Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods related to phase shifters are provided. An example true time-delay (TTD) phase shifter structure includes a signal conductive line disposed on a first layer of the structure; a first switchable ground plane comprising a first conductive plane disposed on a second layer of the structure; a second switchable ground plane comprising a second conductive plane disposed on a third layer of the structure, where the first, second, and third layers are separate layers of the structure; a first switch coupled between the first switchable ground plane and a first ground element, the first ground element disposed on the second layer; and a second switch coupled between the second switchable ground plane and a second ground element, the second ground element disposed on the third layer.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for phase shifting are provided herein. In certain embodiments, a phase shifter includes a first port, a first controllable reflective load, a second port, a second controllable reflective load, and a pair of coupled lines that are electromagnetically coupled to one another. The pair of coupled lines includes a first conductive line between the first port and the first controllable reflective load and a second conductive line between the second controllable reflective load and the second port. At least one of the first controllable reflective load or the second controllable reflective load includes a switched transmission line load.

Abstract: Examples disclosed herein relate to a switched coupled inductance phase shift mechanism for beamsteering an antenna array and applied in a radar system or a communication system. The phase shift mechanism includes a variable inductor element configured to toggle between a first inductance state and a second inductance state in response to a first control bit value, and a plurality of variable capacitor elements coupled to the variable inductor element and configured to toggle between a first capacitance state and a second capacitance state in response to a second control bit value. The variable inductor element and the variable capacitor elements collectively produce a first phase shift using the first inductance and capacitance states, and collectively produce a second phase shift using the second inductance and capacitance states, where a target phase shift is produced from a difference between the first and second phase shifts.

Abstract: An occupancy detection apparatus has a switch, a first antenna, a second antenna, a transmitter, and a motion detection circuit. The occupancy detection apparatus monitors for a first motion in a first region using the first antenna using a first motion detection parameter. When no first motion is sensed by the monitoring using the first antenna, the occupancy detection apparatus monitors for a second motion in a second region using the second antenna using a second motion detection parameter. When no second motion is sensed by monitoring using the second antenna, the occupancy detection apparatus designates a space, which encompasses the second region, as unoccupied. The first region and the second region overlap one another, and the first motion detection parameter is different from the second motion detection parameter.

Abstract: A high frequency coupler is disclosed that is configured for grid array-type surface mounting. The coupler includes a monolithic base substrate having a top surface and a bottom surface. A first thin film microstrip and a second thin film microstrip are each disposed on the top surface of the monolithic base substrate. Each microstrip has an input end and an output end. At least one via extends through the monolithic base substrate from the top surface to the bottom surface of the monolithic base substrate. The via(s) are electrically connected with at least one of the input end or the output end of the first microstrip or the second microstrip. The coupler has a coupling factor that is greater than about ?30 dB at about 28 GHz.

Abstract: A phase shifter includes a radio frequency input transmission line, a radio frequency output transmission line, and a first branch and a second branch coupled in parallel between the radio frequency input transmission line and the radio frequency output transmission line, the first branch includes first switch components and first transmission lines coupled in series, and the second branch includes a second transmission line including a first terminal coupled to the radio frequency input transmission line and a second terminal, a third transmission line including a third terminal coupled to the second terminal and a fourth terminal coupled to the radio frequency output transmission line, second switch components, where one terminal of each of the second switch components is coupled to a connection node of the second transmission line and the third transmission line, and the other terminal is coupled to a corresponding grounding component.

Abstract: A motion sensing method includes monitoring for a first motion in a first region using a first antenna using a first motion detection parameter, when no first motion is sensed by the monitoring using the first antenna, monitoring for a second motion in a second region using a second antenna using a second motion detection parameter, and when no second motion is sensed by monitoring using the second antenna, designating a space, which encompasses the second region, as unoccupied, wherein the first region and the second region overlap one another, and the first motion detection parameter is different from the second motion detection parameter.

Abstract: A system for EMNZ metamaterial-based direct antenna modulation. The system includes a signal generator, a metamaterial switch and an antenna. The signal generator may is configured to generate a microwave signal. The metamaterial switch is configured to generate a modulated microwave signal from the microwave signal. The modulated microwave signal is generated by selectively passing the microwave signal through the metamaterial switch. The metamaterial switch includes a first conductive plate and a first loaded conductive plate. The first loaded conductive plate includes a second conductive plate and a first monolayer graphene. The first monolayer graphene includes a first tunable conductivity. The first monolayer graphene is positioned between the first conductive plate and the second conductive plate. An effective permittivity of the metamaterial switch is configured to be adjusted to a predetermined value.

Abstract: A system for EMNZ metamaterial-based direct antenna modulation. The system includes a signal generator, a metamaterial switch and an antenna. The signal generator may is configured to generate a microwave signal. The metamaterial switch is configured to generate a modulated microwave signal from the microwave signal. The modulated microwave signal is generated by selectively passing the microwave signal through the metamaterial switch. The metamaterial switch includes a first conductive plate and a first loaded conductive plate. The first loaded conductive plate includes a second conductive plate and a first monolayer graphene. The first monolayer graphene includes a first tunable conductivity. The first monolayer graphene is positioned between the first conductive plate and the second conductive plate. An effective permittivity of the metamaterial switch is configured to be adjusted to a predetermined value.

Abstract: A metamaterial switch. The metamaterial switch includes a first conductive plate, a first loaded conductive plate, and a magneto-dielectric material. The first loaded conductive plate includes a second conductive plate and a first tunable impedance surface set. Each tunable impedance surface in the first tunable impedance surface set includes a respective tunable conductivity. An effective permittivity of the metamaterial switch is configured to be adjusted to a first predetermined value. The effective permittivity of the metamaterial switch is adjusted responsive to tuning a respective tunable conductivity of each respective tunable impedance surface in the first tunable impedance surface set.

Abstract: Examples disclosed herein relate to a switched coupled inductance phase shift mechanism. The phase shift mechanism includes a variable inductor element configured to toggle between a first inductance state and a second inductance state in response to a first control bit value, and a plurality of variable capacitor elements coupled to the variable inductor element and configured to toggle between a first capacitance state and a second capacitance state in response to a second control bit value. The variable inductor element and the variable capacitor elements collectively produce a first phase shift using the first inductance and capacitance states, and collectively produce a second phase shift using the second inductance and capacitance states, where a target phase shift is produced from a difference between the first and second phase shifts. Other examples disclosed herein relate to an antenna array and a method of phase shifting with switched coupled inductance.

Abstract: A reflective microstrip tuning circuit that operatively couples to another circuit to be tuned, in which tuning circuit receives an incident signal from the other circuit and enables adjustment of the amplitude and/or phase of the return signal reflected by the tuning circuit for use in the other circuit. The tuning circuit includes one or more cascaded couplers that divide power from the incident signal unequally among a plurality of adjustable tuning arms, in which the tuning arms may be individually adjusted to change the phase of the signal that is reflected by each arm so that both the amplitude and phase of the signal returned by the tuning circuit is adjusted to achieve the desired tuning result. The difference in the power that is divided among the tuning arms provides a progressive weighting to the adjustment effect of each tuning arm, which provides for a series of coarse through fine adjustments that enables a greater degree of resolution when tuning.

Abstract: A substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) for phase shifter for millimeter wave applications has a waveguide with a plurality of curved sections and which passes through the substrate from a wave entry port to a wave exit port. The plurality of curved sections forms a serpentine path of curves in a first direction followed by curves in a second direction which are opposite the first direction. Phase shifting elements are positioned in the waveguide in each of the curved sections. The phase shifting elements may take the form of PIN diodes or a pattern of liquid metal filled vias in the waveguide.

Abstract: A phase shifter unit cell or a connected set of such cells that can be well isolated from external circuitry and which do not introduce insertion loss into an RF signal path, exhibit good return loss, and further provides additional advantages when combined with bracketing attenuator circuits. More particularly, embodiments integrate a high-isolation function within a phase shifter circuit by breaking the complimentary nature of the control signals to a phase shifter cell to provide greater control of switch states internal to the phase shifter cell and thus enable a distinct high-isolation state, and by including a switchable shunt termination resistor for use in the high-isolation state. Some embodiments are serially coupled to attenuator circuits to enable synergistic interaction that reduces overall die size and/or increases isolation. One such embodiment positions a high-isolation phase shifter cell in accordance with the present invention between bracketing programmable attenuators.

Abstract: A directional coupler and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed. According to an embodiment, the directional coupler comprises a first transmission line configured to receive an input signal. The directional coupler further comprises a second transmission line that can be coupled to the first transmission line by electromagnetic coupling to output a coupled signal. The first transmission line is further configured to act as a quarter-wave impedance transformer. A radio transmitter comprising the directional coupler and a radio device comprising the radio transmitter are also disclosed.

Abstract: A hybrid connector for a data cable, including: a galvanic connector having a plurality of connectors configured to make a galvanic connection with a plurality of connectors in a receptacle wherein a first portion of the plurality connectors are power connections and a second portion of the plurality of connectors are data connections; a plurality of millimeter wave wireless transmitter/receivers (TRx) configured to transmit/receive data from/to the hybrid connector; and a plurality of millimeter wave antennas surrounding the galvanic connector each antenna connected to one of the plurality of millimeter wave TRx's, wherein the plurality of millimeter wave antennas are configured to transmit/receive millimeter wave data signals.

Abstract: A transmission line arrangement having a first end and a second end, the transmission line arrangement being configured to transmit a signal between the first end and the second end, the transmission line arrangement comprising a signal conductor extending between the first end and the second end of the transmission line arrangement, a first conducting sheet and a second conducting sheet positioned on two opposing sides of the signal conductor, an insulating material separating the first and second conducting sheets from the signal conductor and a plurality of pieces of conducting material extending between the first and second conducting sheets and arranged at different positions between the first and second ends of the transmission line arrangement, wherein the pieces of conducting material and the conducting sheets are arranged to substantially surround the signal conductor for at least part of its length between the first and second ends of the transmission line arrangement.

Abstract: An apparatus for removing a magnetic interference signal according to a use of a full duplex radio (FDR) scheme comprises a plurality of Rat race couplers; and a plurality of antenna pairs in which two antennas are paired, wherein each of the plurality of antenna pairs are disposed at equal intervals from each other, a first output port between two output ports of a first Rat race coupler from among the plurality of Rat race couplers is connected to a first antenna of a first antenna pair and a second output port is connected to a second antenna of the first antenna pair, a third output port between two output ports of a second Rat race coupler from among the plurality of Rat race couplers is connected to a third antenna of a second antenna pair, and a fourth output port is connected to a fourth antenna of the second antenna pair.

Abstract: A digital phase shifter is described where each bit of the phase shifter has a circuit block including one PIN diode in parallel with one transmission line. The phase shifter requires only one PIN diode and one transmission line per bit circuit block. Each PIN diode behaves like a simple switch for phase shifting. When the PIN diode is forward biased (“on” state), current flows through the PIN diode and the RF signal is not phase shifted. When the pin diode is not forward biased (“off” state), current flows through the transmission line parallel to the PIN diode and the RF signal is phase shifted by the transmission line. The digital phase shifter may have n circuit blocks in series, and adjacent PIN diodes may share a current when both are on. The phase shifter may be implemented in a phased array or reflect array antenna including multiple phase shifters.

Abstract: An attenuation cell is provided for use in a switched attenuator. The attenuation cell includes an attenuation path that has an input, a first switch, a resistive network, a second switch, and an output. The resistive network provides a desired attenuation from the input to the output. The attenuation cell also includes a bypass path in parallel with the attenuation path with a bypass switch between the input and the output. The attenuation cell also has a shunt switch coupled between the resistive network and a reference node to selectively connect the resistive network to the reference node.

Abstract: A phase shifter with broadband and a phase array module using the same are provided. The phase shifter includes at least one phase shifting unit. The phase shifting unit includes a first switch, a first capacitor, a second capacitor, a first inductor, a second switch, a second inductor, a first resistor and a second resistor. The first capacitor is connected between the first inductor and a second end of the first switch. The second capacitor is connected between the first inductor and a third end of the first switch. A second end of the second switch is connected to a ground end. The two ends of the second inductor are respectively connected to a ground end and a third end of the second switch. The first inductor is connected between the first capacitor and the third end of the second switch.

Abstract: A phase shifter having both digital and analog shifting components is disclosed. The digital-analog phase shifter includes an input/output port configured, in part, for receiving an input radio frequency (RF) signal from an external source and outputting a phase shifted RF signal. A digital shifter performs coarse phase shifts of the input RF signal, while an analog shifter variably shift the phase of the input RF signal relative to the coarse phase shift. This produces a phase shifted RF signal having a total phase range that is output is continuously variable from 0° to 360°.

Abstract: A beam steering system of a high-gain antenna includes an antenna configured to include a printed circuit board in which an antenna element is designed, and a ground plane, wherein the printed circuit board and the ground plane may be each adhered onto upper and lower surfaces of the antenna; a paraelectric material configured to be separated from the upper surface of the antenna with a predetermined distance and is divided into a plurality of cells, whose relative permittivity varies depending on a voltage applied to a pair of thin metallic conductor patches adhered to upper and lower surfaces of each cell; and a power supply unit configured to supply the voltage to the pair of thin metallic conductor patches which are each adhered to the upper and lower surfaces of the cell to face each other.

Abstract: Systems and method are provided for making a balun's operational bandwidth tunable around multiple distinct center frequencies by using switches to vary the balun's dimensions. An embodiment of the present disclosure uses a pass gate structure for the switches, and the switches connect additional lengths of line in or out of the balun to change its frequency response. A balun in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure is able to switch its response between 2 or more adjacent bands by switching additional length of lines in and out of the balun's core windings.

Abstract: An antenna includes three metallization layers having metallic dipoles organized into two clusters. Each of the two clusters includes metallic dipoles generally elongated along a common axis to produce signals of specific polarization. Each of the two clusters is oriented orthogonal to the other to produce two separate, orthogonally polarized signals. Each of the two clusters is associated with a dedicated vertical probe, positioned to maximize gain of the radiating element.

Abstract: Systems and methods for improved ferrite circulator RF power handling are provided. In one embodiment, a high power circulator switch comprises: at least three ferrite circulators, the at least three ferrite circulators arranged as a triad switch, wherein a first circulator is coupled to a first output of the triad switch, a second circulator is coupled to a second output of the triad switch, and a third circulator is coupled to an input of the triad switch; and a shared high power load having a first port coupled to the first circulator and a second port coupled to the second circulator.

Abstract: An electronic circuit comprises a high-pass and a low-pass. The low-pass comprises at least one low-pass series element and a low-pass transverse element. The high-pass comprises at least one high-pass series element and a high-pass transverse element. The low-pass series element and the high-pass transverse element are realised in this context by a common component, and/or the high-pass series element and the low-pass transverse element are realised in this context by a common component.

Abstract: A novel and useful fabricated variable transmission line that is tuned digitally is presented. Digital tuning of the variable transmission line enables the compensation of process variation in both the active and passive devices of the RF design. Along with several embodiments of the variable transmission line, the present invention also provides a method of compact modeling of the variable transmission line. The variable transmission line structure and compact modeling enables circuit level simulation using a parametric device that in one embodiment can be included as an integral part of a silicon foundry design kit.

Abstract: A phase shifter with selectable phase shift and comprises a switchable phase shifting element that includes a first and second signal path coupled between an input and an output and providing a, respective, first and second phase shift for a signal coupled through the respective signal paths; a switch circuit for selecting between the first and second signal paths where the first and second signal paths and the switch circuit are configured to equalize the insertion loss for the first and second signal path, the phase shifter further including control circuit for controlling the switch circuit.

Abstract: Contrary to phase shifters which require complimentary polarity control voltages, a phase shifter may be driven with a single polarity control voltage. The phase shifter comprises an input node in communication with both a high pass network and a low pass network which are both in communication with an output node, where the phase shifter further comprises a first single pole double throw switch and a second single pole double throw switch configured to selectively pass an RF signal from the input node to the output node by way of one of said high pass network and said low pass network. Furthermore, the first and second single pole double throw switches are configured to select between the high pass network and the low pass network based on a single control signal having a voltage greater than or less than a reference voltage.

Abstract: A digitally controlled phase shifter is disclosed. In an exemplary embodiment, an apparatus includes a first component connected between a first terminal and a node, a second component connected between a second terminal and the node, an impedance selectively connected between the first and second terminals by a first switch, and a second switch to connected between the node and a ground. The apparatus is configured to provide a first amount of phase shift when the first and second switches are in an open position, and a second amount of phase shift when the first and second switches are in a closed position.

Abstract: A time delay circuit including at least one spiral delay line formed on a top surface of a first substrate. In one embodiment, the delay line is defined by two concentric spiral delay line sections. Vias extend through the substrate between the delay line sections to reduce cross-talk therebetween. In another embodiment, the delay circuit includes a second substrate spaced from the first substrate, where a spiral delay line is formed on a top surface of the second substrate. A planar metal layer is provided on a backside surface of the first substrate and a conductive element extends through an opening in the metal layer and is coupled to the spiral delay lines, where the planar member provides magnetic isolation between the delay lines. In yet another embodiment, a multi-bit switched circuit can be provided on one of the substrates and be electrically connected to the delay line.

Abstract: A design structure, structure, and method for providing an on-chip variable delay transmission line with a fixed characteristic impedance. A method of manufacturing a transmission line structure includes forming a signal line of the transmission line structure, forming a first ground return structure that causes a first delay and a first characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure, and forming a second ground return structure that causes a second delay and a second characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure. The first delay is different from the second delay, and the first characteristic impedance is substantially the same as the second characteristic impedance.

Abstract: A design structure, structure, and method for providing an on-chip variable delay transmission line with a fixed characteristic impedance. A method of manufacturing a transmission line structure includes forming a signal line of the transmission line structure, forming a first ground return structure that causes a first delay and a first characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure, and forming a second ground return structure that causes a second delay and a second characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure. The first delay is different from the second delay, and the first characteristic impedance is substantially the same as the second characteristic impedance.

Abstract: Contrary to phase shifters which require complimentary polarity control voltages, a phase shifter may be driven with a single polarity control voltage. The phase shifter comprises an input node in communication with both a high pass network and a low pass network which are both in communication with an output node, where the phase shifter further comprises a first single pole double throw switch and a second single pole double throw switch configured to selectively pass an RF signal from the input node to the output node by way of one of said high pass network and said low pass network. Furthermore, the first and second single pole double throw switches are configured to select between the high pass network and the low pass network based on a single control signal having a voltage greater than or less than a reference voltage.

Abstract: A time delay circuit including at least one spiral delay line formed on a top surface of a first substrate. In one embodiment, the delay line is defined by two concentric spiral delay line sections. Vias extend through the substrate between the delay line sections to reduce cross-talk therebetween. In another embodiment, the delay circuit includes a second substrate spaced from the first substrate, where a spiral delay line is formed on a top surface of the second substrate. A planar metal layer is provided on a backside surface of the first substrate and a conductive element extends through an opening in the metal layer and is coupled to the spiral delay lines, where the planar member provides magnetic isolation between the delay lines. In yet another embodiment, a multi-bit switched circuit can be provided on one of the substrates and be electrically connected to the delay line.

Abstract: A tunable compact time delay circuit assembly is provided.

Abstract: A reflection-type phase shifter is provided. The reflection-type phase shifter has a coupler, a first reflection load, and a second reflection load. The coupler has an input port for receiving an input signal and an isolated port for outputting an output signal due to a first reflected signal at a through port and a second reflected signal at a coupled port. The first reflection load reflects the first fraction of the input signal to thereby generate the first reflected signal. The second reflection load reflects the second fraction of the input signal to thereby generate the second reflected signal. In addition, at least one of the first and second reflection loads is a transmission line.

Abstract: Provided is a phase shifter that shifts a phase of an input signal based on switching between a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter, the phase shifter including: a first field-effect transistor that is coupled between an input terminal and an output terminal; a resonance circuit that resonates when the first field-effect transistor is in an on-state; an additional line that is coupled between the resonance circuit and a node that is included in a signal line, which is formed between the input and output terminals when the first field-effect transistor is in the on-state; and an inductor that is included in a part of the signal line and forms a low-pass filter together with at least the additional line, when the first field-effect transistor is in the on-state.

Abstract: A design structure, structure, and method for providing an on-chip variable delay transmission line with a fixed characteristic impedance. A method of manufacturing a transmission line structure includes forming a signal line of the transmission line structure, forming a first ground return structure that causes a first delay and a first characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure, and forming a second ground return structure that causes a second delay and a second characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure. The first delay is different from the second delay, and the first characteristic impedance is substantially the same as the second characteristic impedance.

Abstract: An interconnect for surfing circuits is presented. The interconnect includes at least one control signal line, at least one data signal line, and at least one variable capacitor coupled to the at least one control signal line and the at least one data signal line, wherein the capacitance of the variable capacitor is configured to be controlled by a control signal on the control signal line so that a velocity of a data signal transmitted on the at least one data signal line is determined by the value of the capacitance of the variable capacitor.

Abstract: A phase shifter and related load device are provided. The phase shifter includes a phase shifter core and load devices. The phase shifter core has an input port for receiving an input signal, an output port for outputting an output signal, and connection ports. The load devices are coupled to the connection ports, respectively. At least one of the load devices includes first varactor units each having a first node and a second node, where first nodes of the first varactor units are coupled to a first voltage, second nodes of the first varactor units are respectively coupled to a plurality of second voltages, and the second voltages include at least two voltages different from each other. The phase shifter and related load device are capable of mitigating effects resulted from varactor's non-linear C-V curve.

Abstract: A design structure, structure, and method for providing an on-chip variable delay transmission line with a fixed characteristic impedance. A method of manufacturing a transmission line structure includes forming a signal line of the transmission line structure, forming a first ground return structure that causes a first delay and a first characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure, and forming a second ground return structure that causes a second delay and a second characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure. The first delay is different from the second delay, and the first characteristic impedance is substantially the same as the second characteristic impedance.

Abstract: The present invention provides an RF switch, including a diode adapted to operate as a switch when a control current is applied thereto, a first CRLH transmission line of a ? degree phase, which provides one signal transfer path from a terminal 1 to a terminal 2 when the diode is shorted due to application of a control current, and a second CRLH transmission line of a ?-180 degree phase, which has a 180 degree phase difference from that of the first CRLH transmission line and provides the other signal transfer path from the terminal 1 to the terminal 2. The present invention provides an RF switch having a broad-band characteristic by employing a CRLH transmission line. More specifically, the present invention provides a ring-shaped RF switch, which has a broad-band characteristic and can also be miniaturized at a low frequency band, by employing a CRLH transmission line having a 180 degree phase difference in a broad band.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a phase shifter includes an input terminal; an output terminal; a first signal path; a second signal path; and a switching circuit for selectively connecting one of the first signal path and the second signal path to the input terminal and the output terminal. The first signal path includes a high-pass filter constituting a main path and a low-pass filter secondarily added in parallel to the high-pass filter and constituting a subsidiary path. The low-pass filter compensates for insertion loss caused by the high-pass filter in a frequency range in which a transmission phase difference is given to an RF signal passing through the high-pass filter.

Abstract: A switchable 0°/180° phase shifter on a balanced transmission line is provided. In one embodiment, the invention relates to an apparatus for providing 0°/180° phase shifting for a transmit/receive antenna pair including a transmit element and a receive element coupled by a balanced transmission line having two sections, the apparatus including a first section of the balanced transmission line, the first section including a first conductor and a second conductor, a second section of the balanced transmission line, the second section including a third conductor and a fourth conductor, and a switch disposed between the first section and the second section, wherein in a first configuration, the switch couples the first conductor to the third conductor and the second conductor to the fourth conductor, and in a second configuration, the switch couples the first conductor to the fourth conductor and the second conductor to the third conductor.

Abstract: A jitter reduction circuit includes a signal line transmitting a first signal and having a plurality of sections, and a plurality of delay lines transmitting a second signal and provided in one-to-one correspondence to the sections of the signal line, wherein the plurality of delay lines is configured such that a delay of the second signal on a given one of the delay lines is set to a first delay in response to a first level of the first signal in a corresponding one of the sections, and is set to a second delay in response to a second level of the first signal in the corresponding one of the sections.

Abstract: A switch circuit in which the cut-off characteristic is improved over a wide range of frequencies in the microwave band includes a first field-effect transistor functioning as a switch element, a second field-effect transistor and an inductor. A serially connected circuit composed of the inductor and second field-effect transistor is connected in parallel with the first field-effect transistor across the source and drain thereof. The second field-effect transistor is turned on when the first field-effect transistor operates normally and is turned off when the first field-effect transistor is inspected.

Abstract: A phased array for controlling a radiation pattern of an array of antennas includes a plurality of antenna ports, a first tunable element connected in series between each respective pair of adjacent antenna ports, and a second tunable element connected in parallel with each respective antenna port. The phased array provides progressive phase differences between successive antenna ports Equal amplitude of the signal can be maintained at each antenna. An equal amount of successive phase change can be provided in a signal at each antenna. A direct current source connectible to at least one input port can include an alternating power source through a matching circuit, such as a quarter-wave transformer The first and second tunable elements can be either an inductor or a capacitor, and/or can be in combination with transmission lines separating each respective antenna from a successive antenna by desired fraction of a wavelength.

Abstract: A directional coupler includes a main line connected at a first end to an input port and at a second end to an output port, a coupled line connected at a first end to a coupled port and at a second end to an isolated port, and a phase shifter connected at a first end to the isolated port and at a second end to the coupled port. The phase shifter phase shifts a second reflected wave component such that the second reflected wave component is opposite in phase to a first reflected wave component, the second reflected wave component traveling from the output port to the coupled port through the isolated port and the phase shifter, the first reflected wave component traveling from the output port to the coupled port through the coupled line.