Abstract: A high-frequency circuit device, a high-frequency module, and a communication apparatus, which prevent generation of an undesired wave to prevent electrical power loss and undesired coupling, are provided. The high-frequency circuit device includes a first slot line and a second slot line, which are provided at respective surfaces of a dielectric substrate, are formed with the same shape. An FET is provided on the first slot line. For preventing the mounting of the FET from causing a phase difference to occur between a high-frequency signal, which propagates along the first slot line, and a high-frequency signal, which propagates along the second slot line, a phase-adjusting stub is formed at a position of a stub at the second slot line. The phase is adjusted by changing the length of the stub.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a tuning device having at least one control electrode and a ground electrode located over a substrate and an electrically conductive fluid in contact with the control and ground electrodes. The tuning device also has at least one electrical transmission line electrically coupled to the fluid, the transmission line configured to transmit a signal. The fluid is configured to move when a voltage is applied between the ground electrode and the control electrode, the movement of the fluid changing a propagation characteristic of the signal.

Abstract: The inventions presented herein provide a electronically controlled phase shifters that incorporate analog and digital phase shift architectures in a novel manner that realizes the best advantages of each architecture. This combination of complementary phase shift architectures provides the high-performance and low loss characteristics of switched digital phase shift architectures with the high resolution and precision of continuous analog phase shift architectures. The circuit embodiments are electronically controlled, which simplifies implementation of what is a complex circuit. The analog phase shift elements comprise electronically-tuned varactors, which provide fine resolution and enables the incorporation of active compensation for manufacturing variation before use or for environmental conditions during use.

Abstract: A delay line system able to reduce the microwave loss by reducing the effective dielectric loss and dielectric constant of the system including a signal line, dielectric system with opened trench or slot filled up with the air or lower dielectric loss material, a ground plane, and a system of switches if the line is to be variable. The delay line proposed in this invention could be made of any type of signal line configuration, for example: micro-strip line, strip line, or coplanar line. The signal line can also be made as single ended or differential pairs of any configurations. The delay line systems based on the fundamental techniques provided in this invention can be used for on-chip devices where the delay line is laid on the oxide or dielectric material, or in a traditional PCB implementation such as FR4.

Abstract: A tunable delay line system includes a stripline and a plurality of cross-over lines. The stripline defines a propagation delay characteristic. The plurality of cross-over lines are each spaced from and extend with an orientation that is nonparallel with the stripline. Each of the plurality of cross-over lines is configured to be selectively grounded to alter the propagation delay characteristic of the stripline.

Abstract: A printed circuit board (PCB) including a notch filter, or other suitable filter, is implemented in a communication device for attenuating RFI in transmissions sent from the communication device. The filter includes filter line that runs between at least two conductor layers on the PCB, in a substantially repeating pattern, which maximizes the space available on each conductor layer for additional uses.

Abstract: This invention provides the three novel La,Fe, La,Cr and Sm,Fe substituted barium titanate solid solution ferroelectric compositions with the formula Ba1-xLnxTi1-xMxO3 wherein when Ln is La, M is Fe or Cr, when Ln is Sm, M is Fe and x is from about 0.02 to about 0.06 and mixtures thereof, the novel La,Fe substituted barium strontium titanate solid solution ferroelectric compositions with the formula (Ba1-ySry)1-xLaxTi1-xFexO3 wherein y is greater than zero and less than about 0.6 and x is from about 0.01 to about 0.06 and the novel La,Al substituted barium strontium titanate solid solution ferroelectric compositions with the formula (Ba1-ySry)1-xLaxTi1-x/4-3a/4Ala(x-a)/4O3 wherein denotes a vacancy, y is greater than zero and less than about 0.6, a is from about 0.01 to about 0.06 and x is from 0.02 to about 0.10 with the proviso that x is greater than or equal to a.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a wafer scale antenna array is provided that includes: a substrate, a first plurality of antennas adjacent to the substrate; and a driving network adjacent the substrate for transmitting RF signals to the plurality of antennas and for receiving RF signals from the plurality of antennas, the driving network coupling to a distributed plurality of driving amplifiers and corresponding matching amplifiers integrated with the substrate.

Abstract: A signal switching device is disclosed that is capable of transmitting signals with less signal loss while securing a good isolation characteristic. The signal switching device includes a first section formed from a superconducting material connected to a first transmission path. The first section has a smaller cross section at the input end than at the output end or, the signal switching device may include a first section formed from a superconducting material connected to a first transmission path in series, and a second section formed from a superconducting material connected to a second transmission path in parallel. The cross section of the second section is smaller than that of the second transmission path. The length of the second transmission path is determined in such a way that an input impedance of the second transmission path is sufficiently large when the second section is in a superconducting state.

Abstract: A variable differential phase shifter including an isolation element providing good isolation between output ports, good return loss and reduced reflections. In one embodiment a Wilkinson divider is incorporated in the wiper arm of a wiper type variable differential phase shifter. In another embodiment a linear phase shifter incorporates a Wilkinson divider. Multistage embodiments are also disclosed. The variable differential phase shifter may be used in combination with a hybrid coupler to provide an isolated variable power divider. The variable differential phase shifter may be utilized in a variety of feed networks and antenna arrays to vary beam tilt, beam azimuth and beam width. Antennas incorporating the phase shifter exhibit low variation of half power beam width with frequency and reduced side lobes.

Abstract: A panel antenna having a variable phase shifter module with at least one main-PCB having an input trace coupled to a wiper junction. An arcuate trace on the main-PCB extending between a first output trace and a second output trace, the arcuate trace having an arc center proximate the wiper junction. A wiper-PCB having a linking trace thereon; the wiper-PCB rotatably coupled to the main-PCB proximate the wiper junction with the linking trace facing the first main-PCB. Because the linking trace faces the main-PCB, the wiper-PCB may be formed from inexpensive and structurally resilient substrate material. The linking trace coupling the wiper junction with the arcuate trace. Multiple arcuate traces may be linked to further output traces to add additional outputs, each having variable phase shift between them, depending upon the position of the wiper-PCB. Multiple main-PCBs may be stacked upon each other and the wiper-PCBs of each controlled by a common linkage.

Abstract: A variable resonator is provided which comprises signal conductor 13 formed on top side surface of dielectric substrate 12, ground conductor layer 11 formed on back side surface thereof and switches 14, wherein signal conductor comprises a plurality of first conductor lines 13-1 and second conductor line 13-2 connected with all of first conductor lines, each first conductor line has a width larger than that of second conductor line to thereby a signal path through which high-frequency electric signal passes and which is longer than length of second conductor line is provided, switches 14 are connected to the ends of first conductor lines, whereby selectively opening and closing switches will electrically disconnect and interconnect interspaces between ends of first conductor lines to thereby vary length of signal path and thus change resonance frequency.

Abstract: Techniques for reducing the number of layers in a multilayer signal routing device are disclosed. The technique may be realized as a method for routing one or more conductive traces between a plurality of electronic components of a multilayer signal routing device. The method comprises forming a first inter-component channel at a first routing layer of the multilayer signal routing device, the first inter-component channel extending between a first set of two or more electronic components of the plurality of electronic components and having a first orientation and forming a second inter-component channel at a second routing layer of the multilayer signal routing device, the second inter-component channel extending between a second set of two or more electronic components of the plurality of electronic components and having a second orientation different from the first orientation.

Abstract: An impedance matching device comprises a dielectric material having a ground plane affixed to one surface, a microstripline conductor disposed on an opposite surface, and a movable dielectric plate. The movable dielectric plate has a higher dielectric constant than the dielectric material, a user-selectable shape, and a conductive coating on the top surface. The bottom surface of the movable dielectric plate engages a portion of the microstripline conductor, and is movable transversely to the microstripline conductor to increase or decrease the impedance of the microstripline conductor and linearly to change the phase of the microstripline conductor.

Abstract: A phase-shifting system for electrically swiveling the direction of a beam of an antenna field includes several radiators with two planes of polarization. The phase-shifting system includes two jointly changeable phase shifters with microstrip lines associated therewith. The electrical length of each phase shifter can be changed by a dielectric which is slidable above the microstrip lines. Such a phase-shifting system offers a simplified design and added functional safety by arranging the microstrip lines of both phase shifters in parallel next to each other and by providing a common slidable dielectric in order to change the electrical length of the microstrip lines of both phase shifters.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for a monolithic device utilizing cascaded, switchable slow-wave CPW sections that are integrated along the length of a planar transmission line. The purpose of the switchable slow-wave CPW sections elements is to enable control of the propagation constant along the transmission line while maintaining a quasi-constant characteristic impedance. The device can be used to produce true time delay phase shifting components in which large amounts of time delay can be achieved without significant variation in the effective characteristic impedance of the transmission line, and thus also the input/output return loss of the component. Additionally, for a particular value of return loss, greater time delay per unit length can be achieved in comparison to tunable capacitance-only delay components.

Abstract: An element of parallel flat plate line type suitable for operation at a higher speed and with a higher frequency is provided.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus involving semiconductor devices based on coplanar striplines (CPS). In one example, high-speed microelectronic devices based on coplanar stripline implementations support differential signals in a range of approximately from 1 Gigahertz to at least 60 Gigahertz. In one aspect, CPS-based devices incorporate various features that dramatically increase the quality factor Q of the resulting device. In another aspect, an enhancement of the quality factor Q is achieved while at the same time reducing the phase velocity of one or more waves propagating in the device, thereby also facilitating the fabrication of relatively smaller devices. In yet another aspect, a tapered coplanar stripline configuration results in position-dependent line parameters, which may be exploited to achieve significantly high-Q devices.

Abstract: A phase shifter adjusts the phase between two segments of an RF feed line that are fed with the phase shifter. Specifically, the phase shifter adjusts the phase between two signals in RF feed line segments by changing the electrical path lengths that RF energy travels down in each respective RF feed line. The phase shifter includes a coupling arm, a key, a spring, and a support architecture that fastens the phase shifter to a substantially planar surface. The support architecture is rotated manually or with a machine such as a motor. The coupling arm can include a coupling ring, a wiper element, a support trace, and a dielectric spacer. The phase shifting system is a relatively compact structure having a predetermined value of capacitance maintained between a coupling ring disposed on the coupling arm and a coupling ring disposed on a planar surface.

Abstract: A phase shifter device comprising a substrate defining a slot line waveguide having first and second ends and being operably coupled to a microstrip waveguide and a shorting patch is described. The microstrip waveguide and shorting patch are moveable along the slot line waveguide so as to vary the distance between the first end of the slot line and the intersection of the slot line waveguide and microstrip waveguide whilst maintaining a substantially constant separation between the microstrip waveguide and the shorting patch. A separation between the microstrip waveguide and shorting patch equal to one quarter of the effective wavelength of the radiation carried by the device is described. The device is described for use in various phased array antenna systems.

Abstract: In the present technique for transmitting and delaying radio frequency signal transmission, an RF delay filter (102) is provided with at least one high permittivity material coaxial delay element (104) with each having an input port (114) and an output port (116). Multiple coaxial delay elements are operably coupled by a quarter-wave microstrip transmission line (230) to offset any frequency mismatch at the band edges of the delay elements. A series of capacitors (126, 128) are also included at each port of the coaxial elements to compensate for any resultant parasitic inductance.

Abstract: A direct current (DC) isolated phase inverter and a ring hybrid coupler including the DC isolated phase inverter is provided. The ring hybrid coupler including the DC isolated phase inverter comprising: a first, second, third and fourth transmission line arm; a first port connected to the first arm, second port connected to the second arm, third port connected to the third arm and fourth port connected to the fourth arm; and a DC phase inverter inserted within one of the first, second, third and fourth arms, wherein the DC phase inverter comprises: a transmission line comprising a plurality of signal and ground traces, wherein the plurality of signal and ground traces are interchanged; and a plurality of capacitors disposed in series with the ground traces, wherein the plurality of capacitors isolate the DC phase inverter from a device connected to the transmission line.

Abstract: Provided is a broadband phase shifter using a coupled line and parallel open and short stubs. The broadband phase shifter of the present research has a new switching network structure by forming a coupled line, main transmission lines and parallel ?/8 (45°) open and short stubs on both ends of the main transmission lines in order to obtain broadband phase characteristic that the phase difference between two networks is uniform.

Abstract: A phase shifter which uses Bragg gratings and having tunable phase shift functions with respect to input signals in an RF band without using a separate RF device. The phase shifter includes a dielectric layer, a first conductive layer formed on an upper surface of the dielectric layer lengthwise along the dielectric layer so as to provide a signal path for the input signal, a second conductive layer formed at a first end of a lower surface of the dielectric layer so as to form Bragg gratings lengthwise along the dielectric layer, a third conductive layer formed at a second end of the lower surface of the dielectric layer in line with the second conductive layer so as to form Bragg gratings lengthwise along the dielectric layer, and a moving unit for adjusting a distance between the second conductive layer and the third conductive layer within a predetermined length.

Abstract: A printed circuit board providing crosstalk compensation. The printed circuit board includes first plated through holes for receiving a first connecting component and second plated through holes for receiving a second connecting component. A signal carrying trace transmits a signal from one of the first plated through holes to one of the second plated through holes. A phase delay control trace is in electrical connection with the one of the first plated through holes. The phase delay control trace affects phase delay of the signal from the one of the first plated through holes to the one of the second plated through holes.

Abstract: Electronic and optical (or photonic) devices with variable or switchable properties and methods used to form these devices, are disclosed. More specifically, the present invention involves forming layers of conductive material and dielectric material or materials with varying conductivity and indexes of refraction to form various electronic and optical devices. One such layer of adjustable material is formed by depositing epitaxial or reduced grain boundary barium strontium titanate on the C-plane of sapphire.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides a phase shifter, comprising: a base dielectric layer; a tunable dielectric layer overlaying at least a portion of the base dielectric layer; and at least two conductors overlaying at least a portion of the tunable dielectric layer, the at least two conductors positioned so as to form a slot-line topology. In an embodiment of the present invention the slot-line may be between 2 ?m and 5 ?m wide and the tunable dielectric layer may be between 0.3 ?m to 1.5 ?m thick. Further, the slot-line topology may be a uniform slot-line topology throughout the length of the at least two conductors and the slot-line topology may have an edge ratio defined by r=Llow/(Llow+Lhigh). The edge ratio may be optimized for minimizing metal loss and minimizing dielectric loss for a given phase shifter length. In an embodiment of the present invention the value of r may be between 0.1 and 0.2.

Abstract: This invention provides the three novel La,Fe, La,Cr and Sm,Fe substituted barium titanate solid solution ferroelectric compositions with the formula Ba1?xLnxTi1?xMxO3 wherein when Ln is La, M is Fe or Cr, when Ln is Sm, M is Fe and x is from about 0.02 to about 0.06 and mixtures thereof, the novel La,Fe substituted barium strontium titanate solid solution ferroelectric compositions with the formula (Ba1?ySry)1?xLaxTi1?xFexO3 wherein y is greater than zero and less than about 0.6 and x is from about 0.01 to about 0.06 and the novel La,Al substituted barium strontium titanate solid solution ferroelectric compositions with the formula (Ba1?ySry)1?xLaxTi1?x/4?3a/4Ala}(x?a)/4O3 wherein } denotes a vacancy, y is greater than zero and less than about 0.6, a is from about 0.01 to about 0.06 and x is from 0.02 to about 0.10 with the proviso that x is greater than or equal to a.

Abstract: A hybrid circuit phase shifter assembly of RF MEMS switch modules and passive phase delay shifter circuits uses a low loss, preferably flip-chip, interconnection technology. The hybrid circuit assembly approach separates the fabrication of the MEMS switch modules from the fabrication of the passive phase delay circuits thereby avoiding process incompatibilities and low yields and providing substantial production cost savings. In another aspect of the invention, the integration on a common substrate of a MEMS-based hybrid circuit phase shifter assembly behind each of a plurality of radiating elements provides a compact, low cost electronic scanning antenna array.

Abstract: A phasing element and an antenna including at least one such phasing element. The former is intended for inserting a variable lag into the transmission of an electric signal by variation of the electric path travelled by the signal in this element. The phasing element includes an input transmission line and an output transmission line, the lines being printed lines placed at the surface of a printed circuit. It also includes a mobile radioelectric coupling member, input and output transmission lines, which includes a first arm and a second arm. The electric path shows a variation field between a first position where the first and second arm cover respectively and entirely the transmission lines thereby defining a minimal electric path, and a second position where the first and second arms are respectively placed in the alignment of the transmission lines thereby defining a maximal electric path.

Abstract: A transmission line includes a signal conductor and at least one varactor diode capacitively coupled to the signal conductor. The transmission line's signal path delay is a function of its shunt capacitance, and the varactor's capacitance forms a part of the transmission line's shunt capacitance. The transmission line's signal path delay is adjusted by adjusting a control voltage across the varactor diode thereby to adjust the varactor diode's capacitance.

Abstract: A group delay adjusting circuit. The group delay adjusting circuit comprises an electronically adjustable variable capacitance, and an electronically variable virtual inductor coupled in parallel to the electronically variable capacitance at a node.

Abstract: A tunable dielectric chip, and method of manufacture therefore, that comprises a dielectric substrate, the dielectric substrate patterned to a critical dimension, a metallized portion integral to the dielectric substrate, and an encapsulant covering an any portion of the dielectric substrate not covered by the metallized portion. A thin titanium layer can be deposited in between the metallized portion and the dielectric substrate to promote adhesion. The dielectric substrate can be a dielectric thick film. The thickness of the titanium can vary from 200A to 500A and the metallized portion integral to the dielectric substrate in a preferred embodiment is gold and varies in thickness from 3 um to several microns depending on the application. Further, in the present preferred embodiment, the encapsulant is a photo-definable encapsulant. The present invention also provides solder pads integral to the metallized portion enabling maximan protection from moisture and other contaminants.

Abstract: A low-cost, steerable, phased array antenna suitable for use in wireless fidelity (WiFi) and other wireless telecommunication networks, in particular multi-hop ad hoc networks, is disclosed. Various embodiments of an antenna assembly that includes a plurality of linear phased array antennas fed by corporate feeds are disclosed. The corporate feeds are implemented as parallel wire transmission lines, such as a coaxial, stripline, microstrip, or coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line. Selected branches of the corporate feed network include transmission line phase shifters oriented and sized so as to allow a high-permittivity dielectric element to control phase shifting. Thus, the corporate feed forms a phase shifting feed whose phase shift is controllable.

Abstract: A microwave filter is disposed on a substrate. The microwave filter is adapted for connecting a first microwave transmission line to a second microwave transmission line, configured such that a signal propagates from the first to second microwave transmission lines. The microwave filter encompasses a highpass component of filter disposed in a symmetrical configuration with respect to a median plane placed perpendicular to the surface of the substrate, including the central axis of the first and second microwave transmission lines; and a lowpass component of filter connected parallel with the highpass component of filter, the lowpass component of filter being disposed in a symmetrical configuration with respect to the median plane.

Abstract: There is provided a high-frequency GaAs power FET element with high performance, capable of suppressing an abnormal oscillation. Thin film resistors are provided so as to be connected electrically between incoming distributed constant lines connected electrically to FET chips, and thin film resistors are provided so as to be connected electrically between outgoing distributed constant lines electrically connected to FET chips. An unnecessary roundabout power is consumed by the thin film transistors in the incoming distributed constant lines and the outgoing distributed constant lines.

Abstract: A transmission line phase shifter ideally suited for use in low-cost, steerable, phased array antennas suitable for use in wireless fidelity (WiFi) and other wireless telecommunication networks, in particular multi-hop ad hoc networks, is disclosed. The transmission line phase shifter includes a wire transmission line, such as a coaxial, stripline, microstrip, or coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line. A high-permittivity dielectric element that overlies the signal conductor of the wire transmission line is used to control phase shifting. Phase shifting can be electromechanically controlled by controlling the space between the high-permittivity dielectric element and the signal conductor of the wire transmission line or by electrically controlling the permittivity of the high-permittivity dielectric element.

Abstract: A device for feeding signals between a common line and two or more ports. The device including a branched network of feedlines coupling the common line with the ports. The feedlines have transformer portions of varying width for reducing reflection of signals passing through the network. A dielectric member is mounted adjacent to the network and can be moved to synchronously adjust the phase relationship between the common line and one or more of the ports. The dielectric member also has transformer portions for reducing reflection of signals passing through the network. At least one of the junctions of the network does not overlap with the dielectric member, or overlaps a region of reduced permittivity.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, a delay line comprises a spirally coiled strip transmission line encapsulated within conductive ground discs. In an advantageous embodiment the delay line is a monolithic ceramic structure produced by forming the stripline on green ceramic tape, spirally rolling the green stripline, encasing the rolled stripline in green ceramic encapsulating discs and cofiring the green assembly into a monolithic compact disc.

Abstract: A phase delay line (100). The phase delay line can include an RF transmission line (110) and a fluid channel (109) having a serpentine configuration. The transmission line can be coupled to a solid dielectric substrate material (102), for example a substrate formed from a low temperature co-fired ceramic material. The fluid channel can be coupled to the RF transmission line along at least a portion of a length of the transmission line. A phase delay of the RF transmission line can be selectively varied by adjusting a distribution of the fluidic dielectric (130) present within the fluid channel. Similarly, the phase delay of the RF transmission line also can be maintained constant as an operational frequency of the RF transmission line is varied.

Abstract: A variable phase delay line (100). The variable phase delay line (100) can include an RF transmission line (102) and a fluid channel (130) having a serpentine configuration. The fluid channel (130) can be coupled to the RF transmission line (102) along at least a portion of a length of the transmission line (102). The variable phase delay line (100) also can include at least one fluid control system (150) for adding and removing the fluidic dielectric (132) to the fluid channel (130) in response to a phase delay control signal (122) to selectively vary a phase delay of the RF transmission line (102). The fluidic dielectric (132) can have a permeability and a permittivity selected for maintaining a constant characteristic impedance along an entire length of the RF transmission line (102).

Abstract: A varactor based phase shifter that increases phase shift range using a lower characteristic impedance between quadrature ports than is used at its input/output ports. The circuit makes use of a four port coupler arrangement that imbeds a quarter wave impedance transformation between the input port and the quadrature ports as well as between the quadrature ports and the output port. The characteristic impedance across the quadrature ports is therefore less than the characteristic impedance across the input and output ports. In one implementation, reducing a characteristic input/output impedance of 50 to a 20 ohm quadrature port impedance results in a phase shift range increase of more than 50%.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and an apparatus enabling operation of balanced phase shifts providing uniformity that the insertion loss do not show variation with the derived angles in phase shift. The invention incorporates a resonator supporting nonreciprocal wave propagation. The resonator is divided in two equal parts showing symmetry so that the change in electronic parameters from one part of the resonator counter balances the other part, thereby causing no change to the resonance condition. Amplifiers are thus not needed by the phase-shift operation. Electronically active materials, such as ferrites, ferroelectrics, and/or varactors, are utilized, and the phase shifter device can be fabricated assuming a variety of transmission-line geometries, such as microstrips, striplines, waveguides, coax lines, parallel wires, coplanar waveguides, image lines, fin lines, and slot lines, providing versatility and convenience in applications.

Abstract: An apparatus for introducing electromagnetic perturbation into a target device includes a piezoelectric transducer configured to deflect in response to an applied voltage and a perturber configured to deflect in response to deflection of the piezoelectric transducer. The deflection of the perturber causes electromagnetic perturbation, and in some cases a phase shift, in the target device. The electromagnetic perturbation may also be used to tune microwave devices such as filters, resonators, and oscillators.

Abstract: The system and methods describe a computer system implementing an adjustable control signal path whose length may be precisely adjusted to control timing of a control signal that propagates along the path. One such adjustable signal path has two clusters of possible signal paths. Each of the signal paths in each cluster has a length, and the overall length of the control signal path may be adjusted by selectively implementing one signal path from each of the clusters by electrically connecting that path into the electrical circuit by the selective installation of zero ohm resistors. In this way, a system designer may design several possible signal path lengths on to a motherboard or printed circuit card, and implement the path length which provides the most precise signal timing adjustment.

Abstract: An electronically scanned slotted waveguide antenna radiates an RF signal as a scannable beam. The antenna has radiation waveguides positioned in an array. Radiation slots in the radiation waveguides radiate the scannable beam. A feed waveguide is coupled to the radiation waveguides. The feed waveguide feeds the RF signal to the radiation waveguides through coupling slots. The feed waveguide has sidewalls with tunable electromagnetic crystal (EMXT) structures thereon. The EMXT structures vary the phase of the RF signal in the feed waveguide to scan the radiated beam in one dimension. The radiation waveguides may also have tunable EMXT structures on the sidewalls to vary the phase of the RF signal to scan the radiated beam in a second dimension. The EMXT structures may be discrete EMXT devices or a EMXT material layer covering the feed and radiation waveguide sidewalls.

Abstract: An oscillator to generate a low phase-noise reference signal at an oscillation frequency includes a frequency generator to generate the reference signal responsive to a control signal, and a delay element made of a high-temperature superconductor material. The delay element time-delays the reference signal and provides a low phase-noise time-delayed reference signal when cooled to a cryogenic temperature. The oscillator includes a phase detector to generate the control signal from a phase difference between the time-delayed reference signal and a phase-shifted reference signal. The delay element may comprise a coplanar waveguide having a length between 500 and 1000 meters arranged randomly on a substrate having a diameter of between five and thirteen centimeters. The delay element may provide a delay ranging from five to fifteen microseconds. The coplanar waveguide may be comprised of Yttrium-Barium-Copper Oxide disposed on either a Lanthanum-Aluminum Oxide or a Magnesium Oxide substrate.

Abstract: The attenuation from connectors to the interaction region of the light signal with the microwave can be reduced, and the bandwidth can be improved in an optical waveguide device, in which a space between strip lines on a ceramic substrate at one end of the strip lines connected to first and second input sections is adapted to be narrower than a space between the strip lines at the other end of the strip lines connected to first and second electric connectors.

Abstract: A variable permittivity structure is proposed based on composition of two different dielectrics in a transmission line. The composition is adjusted through a thermally-actuated MEMS structure, and this compositional adjustment alters the relative permittivity at least at a macro level. Adjusting the permittivity leads to tune-able impedances in the associated transmission line. The proposed invention can also be used as a variable capacitor, and it can be used to create variable capacitor, and it can be used to create variable couplers and other structures. Since the approach does not alter any conducting surfaces in the transmission line, it is believed to lead to a superior technique for impedance matching to reduced physical discontinuity.

Abstract: A phase shifter includes a substrate, a tunable dielectric film having a dielectric constant between 70 to 600, a tuning range of 20 to 60%, and a loss tangent between 0.008 to 0.03 at K and Ka bands positioned on a surface of the substrate, a coplanar waveguide positioned on a surface of the tunable dielectric film opposite the substrate, an input for coupling a radio frequency signal to the coplanar waveguide, an output for receiving the radio frequency signal from the coplanar waveguide, and a connection for applying a control voltage to the tunable dielectric film. A reflective termination coplanar waveguide phase shifter including a substrate, a tunable dielectric film having a dielectric constant between 70 to 600, a tuning range of 20 to 60%, and a loss tangent between 0.008 to 0.