Abstract: An LCD panel including a first substrate, a second substrate, a black matrix, a liquid crystal (LC) layer, first photo spacers and second photo spacers is provided. The first and the second substrates are substantially parallel. The LC layer is disposed between the first and the second substrates. The black matrix disposed on the first substrate surrounds display regions and defines a non-display region. The first photo spacers contact the second substrate and are disposed on the black matrix. The second photo spacers are disposed on the black matrix. Channels are formed between the second photo spacers, such that LC molecules of the LC layer flow between the display regions through the channels. The width of the channels between any two of the adjacent second photo spacers substantially ranges from 2˜10 ?m. The dimension of the first photo spacers is substantially greater than that of the second photo spacers.

Abstract: A laminated article comprises a first substrate and a second substrate at least one of which is flexible, the substrates being spaced apart from each other by spacing means and enclosing a layer of a fluid material. At least some of the spacing means comprise wall structures enclosing an adhesive material which adheres the substrates together. Fluid material which is outside the wall structures is isolated from the adhesive material and any fluid material within the wall structures. Another aspect of the invention provides a method of manufacturing the article.

Abstract: A color temperature conversion element includes a diffractive optical element that includes a polymer and a liquid crystal and diffracts light with a specific wavelength in incident light.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, a seal line and an outer spacer. The first substrate includes a display area on which a plurality of thin film transistors are formed, and a peripheral area surrounding the display area. The second substrate is opposite to the first substrate. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The seal line is formed between the first substrate and the second substrate in the peripheral area to confine the liquid crystal between the first and second substrates. The outer spacers are disposed in the peripheral area, and inwardly spaced apart from the seal line by a separation distance thereby preventing liquid crystal from being polluted by particles of an uncured seal line during manufacturing.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a liquid crystal display panel and a fabricating method thereof for improving the reliability of cell gap maintenance and for preventing an aperture ratio reduction. In the liquid crystal display panel, a color filter array substrate includes a main column spacer and a sub column spacer. A thin film transistor array substrate is disposed in opposition to the color filter array substrate. The thin film transistor array substrate includes a plurality of films, including a top film in contact with the main column spacer and a depressed portion disposed below the sub column spacer.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a color filter substrate including the following procedures is provided. First, a substrate is provided and a color filter layer is formed thereon. Next, a plurality of sensing spacers is formed on a part of the color filter layer. Then, a planarization layer is formed to cover the color filter layer and expose the sensing spacers. Next, an electrode layer is formed to cover the planarization layer and the sensing spacers. After that, a plurality of main spacers is formed on a part of the electrode layer excluding disposing regions of the sensing spacers, wherein a step height is formed between the main spacers and the electrode layer above sensing spacers.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device, a color filter substrate and a protruding structure, and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The color filter substrate includes a transparent substrate, a black matrix, a plurality of color filters, a plurality of first protruding structures, and a plurality of second protruding structures. The black matrix is disposed on the transparent substrate and exposes part of the transparent substrate for defining a plurality of first openings, a plurality of second openings, and a plurality of pixel regions, wherein the size of each first opening is different from the size of each second opening. In addition, the color filters are disposed in the pixel regions. The first protruding structures and the second protruding structures are disposed on the transparent substrate, wherein the first protruding structures correspond to the first openings respectively and the second protruding structures correspond to the second openings respectively.

Abstract: A display device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, and microcapsules sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate, the microcapsules constituting a display area, the microcapsules encapsulating a display material whose optical properties change in response to electrical stimulation. A conductive material for conducting between the substrates is provided between the first substrate and the second substrate to constitute a vertically conducting portion. The thickness of the conductive material is set such that the distance between the first substrate and the second substrate at the vertically conducting portion is larger than the distance between the first substrate and the second substrate in the display area.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel comprises a color filter substrate, a thin film transistor array substrate, and a liquid crystal layer sealed between the two substrates. The color filter substrate has a plurality of first spacers and a plurality of second spacers thereon. The thin film transistor array substrate has a plurality of recesses for containing the second spacers. The ratio of the number of the second spacers to the number of the first spacers is between about 10 and about 90.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel includes: a thin film transistor array substrate; a color filter array substrate opposite the thin film transistor array substrate; and a liquid crystal layer between the thin film transistor array substrate and the color filter array substrate, wherein the color filter array substrate includes: a black matrix partitioning sub pixels; a plurality of color filters at respective sub pixels; and a spacer-integrated planarizing layer arranged on the color filters and the black matrix, wherein the spacer-integrated planarizing layer includes a planarized surface at each of the sub pixels and a spacer pattern integrated with the planarized surface and protruding at the black matrix to maintain a cell gap between the thin film transistor array substrate and the color filter array substrate, wherein the spacer-integrated planarizing layer includes a liquid crystalline material.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a liquid crystal provided between a first layer and a second layer. The first layer and the second layer may be in a substantially parallel direction to each another. Spacers may be provided in the liquid crystal to keep the first layer and the second layer spaced apart from each other. Electrode layers may include structural elements operable to prevent the spacers from moving through the liquid crystal in the substantially parallel direction. The display may include a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer having one or more gaps defining an electrode structure including electrodes to control the display.

Abstract: A color filter substrate according to the present invention includes a transparent substrate; at least three colors of colored layers provided on the transparent substrate; first columnar structure bodies 101 provided in pixel outskirts within a display region, the first columnar structure bodies 101 defining a cell gap; and second columnar structure bodies 102 provided in the pixel outskirts within the display region or outside the display region, the second columnar structure bodies 102 having a smaller height than that of the first columnar structure bodies 101, such that a difference from the height of the first columnar structure bodies 101 exceeds a range of elastic deformation of the first columnar structure bodies 101.

Abstract: The invention includes a liquid crystal display panel including spacers and a method of making this panel. The spacers, which are positioned in the liquid crystal-filled gap between a first substrate and a second substrate, provide support to the substrates and prevent the substrate from bending when the device is used as a touch screen panel. By preventing the bending of the device, the spacers help prevent the undesirable ripple effect suffered by liquid crystal devices. In order to minimize the amount of light blocked by the spacers, the spacers are formed in a region where light is substantially intercepted anyway, such as in a contact hole. A black matrix layer is formed on the spacers. The spacers may be distributed unevenly between the substrates, depending on how much force each of the spacers will have to absorb in each area of the panel.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided, which includes a first panel and a second panel facing each other, a liquid crystal layer formed between the first and second panels, and a plurality of column spacers each having a pillar and a base supporting the pillar. The width of the pillar is less than that of the base portion.

Abstract: A picture electrode of an MVA liquid crystal display device has a configuration where sub-picture electrodes are successively provided, while a cross-shaped slit is provided as an alignment restriction member on a common electrode of the side of a counter substrate. A columnar spacer is provided on a signal line of a TFT substrate in conformity to a position of a singular point of an alignment of liquid crystal molecules, the singularity occurring in a display region. This structure makes it possible, when a panel surface is depressed, to cause quick re-aligning of the liquid crystal molecules at the singular point of +1, as a base point, which has occurred at a center of the cross-shaped slit and in the vicinity of the columnar spacer, hence achieving a speedy recovery of displaying.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes first and second substrates facing each other; gate lines and data lines formed on the first substrate such that the gate lines and the data lines intersect each other to define pixel regions; thin film transistors formed at respective intersections of the gate lines and the data lines; a black matrix layer formed on the second substrate such that the black matrix layer corresponds to a region other than the pixel regions; color filter layers extending in an extension direction of the data lines in respective pixel regions; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates; first column spacers formed on one of the first and second substrates such that each first column spacer corresponds to an associated one of the gate lines or to a channel region of an associated one of the thin film transistors to maintain a cell gap between the first and second substrate; and spacer patterns formed on one of the first and second substrates such that each sp

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) device is disclosed, in which a plurality of spacers are formed around one corresponding projection as the same size and spaced apart from each other, to prevent the deformation of column spacers and to prevent the touch defect, the LCD device including first and second substrates facing each other; gate and data lines crossing each other to define a unit pixel region on the first substrate; a thin film transistor at a crossing area of the gate and data lines; a projection on the predetermined portion of the gate line; a plurality of column spacers overlapped with the predetermined portions of the projection and provided on the second substrate at regular intervals; and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises first and second substrates that face each other, first and second lines formed on the first substrate in first and second directions that cross each other, respectively. The liquid crystal display device further comprises a protrusion formed at a predetermined portion on the first line, a first column spacer formed on the second substrate so as to correspond to the protrusion and having a corresponding surface with respect to the protrusion. The corresponding surface is wider than the protrusion. The liquid crystal display device also comprises a compensation pattern formed at another predetermined portion on the first line where the protrusion is not formed, and having a lower height than the protrusion, a second column spacer corresponding to the compensation pattern. The liquid crystal display device then comprises a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates. A method for manufacturing the LCD device is also disclosed.

Abstract: A mother glass panel for manufacturing a plurality of liquid crystal displays (LCD) includes a first substrate; a second substrate attached to the first substrate, wherein column spacers are disposed between the first and second substrates to form cell gaps; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein, the mother glass panel defines a plurality of liquid crystal display regions and at least two of the liquid crystal display regions have different cell gaps.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a liquid crystal display device includes forming a thin film transistor on a first substrate, forming a color filter on a second substrate, and forming a spacer on one of the first and second substrates, the spacer being formed by a distributing apparatus, and forming a liquid crystal layer between first and second substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel comprises a color filter substrate, a thin film transistor array substrate, and a liquid crystal layer sealed between the two substrates. The color filter substrate has a plurality of first spacers and a plurality of second spacers thereon. The thin film transistor array substrate has a plurality of recesses for containing the second spacers. The ratio of the number of the second spacers to the number of the first spacers is between about 10 and about 90.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes first and second substrates bonded to each other, first column spacers on the first substrate, protrusions on the second substrate that contact a center portion of an upper surface of the spacers, respectively, recesses formed in the second substrate surrounding the protrusions, respectively, and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) device includes first and second substrates facing each other; a plurality of step portions on the first substrate; a plurality of first column spacers on the second substrate, the first column spacers contacting the step portions wherein an upper surface of the first column spacer is larger than a contact area between the first column spacer and the step portion; a plurality of second column spacers on the second substrate, the second column spacers spaced apart from the first substrate, wherein a first contact area between the first column spacers and the second substrate is smaller than a second contact area between the second column spacers and the second substrate; and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: Provided is an LCD having a liquid crystal panel including an active region serving as a display region and an outer region serving as a non-display region. The LCD includes a first substrate including an array unit and a color filter formed in the active region, an ESD (electrostatic discharge) circuit formed in the outer region, a pattern spacer formed on the ESD, a second substrate facing the first substrate, and a sealant for attaching the first and second substrates together.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, column spacers at designated areas of the second substrate, protrusions having a first height on the first substrate corresponding to portions of the column spacers, compensation patterns having a second height on the first substrate corresponding to the edges of the column spacers, the second height being lower than the first height, and a liquid crystal layer filling a gap between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal panel and method for fabricating the same are provided. A plurality of photo spacers and ball spacers are disposed between a color filter substrate and an array substrate. The device for simultaneously applying photo spacers and ball spacers exhibits the ability to eliminate force impact and overcome problems such as touch mura and sound mura.

Abstract: A color filter substrate, including a substrate, a light shielding layer, a color filter layer, a conductive layer, first and second spacers, is provided. The substrate has a displaying area and a dummy area. The light shielding layer is disposed on the substrate. The color filter layer is disposed on the substrate and covers the light shielding layer. The color filter layer has at least one first concave in the dummy area. The conductive layer is disposed on the substrate and covers the color filter layer and the light shielding layer. The first spacers are disposed on the conductive layer and are in the dummy area. Each first spacer has a fixing part and a supporting part. And the fixing part is disposed in the first concave. A through hole is in each first spacer. The second spacers are disposed on the conductive layer and are in the displaying area.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element includes two substrates divided into a display region and a non-display region, between which liquid crystals are sandwiched, and first columnar spacers, disposed between the two substrates in the display region, which make contact with the two substrates. The liquid crystal display element also includes second columnar spacers, disposed between the two substrates in the non-display region, which make contact with the two substrate by a contact area that is smaller than a contact area by which the first columnar spacers make contact with the two substrates. Therefore, generation of vacuum bubbles in the display region due to a temperature drop or a substrate deformation causes the substrates in the non-display region to be concaved, so that the liquid crystals move from the concaved portion of the non-display region to a portion of the display region which contains the vacuum bubbles.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes first and second substrates. The first substrate has a first insulating substrate, and a pixel electrode formed on the first insulating substrate with a first opening pattern. The second substrate has a second insulating substrate, and a common electrode formed on the second insulating substrate with a second opening pattern. The first and the second opening patterns proceed parallel to each other while being arranged in an alternate manner. A liquid crystal material is injected between the first and the second substrates. A spacer is positioned at an end of the second opening pattern to maintain the distance between the first and the second substrates.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device including an array substrate which is provided with contact holes and a counter substrate which is provided with integral spacers and aligned with the array substrate, an overall region including every pixel region is divided into a plurality of subregions, each of which includes two or more said spacers and is composed of at least one said pixel region. The spacers are so arranged that when one or some of the spacers are positioned to get into the corresponding contact holes, the rest of the spacers are positioned off the corresponding contact holes. By so doing, a uniform gap is provided between the substrates even if accuracy in aligning the substrates with each other is not considerably high.

Abstract: An LCD device and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed, in which a protrusion is arranged to substantially oppose a column spacer to reduce a contact area between the column spacer and its opposing substrate, and the protrusion is formed of an organic material to minimize deformation of the column spacer. The LCD device further comprises first and second substrates opposing each other, gate and data lines crossing each other on the first substrate to define pixel regions, thin film transistors formed at crossings of the gate lines and the data lines, a first column spacer formed of a first organic material on a predetermined portion of the second substrate, a protrusion formed of a second organic material on the first substrate of a position substantially corresponding to the first column spacer, and a liquid crystal layer filled between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel and a fabricating method thereof for preventing a generation of stains caused by a cell gap difference between an active area and an outside area are disclosed. In the liquid crystal display panel, an adhesive is placed between an upper substrate and a lower substrate that are closed in such a manner as to join an upper substrate from a lower substrate. A liquid crystal layer is provided at a closed area defined by the adhesive by a dropping system. A first pattern spacer is positioned at an active area between the upper substrate and the lower substrate. A second pattern spacer is provided such that an outside area thereof enclosing said active area has a different arrangement density from the first pattern spacer and is provided at the same plane as the first pattern spacer.

Abstract: A color filter substrate adapted for being assembled with an active device array substrate is provided. The active device array substrate includes active devices, scan lines and data lines. Protrusions are formed at the regions where the scan lines overlap with the data lines. The color filter substrate includes a substrate, a light shielding layer, a color filter layer, a conductive layer and spacers. The spacers are disposed on the substrate, and each spacer has a clipping opening therein, and at least one of the active devices and protrusions is wedged in the corresponding clipping opening. Therefore, the precision of panel assembling is increased.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) device is disclosed, which comprises a protrusion, and a column spacer being partially overlapped with the protrusion to thereby prevent a cell gap defect. The LCD device includes first and second substrates facing each other and gate and data line crossing each other to define a unit pixel region. In addition a thin film transistor formed adjacent to a crossing of the gate and data lines is included. The protrusions formed on the first substrate correspond with predetermined portions of the gate line. The column spacers are formed on the second substrate with a predetermined portion overlapped with some portion of one of the protrusions. A liquid crystal layer is formed between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A method of forming a spacer using an ink jet system and a method of fabricating a liquid crystal display panel using the same are to remarkably prevent generation of stains that result from a difference of spacer density between two adjacent heads in a border region of the heads, when a spacer is formed on the substrate surface by using an ink jet system, by forming a spacer pattern in a comb-teeth shape by providing a predetermined amount of overlapping between the two heads, and randomly and alternately spraying an organic material used solution for the spacer through nozzles of the heads.

Abstract: Various embodiments and methods relating to an ultra-violet radiation absorbing grid for attenuating transmission of near UV-light are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal panel having a dual column spacer and a manufacturing method thereof. The liquid crystal panel includes a first substrate on which a polished organic insulation film is formed on the entire surface of a pixel region including a TFT. The first substrate includes a contact hole formed through the organic insulation film; a second substrate disposed opposite to the first substrate and having a black matrix and a color filter; a first column spacer formed on the second substrate to contact the first substrate to maintain a gap between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a second column spacer formed on the second substrate on an area of the second substrate corresponding to the contact hole on the first substrate. The second column spacer is separated from the first substrate by a predetermined distance.

Abstract: There is provided a high quality liquid crystal panel having a thickness with high accuracy, which is designed, without using a particulate spacer, within a free range in accordance with characteristics of a used liquid crystal and a driving method, and is also provided a method of fabricating the same. The shape of a spacer for keeping a substrate interval constant is made such that it is a columnar shape, a radius R of curvature is 2 ?m or less, a height H is 0.5 ?m to 10 ?m, a diameter is 20 ?m or less, and an angle ? is 65° to 115°. By doing so, it is possible to prevent the lowering of an opening rate and the lowering of light leakage due to orientation disturbance.

Abstract: An exemplary method for fabricating a liquid crystal panel includes: providing a first substrate (210); forming a plurality of color resin layers (212) and a black matrix (27) spacing the color resin layers on the first substrate; forming a plurality of compressible photo spacers (24) on the black matrix, the photo spacers comprising a plurality of photo spacers having a first length and a plurality of photo spacers having a second length different from the first length, wherein the first length and the second length are measured perpendicular to the first substrate; providing a second substrate; coating a sealant along an outer periphery of the second substrate, whereby the second substrate and the sealant cooperatively defining a space; dropping liquid crystal on the second substrate in the space; placing the first substrate onto the second substrate and pressing the first substrate; and curing the sealant.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display and method of manufacturing the same according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention include: a plurality of gate lines formed on a first substrate; a plurality of data lines intersecting the gate lines; a plurality of thin film transistors connected to the gate lines and the data lines; a plurality of pixel electrodes connected to respective thin film transistors, each of the pixel electrodes partially overlapping the data line and including a first sub-electrode and a second sub-electrode; a plurality of storage electrode lines formed on the first substrate, each of the storage electrode lines disposed between the first sub-electrode and the second sub-electrode and including a portion overlapping a respective pixel electrode; a second substrate opposing the first substrate; a common electrode formed on the second substrate, the common electrode including cutouts corresponding to the first sub-electrode and the second sub-electrode; a liquid crystal layer formed between

Abstract: There are provided a liquid crystal display having an Optically Compensated Bend (OCB) mode liquid crystal layer and a method of manufacturing the same. The liquid crystal display includes a lower substrate having pixel electrodes. An upper substrate is disposed above the lower substrate. The upper substrate has an opposite surface opposing the lower substrate and a counter electrode disposed on the opposite surface. Polymer spacers having soft polymers are disposed between the lower substrate and the upper substrate. An OCB mode liquid crystal layer is also disposed between the lower substrate and the upper substrate.

Abstract: Curved-panel liquid crystal display and method of its manufacture are realized without necessitating drastic changes to the display structure or to the steps in its manufacture, and without requiring new materials or manufacturing technology. The back side of a liquid crystal panel is set on first concavely curved spacers that support two opposing edges of the panel back side. Second concavely curved spacers are set on the front side of the two opposing panel edges. Third spacers of uniform height are disposed on the panel back side to support it along the remaining two edges. The second spacers are then pressed to pressure the panel from the front side against the first spacers, wherein the panel is clamped between the first and second spacers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a spacer and a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel with the same. The LCD panel comprises a color filter substrate, a thin film transistor (TFT) array substrate and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the color filter substrate and the thin film transistor array substrate. At least one spacer is disposed between the color filter substrate and the thin film transistor array substrate. Each spacer can comprise a first sub-spacer and a second sub-spacer. Elasticity of the first sub-spacer is smaller than elasticity of the second sub-spacer, and height of the first sub-spacer is smaller than height of the second sub-spacer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal layer formed between first and second substrates, the liquid crystal layer being divided into at least two layers.

Abstract: An upper substrate for a touch screen panel includes an upper base substrate, a plurality of conductive spacers disposed on the upper base substrate, a height of the conductive spacers substantially adjacent to a center of the upper base substrate being smaller than a height of the conductive spacers substantially adjacent to a periphery of the upper base substrate, a common electrode disposed on the upper base substrate, and a plurality of supporting spacers disposed between the conductive spacers on the common electrode, the supporting spacers having a height greater than the height of the conductive spacers.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device includes preparing a pair of substrates that have a structure P1 having a height Hp1 and a structure P2 having a height Hp2, the heights Hp1 and Hp2 satisfying a relationship of 0.3 (?m) ?Hp1?Hp2?1.0 (?m); controlling a dropping amount V of liquid crystal so that a cell gap G1 that is determined by the dropping amount V of liquid crystal, the height Hp1 and the height Hp2 satisfying a relationship of Hp2<G1<Hp1; dropping the controlled dropping amount V of liquid crystal on one of the pair of substrates; and attaching the pair of substrates in a vacuum followed by returning to an atmospheric pressure to fill in the liquid crystal between the pair of substrates.

Abstract: An LCD device is disclosed in which column spacers for a cell gap are arranged between gate and common lines to reduce a contact area between the column spacers and an opposing substrate, and a stable cell gap is maintained over the whole panel by reducing variation of a thickness per area of a thin film transistor (TFT) substrate corresponding to the column spacers. The LCD device includes first and second substrates facing each other, gate and data lines formed on the first substrate to cross each other, and pixel regions, a thin film transistor formed in each portion where the gate and data lines cross, common and pixel electrodes alternately formed in the pixel regions, common lines formed adjacent to the gate lines substantially parallel to the gate lines, a first column spacer formed on the second substrate corresponding to a portion between the gate line and the common line, and a liquid crystal layer filled between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel is disclosed, including: a first substrate; a second substrate opposite to the first substrate; a plurality of first, second and third spacers disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, the distribution density of the first spacers being larger than that of the second spacers and the distribution density of the third spacers being larger than that of the first spacers. The liquid crystal display panel can effectively reduce image display defects caused by the gravity mura, the press mura and the push mura.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to form spacers for defining the space between the TFT substrate and the facing substrate of color filters, and by doing so, finely control the height of the spacers. First spacers 10 are formed of green color filters G in pillar form on top of red color filters R and blue color filters B (green color filters G) having a large area between blue pixels BP; second spacers 20 are formed by layering blue color filters B (green color filters G) and green color filters G having a large area on top of red color filters R in pillar form between green pixels GP; and the second spacers 20 are shorter than the first spacers 10 due to the leveling effects of the layered blue color filters B (green color filters G) and green color filters G.

Abstract: A method for forming a display device includes forming a first panel and a second panel. The step of forming a first panel includes forming a black matrix over portions of a first substrate, forming a common electrode over the black matrix, and forming a spacer over the common electrode and the black matrix. The step of forming the second panel includes forming a pixel electrode over a second substrate. The first panel and the second panel are disposed over one another such that the pixel electrode faces the common electrode and the black matrix with a liquid crystal layer therebetween. A vertical distance between the first panel and the second panel is determined by thicknesses of the spacer and the black matrix.