric structure located between the second portion and the ground shield, and the second dielectric layer extending co-planar with the second portion and having a length that is substantially the same as the second portion.

Abstract: Systems and methods which utilizes a stub array microstrip line for providing a phase shifter configuration are shown. A stub array microstrip line phase shifter of embodiments may comprises a microstrip line structure, an isolation structure, and a phase tuning structure cooperative to provide phase shifting of signals passed through the microstrip line structure. A microstrip line structure comprises a stub array microstrip line having a plurality of microstrip stubs provided in association with a slotted ground plane having a plurality of slots. The stub array microstrip line is adapted to provide compensation for capacitance and/or inductance associated with the slots of the slotted ground plane. A phase tuning structure provides coupling of signals transmitted by the stub array microstrip line to the slots of the slotted ground plane for signal phase shifting.

Abstract: A phase shifter, more particularly relates to a phase shifter for controlling phase velocity by using stubs is disclosed. The phase shifter includes a first line configured to deliver a power into corresponding radiation elements, the first line being a conductor, and a second line configured to deliver the power into corresponding radiation elements, the second line being a conductor. Here, a first phase velocity of a first signal propagated through the first line is different from a second phase velocity of a second signal propagated through the second line.

Abstract: An improved active, electronically scanned array antenna that employs programmable time delays in the transmission feed lines to form timed arrays is provided. A timed array can be implemented as a nested set of transmission lines, and the programmable time delay can be realized as or in each of the transmission lines such that each transmission line can have a fixed physical length and a programmable electrical length.

Abstract: Techniques capable of reducing the width-direction size of a phase shift circuit as much as possible are provided. A phase shift circuit has a signal line, a first dielectric plate, and a second dielectric plate. The signal line has first to third intersecting parts extending in a direction intersecting with a longitudinal direction of the phase shift circuit. On the other hand, the first dielectric plate and the second dielectric plate have first to third overlapping parts overlapping the intersecting parts of the signal line. When the first dielectric plate and the second dielectric plate are moved in the longitudinal direction of the phase shift circuit, the overlapped areas between the intersecting parts of the signal line and the overlapping parts of the first dielectric plate and the second dielectric plate are changed.

Abstract: A voltage-tunable phase shifter comprising a conducting line and a ground electrode separated by a layer of dielectric material, the phase shifter configured to generate an electric field when a potential difference is applied between the conducting line and ground electrode, the electric field configured to change the phase of an electromagnetic signal propagating along the conducting line, wherein the ground electrode comprises graphene, and wherein the change in phase is dependent upon the strength of electric field and can be controlled by varying the potential difference between the conducting line and the ground electrode.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed include transmission line phase shifters and methods for fabricating transmission line phase shifters that switch signal and ground conductors to reverse electromagnetic fields in a transmission line structure.

Abstract: On-chip high performance slow-wave coplanar waveguide structures, method of manufacture and design structures for integrated circuits are provided herein. The structure includes at least one ground and a signal layer provided in a same plane as the at least one ground. The signal layer has at least one alternating wide portion and narrow portion. The wide portion extends toward the at least one ground.

Abstract: On-chip high performance slow-wave microstrip line structures, methods of manufacture and design structures for integrated circuits are provided herein. The structure includes at least one ground and a signal layer provided in a different plane than the at least one ground. The signal layer has at least one alternating wide portion and narrow portion with an alternating thickness such that a height of the wide portion is different than a height of the narrow portion with respect to the at least one ground.

Abstract: On-chip high performance slow-wave coplanar waveguide structures, method of manufacture and design structures for integrated circuits are provided herein. The structure includes at least one ground and signal layer provided in a same plane as the at least one ground. The signal layer has at least one alternating wide portion and narrow portion with an alternating thickness. The wide portion extends toward the at least one ground.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a phase shifting apparatus, including a first conductor section, a first tapping element, a feeder unit, and a dielectric element, where: the feeder unit is electrically connected to the first tapping element; the first tapping element is electrically connected to the first conductor section; the first tapping element is capable of moving along the first conductor section to change a phase of a signal that flows through the feeder unit, the first tapping element, and the first conductor section; and the dielectric element is disposed at a position near the first conductor section. With the phase shifting apparatus in the embodiments of the present invention, the dielectric element is disposed in order to increase an electrical length of a conductor, which correspondingly reduces a physical length of the conductor, so that the size of the phase shifting apparatus is reduced.

Abstract: An improved phase shifter assembly is provided. The phase shifter assembly may comprise first and second sub-assemblies with certain common actuating elements. In one example, a first phase shifter sub-assembly is provided, the first phase shifter sub-assembly including a first phase shifter carrier, a first phase shifter printed circuit board mounted on the first phase shifter carrier, a first wiper printed circuit board coupled to an input of the first phase shifter printed circuit board and having at least a first end coupled to transmission lines on the first phase shifter printed circuit board, and at least one wiper support mechanically coupling the first wiper printed circuit board to the first phase shifter printed circuit board. A second phase shifter is similarly provided. Common actuating elements may include a pivot arm and a throw arm.

Abstract: A physical angle of a portion of a variable element, such as a phase shifter, is used to determine a desired antenna beam attribute, such as beam downtilt. In one example, a variable element includes a stationary circuit board and a rotatable circuit board. The stationary circuit board has at least one transmission line having a first output and a second output. The rotatable circuit board includes an input and a coupling section, the coupling section located to capacitively couple an input signal to the at least one transmission line between the first output and the second output, and the accelerometer being oriented such that it provides a signal indicative of a physical angle of the rotatable circuit board with respect to vertical.

Abstract: Linear stripline phase shifter which has a base (13) and a cover (20) that form a closed assembly and the phase shifter has inputs (A1) and (A2) and outputs (B), (C), (F) and (E), having in the interior of the assembly formed by the base and cover two fixed circuits (1) and a mobile circuit (9) which is displaced linearly, and where both circuits are formed by sections of stripline line, where the connection between the line sections of the fixed and mobile circuits is by capacitive coupling, and where the distance of the line sections of the fixed circuits to the ground plane formed by the base of the phase shifter is different. A greater bandwidth is achieved, a compact design and savings made in the number of welds to be carried out, and it is not necessary to use impedance transformers that limit bandwidth.

Abstract: A panel antenna includes a microstrip-fed radiator array, each radiator being a crossed dipole, with the monopoles of the dipole being loops that are electrically closed and hybrid coupled to the adjacent loops within the radiator. The loops are spaced away from a ground plane. Each four loops and four support straps and a base can be cast as a single piece, for example, since the shorted ends of the support straps are a quarter wavelength away from the loops. The feed system uses asymmetric microstrip power dividers to provide branch feed to the dipoles. Coupling between the feed and the loops uses the support straps and terminates in a stub at the characteristic impedance. Each feed terminates so as to provide roughly a half wavelength of delay for the second monopole, making a differentially-driven dipole. The internal feed permits remote adjustment of phase.

Abstract: A nanoparticle-enhanced liquid crystal phase shifter is provided including a first substrate layer, a plurality of electrodes attached to the substrate layer, a ground plane layer attached to a second substrate layer, and a liquid crystal layer between the ground plane layer and the first substrate layer, including a suspension of a liquid crystal material and highly polarizable nanoparticles having specific shape and size characteristics.

Abstract: A time delay circuit including at least one spiral delay line formed on a top surface of a first substrate. In one embodiment, the delay line is defined by two concentric spiral delay line sections. Vias extend through the substrate between the delay line sections to reduce cross-talk therebetween. In another embodiment, the delay circuit includes a second substrate spaced from the first substrate, where a spiral delay line is formed on a top surface of the second substrate. A planar metal layer is provided on a backside surface of the first substrate and a conductive element extends through an opening in the metal layer and is coupled to the spiral delay lines, where the planar member provides magnetic isolation between the delay lines. In yet another embodiment, a multi-bit switched circuit can be provided on one of the substrates and be electrically connected to the delay line.

Abstract: A microstrip phase inverter includes: a ground substrate having a slot formed therein; a dielectric layer formed over the ground substrate; a first microstrip line connected to a signal line of a first port and stacked and extended on the top surface of the dielectric layer at one side thereof; a second microstrip line facing the first microstrip line so as to deviate from the first microstrip line, connected to a signal line of a second port, and stacked and extended on the top surface of the dielectric layer at the other side thereof; and first and second via pins connected between one ends of the extended first and second microstrip lines and the ground substrate and configured to transmit first and second currents.

Abstract: A design structure, structure, and method for providing an on-chip variable delay transmission line with a fixed characteristic impedance. A method of manufacturing a transmission line structure includes forming a signal line of the transmission line structure, forming a first ground return structure that causes a first delay and a first characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure, and forming a second ground return structure that causes a second delay and a second characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure. The first delay is different from the second delay, and the first characteristic impedance is substantially the same as the second characteristic impedance.

Abstract: A phase-shift network may include a lattice network including a first capacitor coupling a first circuit node to a second circuit node, a second capacitor coupling a third circuit node to a fourth circuit node, and a first inductor coupling the first circuit node to the fourth circuit node. A first coupled section may couple a single-ended input node to the lattice network. A second coupled section may couple the lattice network to a single-ended output node. Each coupled section may include a plurality of conductors that may form a transmission line, such as a coaxial transmission line or a stripline. A high-pass circuit may couple the input node to the first coupled section. A phase difference network may include a signal divider producing two intermediate signals coupled to respective phase-shift networks producing output signals having substantially constant phase difference over a frequency range.

Abstract: A method for forming a semiconductor structure includes forming an isolation region in a semiconductor substrate; forming a conductive layer over the isolation region; forming a first dielectric layer over the conductive layer; forming a plurality of conductive vias extending through the first dielectric layer to the conductive layer and electrically contacting the conductive layer; forming a second dielectric layer over the first dielectric layer; and forming a conductive ground plane in the second dielectric layer. Each of the plurality of conductive vias is in electrical contact with the conductive ground plane, and the conductive ground plane includes an opening, wherein the opening is located directly over the conductive layer. At least one interconnect layer may be formed over the second dielectric layer and may include a transmission line which transmits a signal having a frequency of at least 30 gigahertz.

Abstract: A variable phase shifter comprising a coupler including an input port, an output port, a through port and a coupled port and two conducting finite strips exhibiting equal lengths, the first conducting strip being movably coupled with the section of the coupler connecting the input port with the through port and the second conducting strip being movably coupled with the section of the coupler connecting the output port and with the coupled port, wherein displacing the conducting strip relative to the coupler, changes the phase of an output signal from the coupler, relative to the phase of a corresponding input signal into the coupler.

Abstract: Methods and devices for phase shifting an RF signal for a base station antenna are provided. The device includes a transmission line that has a stationary ground plane coupled to the top of a substrate and a signal line on the bottom of the substrate. The signal line has an input port and an output port. The input port receives the RF signal with a certain phase and travels across the bottom of the substrate to the output port. The RF signal has a different phase at the output port because defected ground structures etched on the stationary ground plane shift the phase of the RF signal. In addition, the device includes a movable ground plane that may cover a portion of the defected ground structures, the substrate, and the stationary ground plane such that the moveable ground plane further adjusts the phase of the RF signal.

Abstract: Methods and devices for phase shifting an RF signal for a base station antenna are provided. The device includes a transmission line that has a stationary ground plane coupled to the top of a substrate and a signal line on the bottom of the substrate. The signal line has an input port and an output port. The input port receives the RF signal with a certain phase and travels across the bottom of the substrate to the output port. The RF signal has a different phase at the output port because defected ground structures etched on the stationary ground plane shift the phase of the RF signal. In addition, the device includes a movable ground plane that may cover a portion of the defected ground structures, the substrate, and the stationary ground plane such that the moveable ground plane further adjusts the phase of the RF signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods which utilizes a stub array microstrip line for providing a phase shifter configuration are shown. A stub array microstrip line phase shifter of embodiments may comprises a microstrip line structure, an isolation structure, and a phase tuning structure cooperative to provide phase shifting of signals passed through the microstrip line structure. A microstrip line structure comprises a stub array microstrip line having a plurality of microstrip stubs provided in association with a slotted ground plane having a plurality of slots. The stub array microstrip line is adapted to provide compensation for capacitance and/or inductance associated with the slots of the slotted ground plane. A phase tuning structure provides coupling of signals transmitted by the stub array microstrip line to the slots of the slotted ground plane for signal phase shifting.

Abstract: A delay line structure disposed on a substrate having a dielectric base layer formed with a via, a layout layer and a grounding layer with a grounding circuit, includes two parallel spiral delay lines having a first outer straight section, a first outer bent section, an inner spiral region, a second outer bent section and a second outer straight section. The inner spiral region bends reciprocally between the first and second outer straight sections to form several inner bent parts and several inner straight parts. A grounding guard trace is disposed among the first and second outer straight sections and the inner straight parts and is coupled electrically to the grounding circuit, wherein each of the first and second outer bent sections and the inner bent parts has a width smaller than each of the first and second outer straight sections and the inner straight parts.

Abstract: A delay line structure has a serpentine delay line pair, a first and second grounding guard trace and two third grounding guard traces. The delay line pair is located in a layout layer extending from an input to an output end, The first and second grounding guard traces are connected to the grounding circuit through respective vias and are located in the layout layer. The third grounding guard traces are respectively located in the layout layer by an upper and lower edge of the delay line pair and are connected to the grounding circuit through respective vias.

Abstract: A phase shifter for reducing a loss by friction, etc by combining a rotation member with a guide member is disclosed. The phase shifter includes a rotation member, a first rotation axis member combined with the rotation member in a direction crossing over the rotation member, a first guide member combined with the first rotation axis member, and configured to rotate in accordance with rotation of the first rotation axis member, and a first power delivering member configured to connect at least one of the rotation member and the first rotation axis member to the first guide member.

Abstract: A time delay circuit including at least one spiral delay line formed on a top surface of a first substrate. In one embodiment, the delay line is defined by two concentric spiral delay line sections. Vias extend through the substrate between the delay line sections to reduce cross-talk therebetween. In another embodiment, the delay circuit includes a second substrate spaced from the first substrate, where a spiral delay line is formed on a top surface of the second substrate. A planar metal layer is provided on a backside surface of the first substrate and a conductive element extends through an opening in the metal layer and is coupled to the spiral delay lines, where the planar member provides magnetic isolation between the delay lines. In yet another embodiment, a multi-bit switched circuit can be provided on one of the substrates and be electrically connected to the delay line.

Abstract: This coplanar differential bi-strip delay line includes two conducting strips disposed on one and the same face of a dielectric substrate and each comprising a first and a second end. The two first ends of the two conducting strips are respectively joined to two conductors of a first bi-strip port for connection to a first external differential device. The two second ends of the two conducting strips are respectively joined to two conductors of a second bi-strip port for connection to a second external differential device.

Abstract: A grounding plate and a transmission line are provided in a stack of dielectric material layers. First transmission line portions having a first width are alternately interlaced with second transmission line portions having a second width in the transmission line. The second width is greater than the first width so that inductance of the transmission line is increased relative to a transmission line having a fixed width. Metal fins may be provided between the grounding plate and the transmission line in the stack of the dielectric material layers. The metal fins may be grounded to the grounding plate to increase capacitance between the transmission line and the grounding plate. The increase in the inductance and the capacitance per unit length between the transmission line and the grounding plate is advantageously employed to provide a reduced phase velocity for electromagnetic signal transmitted through the transmission line. A design structure for the transmission line structure is provided.

Abstract: A differential filtering device with coupled resonators, including: a pair of coupled resonators disposed on one and the same face of a dielectric substrate, each resonator including two conducting strips positioned in a symmetric manner with respect to a plane perpendicular to the face on which the resonator is disposed, these two conducting strips being joined respectively to two conductors of a bi-strip port for connection to a line for transmitting a differential signal, wherein each conducting strip of each resonator is folded back on itself so as to form a capacitive coupling between its two ends, and wherein the two resonators of the pair are coupled by the disposition opposite one another of their respective conducting strips disposed on the same side with respect to the symmetry plane, over respective portions of length of these folded-back conducting strips.

Abstract: A phase shifter operable at microwave or millimeter-wave frequencies includes a dielectric substrate with a bottom surface having a conductive ground plane layer and a conductive patterned layer formed on a top surface to define a conductor pattern. A series of active tuning elements is mounted on the top surface and cascaded along a propagation direction in a spaced arrangement along a longitudinal extent. A housing structure includes a bottom housing structure with a planar conductive bottom surface for contacting the ground plane layer, and a top housing structure fabricated with a channel which extend along the longitudinal extent and provide clearance for the active tuning elements. A bias circuit is connected to the respective series of active tuning elements.

Abstract: A tunable compact time delay circuit assembly is provided.

Abstract: A voltage-tunable phase shifter comprising a conducting line and a ground electrode separated by a layer of dielectric material, the phase shifter configured to generate an electric field when a potential difference is applied between the conducting line and ground electrode, the electric field configured to change the phase of an electromagnetic signal propagating along the conducting line, wherein the ground electrode comprises graphene, and wherein the change in phase is dependent upon the strength of electric field and can be controlled by varying the potential difference between the conducting line and the ground electrode.

Abstract: A design structure, structure, and method for providing an on-chip variable delay transmission line with a fixed characteristic impedance. A method of manufacturing a transmission line structure includes forming a signal line of the transmission line structure, forming a first ground return structure that causes a first delay and a first characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure, and forming a second ground return structure that causes a second delay and a second characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure. The first delay is different from the second delay, and the first characteristic impedance is substantially the same as the second characteristic impedance.

Abstract: Branchline coupler structure using slow wave transmission line effect having both large inductance and large capacitance per unit length. The branchline coupler structure includes a plurality of quarter-wavelength transmission lines, at least one of which includes a high impedance arm and a low impedance arm. The high and low impedances are relative to each other. The high impedance arm includes a plurality of narrow cells and having an inductance of nL and a capacitance of C/n, and the low impedance arm includes a plurality of wide cells and having an inductance of L/n and capacitance of nC. The wide and narrow cells are relative to each other, and the wide and narrow cells are adjacent each other to form a signal layer having step discontinuous alternative widths.

Abstract: The present invention provides a complementary-conducting-strip (CCS) structure for miniaturizing microwave transmission line. The CCS structure comprises a substrate; a transmission part formed on the substrate, the transmission part consisted of M metal layers and at least one connecting arm extending from the metal layers to connect to an adjacent CCS structure, the M metal layers interlaminated M?1 dielectric layer(s) perforating a plurality of first metal vias to connect the M metal layers, wherein M?2 and M is a nature number; and a frame part formed on the substrate, the frame part surrounding the transmission part and consisted of M?1 metal frame(s), the M?1 metal frame(s) interlaminated M?2 dielectric frame(s) perforating a plurality of second metal vias to connect the metal frames.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved method for operating a phase-controlled group antenna as well as an associated phase shifter assembly and a phase-controlled group antenna, characterized by, inter alia, the following features,: the phase shifter assembly is designed such that at least one of the following two conditions is met: RN: R1?n+k ud/or PhN: Ph1?n+k, where RN is the largest radius, and R1 is the smallest radius of a conductor segment (11) relative to the phase shifter assembly (7), where k is a value of 0.2 and particularly 0.25, 0.30, or preferably 0.40.

Abstract: A feeding system for providing a power using metal patterns having ‘U’ shape is disclosed. A phase shifter as the feeding system includes a first substrate, a first pattern as a conductor disposed on the first substrate, a second substrate separated from the first substrate and a second pattern as a conductor disposed on the second substrate. Here, the first pattern is overlapped with the second pattern, and electrical length of overlapped part of the patterns changes in case of changing phase of an RF signal outputted from the phase shifter.

Abstract: Disclosed is a variable phase shifter, the variable phase shifter including: a fixed board which is fixedly provided in a housing, and consisting of a dielectric board, and consisting of a dielectric board, having a second transfer stripline having at least one arc-shaped output micro stripline on one surface; a rotating board rotatably provided within the housing while coming in contact with the one surface of the fixed board, and consisting of a dielectric board, having a second transfer stripline coupled to the arc-shaped output micro stripline on a surface where the rotating board comes in contact with the one surface of the fixed board even when the rotating board rotates; wherein both the sides of at least one output micro stripline of the fixed board are connected to an output port, and the other surface of the fixed board includes an input micro stripline, so that the other surface of the fixed board is electrically connected and receives an input signal.

Abstract: A design structure, structure, and method for providing an on-chip variable delay transmission line with a fixed characteristic impedance. A method of manufacturing a transmission line structure includes forming a signal line of the transmission line structure, forming a first ground return structure that causes a first delay and a first characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure, and forming a second ground return structure that causes a second delay and a second characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure. The first delay is different from the second delay, and the first characteristic impedance is substantially the same as the second characteristic impedance.

Abstract: An on-chip slow-wave structure that uses multiple parallel signal paths with grounded capacitance structures, method of manufacturing and design structure thereof is provided. The slow wave structure includes a plurality of conductor signal paths arranged in a substantial parallel arrangement. The structure further includes a first grounded capacitance line or lines positioned below the plurality of conductor signal paths and arranged substantially orthogonal to the plurality of conductor signal paths. A second grounded capacitance line or lines is positioned above the plurality of conductor signal paths and arranged substantially orthogonal to the plurality of conductor signal paths. A grounded plane grounds the first and second grounded capacitance line or lines.

Abstract: There is disclosed an electromagnetic transmission line arrangement with a phase shifter, comprising at least one conductive branch line (51a,51b) extending from a junction point (51c) to an associated output port, for the propagation of electromagnetic signals in a frequency band along said branch line. The phase shifter includes at least one dielectric body (52,53,54) which is mounted so as to be movable sideways in a transverse direction into a delaying position at least partly covering said branch line (51a,51b). The longitudinal distribution of its dielectric material (?) is adapted to cause, when being moved transversally into said delay position, a controlled phase shift but also to secure, by way of said selected longitudinal distribution of its dielectric material in conjunction with said at least one branch line, an input impedance matching of said transmission line arrangement. The transmission line arrangement can be used in the feeding network to a microwave antenna.

Abstract: A delay line structure includes a serpentine delay line, a first grounding guard trace and a second grounding guard trace. The serpentine delay line is disposed in a layout layer of a substrate in a manner of extending from an input end to an out put end in serpentine so as to form at least a first coupling area having a first opening toward a first direction and at least a second coupling area having a second opening toward a direction opposite to the first direction. The first grounding guard trace is disposed in the layout layer in a manner of extending from the first opening toward the first coupling area and an end of the first grounding guard trace close to the first opening is electrically connected to the grounding circuit through a first via.

Abstract: A delay line structure includes a flat spiral delay line and two grounding guard traces. The flat spiral delay line is disposed in the layout layer in a manner of extending from an input end, bending clockwise inward until reaching a U-turn part, continuously extending and bending counterclockwise outward to an out put end so as to form two coupling areas, which are spiral and have an opening respectively. The two grounding guard traces are disposed in the layout layer in a manner of extending from the openings respectively toward the coupling areas, having an interval between the grounding guard traces and the flat spiral delay line, wherein the grounding guard traces close to the openings of the coupling areas are electrically connected to the grounding circuit through a via respectively.

Abstract: A differential delay element for use, e.g., in selectively delaying RF signals in telecommunication systems includes a first microstrip circuit and a second microstrip circuit arranged side-by-side in a facing relationship. The first microstrip circuit defines a first delayed travel path for a first signal from a first input port to a first output port and the second microstrip circuit defines a second delayed travel path for a second signal from a second input port to a second output port. A perturber is arranged between the first and second microstrip circuits, displaceable toward and away from the first and second microstrip circuits, so that when the distance of the perturber to one of the microstrip circuits increases, the distance of the perturber to the other of the microstrip circuits decreases and viceversa.

Abstract: An antenna assembly having an operating frequency and a vertical radiation pattern with a main lobe axis defining a downtilt angle with respect to the earth's surface. The antenna assembly comprises a plurality of antennas in first, second, and third antenna groups physically disposed along a backplane, the backplane having a longitudinal axis along which the antennas are disposed, and a phase adjustment mechanism disposed electrically connected between the second first and third antenna groups, such that adjustment of the phase adjustment mechanism results in variation of the vertical radiation pattern downtilt angle.