Abstract: A system for classifying targets utilizes radar receptions and acoustic signatures of armament projectiles (e.g., bullets from celebratory rifle fire, mortars, cannon fire, artillery shells, or rockets, etc.) to associate ordinances with radar returns to better utilize a radar's resources to acquire and track targets of interest. In one embodiment of the invention the system for classifying targets comprises: a radar system for detecting targets based upon radar receptions; an acoustic system for detecting targets based upon acoustic receptions; and a means for classifying the acoustic receptions into target types; a means for computing range, bearing and time of incidence for the radar receptions and the acoustic receptions; a means for associating the radar receptions and the acoustic receptions according to the classification.

Abstract: A reader device (110) for reading information transmitted from a transponder (130) via a backscatter signal (132) generated by the transponder (130) in response to a stimulus signal (112) generated by the reader device (110), the reader device (110) comprising a first power estimation unit (114) adapted for estimating a first power value indicative of the power of the stimulus signal (112) at a position of the transponder (130) by evaluating a power information included in the backscatter signal (132), a second power estimation unit (116) adapted for estimating a second power value indicative of the power of the backscatter signal (132) at a position of the reader device (110), and a distance estimation unit (118) adapted for estimating a distance (d1) between the reader device (110) and the transponder (130) based on the first power value and the second power value.

Abstract: A distance measurement arrangement (DDM) provides a distance indication (DV) on the basis of a delay between an electromagnetic signal (TB), which is transmitted in a transmission mode, and a reflection (RB) of the electromagnetic signal, which is received in a reception mode. The distance measurement arrangement includes an antenna module (AM) comprising a plurality of antennas for transmitting the electromagnetic signal (TB) and for receiving the reflection (RB) thereof. A beam-forming module (BF) defines respective magnitude and phase relationships with respect to respective antennas so as to cause the antenna module (AM) to provide a directional antenna pattern in at least one the two aforementioned modes. Preferably, a beam-forming and steering control module (BC) controls the respective magnitude and phase relationships as a function of a direction command (DIR).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for increasing the accuracy of a measurement of a radio-based locating system comprising a mobile station and at least one fixed station, wherein the movement of a mobile station from an initial position is detected by way of measuring data of an absolute sensor system and a relative sensor system, a virtual antenna is embodied in the form of synthetic aperture by way of measuring data and the mobile station is focused on the fixed station and/or vice versa by using the synthetic aperture.

Abstract: A position estimating device (4) which estimates the position of an object by comparing a receiving pattern obtained from ID transmitters (2a, 2b, . . . ) and ID receivers (3a, 3b, . . . ) installed in an environment with a prestored receiving pattern. Position of an object equipped with no extra device can be estimated only with the ID transmitters and ID receivers installed in an environment even in an indoor multipath environment by utilizing a fact that a receiving pattern obtained from ID transmitters (2a, 2b, . . . ) and ID receivers (3a, 3b, . . . ) installed in an environment changes depending on the position of the object.

Abstract: The transmission antenna (10) of the high-resolution synthetic aperture side view radar system comprises a plurality of sub-apertures (7, 8, 9). In each individual transmission pulse, said sub-apertures are controlled in such a manner that a spatiotemporally non-separable multi-dimensional high-frequency waveform is produced as an transmission signal pulse form, such that the modulation of each transmission pulse has a spatiotemporal diversity which is not described by the product having functions which are independent from each other and which are dependent on, respectively, only one spatial dimension. The thus produced transmission pulse form is combined to a capture-sided spatial filtering by means of digital beamforming adapted to said transmission signal pulse form.

Abstract: A method for processing received radar returns of a radiated wide-band arbitrary waveform in a wide-band radar processing system using spectral processing. The received wide-band radar returns are undersampled by using a first sampling rate to obtain an undersampled digital wide-band radar waveform. Spectral processing is performed on the power spectrum of the undersampled digital wide-band radar waveform in order to obtain a discrete ripple frequency power spectrum of the undersampled digital wide-band radar waveform. Ripple frequencies indicating radar targets are located in the discrete ripple frequency power spectrum of the undersampled digital wide-band radar waveform. A radar receiver, a digital wide-band radar processing system and a computer program product.

Abstract: A near field radar imaging system looks at the distance between the several points under evaluation, and corrects image strength based upon varying distances such that a more accurate image of the object under evaluation is provided.

Abstract: Using a radar to detect a known target likely to be positioned at approximately a predetermined height close to other targets, these other targets also being positioned at approximately the predetermined height. A first phase of detecting the known target is carried out by performing an azimuth scan. When the known target has been detected at a certain distance Di at a certain azimuth angle ?az, a second detection phase is carried out at said azimuth angle ?az and at an elevation angle ?EL corresponding to that of an object situated at said distance Di at the predetermined height. The target is said to be detected if it is detected at the elevation angle ?EL at a distance D approximately equal to the distance Di.

Abstract: There are provided a distance measuring device and a distance measuring method characterized by “simple configuration”, “capability of measuring a near distance”, and “a small measurement error” like a distance measuring device using a standing wave. The distance measuring device includes a signal source (1) for outputting a signal having a plurality of different frequency components within a particular bandwidth, a transmission unit (2) for transmitting a signal as an undulation, s mixed wave detection unit (3) for detecting a mixed wave VC obtained by mixing a progressive wave VT transmitted and a reflected wave VRk of the progressive wave VT reflected by a measurement object (6), a frequency component analysis unit (4) for analyzing the frequency component of the mixed wave VC detected, and a distance calculation unit (5) for obtaining a distance spectrum by subjecting the analyzed data further to spectrum analysis, thereby calculating the distance to the measurement object (6).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for target focusing and ghost image removal in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is disclosed. Conventional SAR is not designed for imaging targets in a rich scattering environment. In this case, ghost images due to secondary reflections appear in the SAR images. We demonstrate, how, from a rough estimate of the target location obtained from a conventional SAR image and using time reversal, time reversal techniques can be applied to SAR to focus on the target with improved resolution, and reduce or remove ghost images.

Abstract: A radar device includes a transmission antenna and a reception antenna having a plurality of antenna elements. The radar device switches the antenna elements in synchronization with a modulation cycle, thereby obtaining a reception signal. At this time, the radar device obtains the reception signal by switching the antenna elements using a first measurement phase and a second measurement phase having different switching cycles as one set. The radar device calculates an azimuth sine value sin ?1 from the reception signal in the first measurement phase and also calculates an azimuth sinusoidal value sin ?2 from the reception signal in the second measurement phase. Then, the radar device calculates a relative velocity V from the azimuth sine value sin ?1, the azimuth sine value sin ?2, an interval time difference ?t between switching cycles, and an inter-antenna element spacing d.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of detecting and correcting the loss of a target lost by the distance sensor installation of a motor vehicle when a target object (4) moves from one detection channel of the distance sensor installation to an adjacent detection channel, wherein the method consists of determining the mean size of a weak detection band between the intensity peaks of two adjacent detection channels and computing the time a narrow target object (4), particularly if it is a single-channel target object, remains in this previously determined band.

Abstract: A variable range millimeter wave method and system is disclosed. In a particular embodiment, the system includes a primary mirror having an aperture to reflect millimeter wave energy to a secondary mirror, where the secondary mirror is disposed in front of the primary mirror and adapted to redirect the millimeter wave energy to a millimeter wave sensor/detector of a millimeter wave camera. The millimeter wave camera is configured to process the millimeter wave energy to visually detect concealed objects hidden on a target and an operating frequency of the millimeter wave camera is between 225 GHz and 275 GHz. In addition, the system includes a laser rangefinder, GPS and altimeter to determine a location of the target and to optimize a focus of the millimeter wave camera. A video monitor displays millimeter wave imagery and video images spatially and temporally relative to the millimeter wave imagery to aid targeting.

Abstract: A radar level gauge system for determining a filling level of a product contained in a tank, comprising: a transceiver for generating, transmitting and receiving frequency-modulated electromagnetic signals; a transmitting propagating device electrically connected to the transceiver and arranged to propagate transmitted electromagnetic signals towards a surface of the product contained in the tank; and a receiving propagating device electrically connected to the transceiver and arranged to return echo signals resulting from reflections at impedance transitions encountered by the transmitted electromagnetic signals, including a surface echo signal resulting from reflection at the surface, back to the transceiver.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and apparatus that provides detection, characterization, and intuitive dissemination of targets. This disclosure combines improvements to ultra-wideband (UWB) sensing and machine target characterization with a means to convey data in a format that is quickly and readily understood by practitioners of the technology. The invention is well suited for Situational Awareness (SA) support in areas that are occluded by rain, fog, dust, darkness, distance, foliage, building walls, and any material that can be penetrated by ultra-wideband RF signals. Sense Through The Wall (STTW) performance parameters including target range, stand-off distance, and probability of detection are improved herein by combining a dynamically positioned sliding windowing function with orthogonal feature vectors that include but are not limited to time amplitude decay, spectral composition, and propagation time position in the return signal data.

Abstract: An estimation apparatus estimates a state of a vehicle located in a frontward field. Positional coordinates of a plurality of positions on an object are measured by radiating radar waves toward the frontward field and receiving reflected radar waves from an object in the frontward field. A position, direction and size of a graphical pattern are obtained by approximating the graphical pattern into a profile pattern of the object. The graphical pattern is modeled as a profile of a vehicle. A direction and size of the graphical pattern are unknown. The profile pattern is expressed by the positional coordinates. As the state of the vehicle located ahead, a position of the vehicle, a direction of the vehicle, and one of a whole length and a whole width of the vehicle are estimated based on the position, the direction, and the size of the graphical pattern.

Abstract: A distance measuring apparatus for detecting the position of a reflection body in a line structure is provided that includes a sensor device, which has at least one antenna for feeding a transmission signal as an electromagnetic wave into the line structure and for receiving the electromagnetic wave reflected on the reflection body. The sensor device also includes evaluation electronics which are configured to determine the position of the reflection body from the phase difference between the transmitted and the received wave.

Abstract: The present invention relates to system for detecting obstacles (13, 55, 56, 57) on the ground (15) onboard a carrier (1). The detection system comprises at least two continuous-wave radars (2, 3, 4). The radars (2, 3, 4) are linked to a system (15) for utilizing the detection data arising from the radars (2, 3, 4). The detection system performs localization of an obstacle (13, 55, 56, 57): along a radial axis (12) between a radar (2, 3, 4) and the obstacle (13, 55, 56, 57), by calculating the distance between the radar (2, 3, 4) and the obstacle (13, 55, 56, 57); along a vertical axis (14) with respect to a radar (2, 3, 4), by calculating the elevation of the obstacle (13, 55, 56, 57) using monopulse deviation-measurement processing. The detection system performs localization of an obstacles along a horizontal axis (18) transverse with respect to a sighting axis (11) of a radar (2, 3, 4), by calculating the azimuthal position of the obstacle (13, 55, 56, 57).

Abstract: A transmission controller 7B is configured to transmit an R/W request signal for requesting transmission of a tag response signal to a RFID tag 1 twice. At this time, a frequency controller 7A controls a PLL section 5A to transmit the R/W request signal via different carrier frequencies. A phase information acquirer 8A detects a phase change amount of the tag response signal that is transmitted via different carrier frequencies. A distance calculator 8B calculates the distance between the reader/writer 2 and the RFID tag 1 on the basis of the phase change amount.

Abstract: A radar apparatus includes a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna that has a plurality of antenna elements, and switches the plurality of antenna elements in synchronization with a modulation period to acquire receiving signals. At this time, the antenna elements are switched in accordance with a combination of a first sub-phase and a second sub-phase in which the antenna elements are sequentially switched in opposite directions to thereby acquire the receiving signals. The radar apparatus calculates an azimuth sine value sin ?1 from the acquired receiving signals of the first sub-phase and calculates an azimuth sine value sin ?2 from the receiving signals of the second sub-phase. Next, the radar apparatus calculates an actual azimuth ? through an averaging process of these azimuth sine values sin ?1 and sin ?2.

Abstract: Provided is a receiving device that is used for a spread spectrum radar apparatus, receives a spectrum-spread signal, and obtains a precise radar spectrum, and includes: a despreading unit that (i) generates first and second despread signals that are generated by despreading a reception signal using a pseudo-noise code, the second despread signal passing through a transmission line carrying a current having a current value identical to a current value of a current carried by a transmission line through which the first despread signal passes, and (ii) includes a first transistor pair including first and second transistors having an identical characteristic, the first transistor outputting the first despread signal, and the second transistor outputting the second despread signal; and a quadrature demodulating unit that generates an in-phase signal and a quadrature signal by quadrature-demodulating the first despread signal and the second despread signal, respectively.

Abstract: A vehicular lamp includes a lamp chamber formed by a lamp body opening forward and a transparent front cover attached to a forward opening portion thereof; a lamp unit disposed within the lamp chamber; a millimeter wave radar for sending a millimeter wave to reflect off of an object in order to detect a distance and a relative speed of the object; and a millimeter wave direction-changing mechanism for sending forward the millimeter wave sent by the millimeter wave radar from a back surface side of the lamp unit, without reflecting the millimeter wave on a rearward side of the lamp unit.

Abstract: A system for correcting skewing in an agricultural implement where the implement includes a plurality of ground engaging tools laterally spaced across a width of the implement and operative to selectively engage the ground to perform a desired operation on a field surface has a skew detecting device operative to sense when the implement is travelling in a skewed orientation and send a correction signal indicating the skewed orientation to a correction mechanism. A drag force is exerted on the ground engaging tools by engagement with the ground when performing the desired operation on the field surface, and the correction mechanism is operative to change the drag forces exerted on at least some ground engaging tools on one side of the implement to correct the skewed orientation.

Abstract: A system and method of controlling deployment of a safety device for a vehicle. The system may include a pre-impact collision assessment system, an impact detection system, and an inflatable safety device. The safety device may be partially inflated when a collision threat is detected based on a signal from the pre-impact collision assessment system. The inflatable device may be subsequently either more fully inflated or deflated.

Abstract: Radial gap measurement on turbines by a microwave measuring method and an evaluation of a Doppler effect which varies according to the size of the radial gap is described. At least one radar sensor embodied as a transmission and reception unit is provided in the wall of a turbine housing which is radially oriented towards the centre of the turbine. The relative speed of an outer end of a turbine blade, dependent on the size of the radial gap, is evaluated many times in relation to the radar sensor during the passage of the blade end past the same, and the course of the relative speed over time on the zero crossing constitutes a measure for the radial gap on the basis of the relation between the absolute value of the relative speed and the incline thereof in the zero crossing.

Abstract: A radar system includes an antenna and has short range detection capability. The radar system includes a receiver coupled to the antenna for receiving a receive signal associated with a pulse compressed transmission signal and a matched filter configured to accumulate at least a portion of the receive signal for a particular range. The portion of the receive signal is associated with a corresponding portion of the pulse compressed transmission signal.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an ultra wide band (UWB) radar includes: a substrate; a plurality of antennas adjacent the substrate, the plurality of antennas being arranged into a plurality of sub-arrays; an RF feed network adjacent the substrate, the RF feed network coupling to a distributed plurality of amplifiers integrated with the substrate, wherein the RF feed network and the distributed plurality of amplifiers are configured to form a resonant network such that if a timing signal is injected into an input port of the RF feed network, the resonant network oscillates to provide a globally-synchronized RF signal across the network; a plurality of pulse-shaping circuits corresponding to the plurality of sub-arrays, each pulse-shaping circuit being configured to receive the globally-synchronized RF signal from the network and process the globally-synchronized RF signal into pulses for transmission through the corresponding sub-array of antennas; and an actuator for mechanically scanning the UWB radar so that the pulse

Abstract: A level measuring instrument has a variable transmitting power for measuring a filling level in a tank. The level measuring instrument includes a generator unit generating one of a first oscillator signal and a second oscillator signal. The generator unit generates a transmit signal from one of the first oscillator signal and the second oscillator signal. The level measuring instrument includes further a controller controlling the generator unit. The generator unit generates one of first and second transmitting powers for the transmit signal.

Abstract: A high-frequency module according to the present embodiment includes a substrate, a circuit board, and a resonator. The substrate has an input-output portion for high-frequency signals formed on one surface thereof. The circuit board includes a dielectric waveguide line with its end face exposed, and is placed on the one surface of the substrate such that a virtual plane extending beyond the end face is intersected by the one surface of the substrate. The resonator includes input-output end portions for high-frequency signals at ends thereof, in which one of the input-output end portions is connected to the end face of the dielectric waveguide line, and the other thereof is connected to the input-output portion of the substrate.

Abstract: A wireless network device comprises a first RF transceiver module and a control module. The first RF transceiver module transmits a first data frame to a second RF transceiver module and receives a first acknowledgement (ACK) frame from the second RF transceiver module after a first delay period. The first RF transceiver module transmits a second data frame to the second RF transceiver module and receives the second ACK frame from the second RF transceiver module after a second delay period. The control module communicates with the first RF transceiver module and determines a total delay period based on the first and the second delay times. The control module determines an actual delay period between the first and the second RF transceiver modules based on the total delay period.

Abstract: A method for determining a refractivity profile of an atmosphere of the Earth. The method may involve: generating radar signals from a radar device located above the Earth's surface toward the Earth's surface; measuring a time of flight and a reflected intensity of reflected radar signals received back at the radar device; using the measured time of flight and the reflected intensity of the reflected radar signals received by the radar device to determine a distance to a radar horizon where the radar signals are tangent to the Earth's surface; and using the distance to the radar horizon to determine a refractivity profile of the atmosphere through which the radar signals and the reflected radar signals have travelled.

Abstract: Time is transferred from an ultra wideband (UWB) transmitter to UWB receiver by transmitting a signal structure having an associated timing reference point together with a time value for the timing reference point. The UWB receiver receives the timing signal structure by synchronizing a receiver time base to the signal structure, demodulating the time value information, and using the demodulated time value information to set a receiver clock value. Propagation delay information is used to adjust the receiver clock value by advancing the receiver clock value to account for the propagation delay. In one embodiment, propagation delay is determined from a known distance between the transmitter and receiver. In another embodiment, the transmitter and receiver are part of a two-way link wherein propagation delay is measured by round trip timing measurements.

Abstract: A radar system comprises a transmitter antenna configured to transmit a radio frequency (RF) signal, a first receiver antenna, and a second receiver antenna. Each of the first and second receiver antennas are configured to receive a reflection of the RF signal, wherein the first and second receiver antennas are synchronized and separated by a vertical distance. The radar system also comprises radar processing circuitry configured to control transmission of the RF signal from the transmitter antenna and to determine an elevation of an object reflecting the RF signal based on the phase difference between the reflected RF signal received by the first receiver antenna and the reflected RF signal received by the second receiver antenna; wherein the transmit antenna, first receiver antenna, and second receiver antenna are operable to continuously rotate 360 degrees along an azimuth angle without rotating along an elevation angle.

Abstract: A method and system for SNR enhancement in pulse-Doppler coherent target detection for applications in the fields of radar and ultrasound. In accordance with the method of the invention, complex signals are obtained for each of two or more sub-intervals of the time-on-target interval, allowing simultaneous range and Doppler measurements. A coherent integration is the performed on the signals to generate complex-valued folded matrices. The folded matrices are unfolded and target detection is then performed in a process involving one or more of the unfolded matrices. A pulse-Doppler coherent system is also provided configured for target detection by the method of the invention.

Abstract: Distance measuring apparatus has a rough distance measuring circuit (18) using a time delay circuit and a precise distance measuring circuit (31) for measuring the orientation of the vector of a carrier wave to determine the distance, the sum of which is the final output. The rough distance measuring apparatus (18) has a long measurement span but low precision. The precise distance measuring apparatus (31) has a short measurement span but high precision. The combination provides distance measuring apparatus having a long measurement span and high resolution and capable of implementing precise measurement.

Abstract: A height-finding 3D avian radar comprises an azimuthally scanning radar system with means of varying the elevation pointing angle of the antenna. The elevation angle can be varied by employing either an antenna with multiple beams, or an elevation scanner, or two radars pointed at different elevations. Heights of birds are determined by analyzing the received echo returns from detected bird targets illuminated with the different elevation pointing angles.

Abstract: A method for determining the size of a radial gap between rotating and torsion-proof parts, particularly the parts of a turbomachine is provided. According to the method, an original signal emitted by a transmitter device located on the surface of the rotating part is received in a modified manner by a receiver device disposed on the torsion-proof part and is redirected to an evaluation unit. The evaluation device determines and displays the size of the radial gap from the received signal by determining the parameters of the trajectory of the rotating transmitter device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for remotely sensing the content in a field of view are disclosed. The method includes transmitting a coherent optical signal into a field of view; receiving and detecting a reflection of the optical signal from a portion of the field of view bounded by the platform's boresight; correcting the first instance of the detected reflection; and resolving the content of a plurality of cells in the field of view up to the platform's boresight. The apparatus comprises a radome; an optical signal generator; an optical transmission channel; an optical receiver channel; and a plurality of electronics capable of receiving the representative signal and: correcting the first instance of the detected reflection; and resolving the content of a plurality of cells in the field of view up to the boresight from the corrected first instance of the reflection.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a radar device, which includes a determination module for extracting received data within a predetermined distance range out of a series of received data for which received signals are sampled, and determining whether the distance range is a distance range where rain-and-snow clutters or white noises are dominant, using the extracted received data.

Abstract: The present invention provides a coherent radar system based on a modification of standard non-coherent radar without Moving Target Indication. Typical radars in this class are Navigation radars which are mass produced with low cost components. These radars utilize a magnetron in the transmitter which is a random phase device. In the present invention, the received signal is extracted just prior to amplitude detection process (where phase information is lost), and digitized using an analogue to digital converter providing coherent detection based on correlation between the transmitted pulse and the received signal.

Abstract: A flat panel antenna used at a wall in a through-the-wall CW radar application is spaced from the wall by a half wavelength to eliminate the effects of energy reflected by the wall back to the antenna. In one embodiment, a ½-wavelength dielectric absorbing material insert is placed adjacent the flat panel antenna, which allows the flat panel antenna to be pressed against the wall for antenna stabilization, with the index of refraction of the material desirably being 3.

Abstract: Clutter filtering of broadband radar signals is performed by obtaining a measure of the impedance of an echo target. A distance resolution is selected and then a power spectrum is calculated for the necessary transmitting signal. Further a target area profile ?(?) is estimated by utilising a correlation between the radiated signal and the received signal in form of a convolution. The target impedance is then calculated, and thereafter, the target can be filtered out using the achieved impedance characterising the echo of the target.

Abstract: A system and method for sensing elevation terrain using an airborne weather radar. Method techniques include sampling first and second radar returns from a weather radar at two portions of an antenna. First radar returns are removed from second radar returns to generate third radar returns for a third portion of the antenna. The third portion of the antenna is included in the second portion but not the first portion. Changes in the third radar return are analyzed to sense elevation of the terrain.

Abstract: A radar device of FM pulse system, in which a pulsed radio wave with frequency modulated is transmitted or received, to calculate a distance to a target 203 and a relative velocity, comprising: range gate setting means 205 for determining a sampling timing every time a predetermined time period has passed from a transmission timing; sampling means 206 for making a sampling in a frequency up zone or frequency down zone in each range gate; and measurement time changing means 207 for setting a measurement data used as an input of Fourier transform based on sampling data obtained by the sampling means 206, and when letting a time period required to make a sampling of all measurement data a measurement time period, changing the measurement time period in each range gate. An optimum distance resolution and relative velocity resolution can be set based on the distance to a target.

Abstract: The invention relates to a symmetrical multi-path method for determining the spatial distance between two transmitter-receivers. Both transmitter-receivers set off at least one signal round in each case. A signal round comprises the steps: a) transmitting at least one request data frame of a first transmitter-receiver to a second transmitter-receiver at a request transmitting time (TTA1, TTB2), b) receiving the request data frame at the second transmitter-receiver at a request receiving time (TRB1, TRA2), c) transmitting a reply data frame from the second transmitter-receiver to the first transmitter-receiver at a reply transmitting time (TTB1, TTA2), which has a respective reply time interval (TreplyB1, TreplyA2) from the request receiving time (TRB1, TRA2) and detecting the reply time interval, d) receiving the reply data frame at the first transmitter-receiver setting off the signal round and detecting an allocated reply receiving time (TRA1, TRB2).

Abstract: A method of detecting obstacles on board an aircraft while in the vicinity (44) of a touchdown point (27, 42), includes the following operations: selecting/determining a path (41) to be followed by the aircraft overflying the touchdown point; the aircraft overflying the touchdown point following the overflight path, and during the overflight recording signals/data delivered by an on-board rangefinder observing a portion of space extending below the aircraft; analyzing the rangefinder data to detect the presence of obstacles and to determine their positions in a terrestrial frame of reference, where appropriate to determine their dimensions; and recording the detected obstacle position data, and dimensions, if any, in a memory.

Abstract: In various embodiments, geodesic mining systems and methods are disclosed. For example, a method for forming and adapting a geodesic adaptive network may include embedding a set of rules into a two-dimensional adaptive network having N-rows and M-columns with rule independent variables embedded in a first column of the two-dimensional adaptive network and rule dependent variables embedded in the last column of the two-dimensional adaptive network, where N and M are positive integers greater than two, and repetitively selecting a pair of rows of the two-dimensional adaptive network having common dependent attributes using a random process, then adapting the two-dimensional adaptive network based on the selected pair of rows.

Abstract: A two-channel time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter (TIADC) system that provides for estimation and correction of offset, gain, and sample-time errors. Error in the offsets of the two ADCs that form the TIADC produces a spurious signal at the Nyquist frequency that can be used to minimize the difference of offsets of the ADCs. The difference in gain between the two ADCs produces spurious signals reflected around the Nyquist frequency whose magnitudes can be reduced by minimizing the difference in signal power between the two ADCs. An Automatic Gain Control loop corrects the scaling of the input signal due to the average of the gains of the ADCs. Phase error produces spurious signals reflected around the Nyquist frequency that are ?/2 out of phase with those due to the gain error. Minimizing the difference between the correlation of consecutive signals from the ADCs reduces the magnitude of these image tones.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for determining an altitude with an altimeter is provided. One method includes transmitting a signal having a fixed modulation period towards a ground target and then detecting reflected signals off the ground target. The method then implements a single Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the detected signals for each modulation period that computes all possible altitudes in real time. A short history of the real time altitude calculations is collected and then the altitude based on the short history of the real time altitude calculations is determined.