Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for alignment of a thin-film transistor (TFT) panel and a barrier panel of a three-dimensional (3D) display. The apparatus comprises at least one light source for illuminating pixels in at least one region of the TFT panel and for illuminating at least one region of an exposure pattern of the barrier panel; a pattern recognition system for detecting light emitted from the at least one light source that is reflected by or transmitted through the 3D display, to generate alignment data relating to an alignment between the detected illuminated pixels of the TFT panel and the exposure pattern of the barrier panel; and a positioning mechanism for adjusting the relative position between the barrier panel and the TFT panel in relation to the alignment data. The at least one light source comprises at least one invisible light source which emits invisible light outside the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal display panel in which both the prevention of low-temperature bubble defects and the prevention of unevenness in brightness by pressure can be achieved without the need of forming multiple types of spacers differing in the height. In a liquid crystal display panel comprising a plurality of spacers 14 arranged between a pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12 and a liquid crystal 13 encapsulated between the transparent substrates, the spacers 14 are of a uniform height and each spacer 14 is substantially in a trapezoidal shape in which the ratio between the top area and the bottom area is 0.3 or less. The spacers 14 are formed on one of the transparent substrates 11 and 12. The spacers 14 are arranged at appropriate density so that the contact area ratio of the spacers' top surfaces in contact with the opposing substrate per unit area is within a range of 0.8%-1.0%.

Abstract: A method of producing a curved display for an electronic device comprises providing a substrate comprising a first curvable section comprising at least one flat glass member and a second longitudinally adjacent planar section, placing the curvable section in contact with a member having a curved surface, urging the curvable section towards the curved surface of the member and maintaining the curvable section in a curved configuration to thereby form the curved display having the adjacent planar section. A curved display and a mobile device having a curved display are also disclosed.

Abstract: In the first substrate of a liquid crystal display device, a plurality of gate lines that extend along the row direction, a plurality of data lines that extend along the column direction, a plurality of pixel electrodes and a plurality of thin film transistors that are placed respectively in association with a plurality of pixels that are formed in the row direction and the column direction, and an alignment film, are formed, and the thickness of the alignment film in an edge-part area, which is an area of a predetermined width from an edge part of an image display area that is formed with the plurality of pixels, is thinner than the thickness of the alignment film in the center part of the image display area.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel including a first display substrate, a second display substrate coupled to and spaced apart from the first display substrate, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first and second display substrates. The first and second display substrates include inorganic layers containing an inorganic silicon-based material. The liquid crystal layer includes alignment molecules vertically aligned with respect to the inorganic layers, and liquid crystal molecules vertically aligned between the inorganic layers. A manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display panel includes surface-treating the inorganic layers to vertically align the liquid crystal molecules.

Abstract: A foldable display device is disclosed. In one aspect, the foldable display device includes a display panel and a window panel on the display panel. The window panel includes a folding area and a flat area adjacent to at least one side of the folding area. The flat area is less flexible than the folding area. An elastic modulus of the folding area is less than an elastic modulus of the flat area. The window panel includes a plurality of layers including a first layer, wherein a first thickness of the first layer in the folding area is different from a second thickness of the first layer in the flat area.

Abstract: A method for designing a display panel. The method includes calculating, for each of a plurality of viewing locations, a difference value between a right side viewing angle of that viewing location and a left side viewing angle of that viewing location, the calculating is performed for each of a plurality of curvatures, and setting, from among the plurality of curvatures, a curvature of the curved display panel based on the difference values. Accordingly, a curved display panel which enlarges a viewing angle of a viewer than a flat display panel, increases an immersion, and decreases a distortion of a viewing angle may be realized.

Abstract: Disclosed are an organic light emitting diode display device, a manufacturing method for the same and a display system, for realizing compatibility of ordinary non-transparent display and transparent display in the organic light emitting diode display device, as well as the switching between ordinary non-transparent display and transparent display. The display device comprises: a transparent organic light emitting diode (OLED) display panel (20) and a light valve component (21); the light valve component (21) is disposed on a non-display surface of the transparent OLED display panel (20); and the light valve component (21) at least has two states under electric fields: a transparent state and a non-transparent state.

Abstract: A display device includes a substrate, a device layer on a front side of the substrate, and a protection sheet on a rear side of the substrate opposite to the front side of the substrate. The protection sheet comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.

Abstract: A microlens array substrate is provided on which a plurality of microlenses is arranged, and the collection efficiency of a first microlens is lower than the collection efficiency of a second microlens positioned further to the outside edge sides than the first microlens.

Abstract: A flexible display device including a display area for displaying an image and a non-display area neighboring the display area includes: a flexible substrate including a plurality of chamfers on respective ends corresponding to the non-display area; a display provided on the flexible substrate corresponding to the display area and displaying the image; and a driver provided on the flexible substrate corresponding to the non-display area and connected to the display.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display apparatus includes adhering an array substrate and a counter substrate to form a liquid crystal cell; injecting liquid crystal between the array substrate and the counter substrate; adhering an optical film having been cut away at one corner thereof in a triangular shape on the surface of the counter substrate: and mounting a back light to the liquid crystal cell by aligning a corner of the liquid crystal cell and a corner of the back light on the notched portion.

Abstract: This alignment device is furnished with an alignment light source for emitting alignment light, and is housed with a camera for example. The alignment light source emits alignment light, doing so, for example, coaxially with respect to the optical axis of light detected by the camera. The alignment light illuminates a substrate and mask, and reflected light is detected by the camera. A microlens array for exposure use is present between a mask alignment mark and a substrate alignment mark, whereby an erect unmagnified image reflected from the substrate alignment mark is formed on the mask. A control device then uses the mask alignment mark and the substrate alignment mark detected by the camera to perform alignment of the substrate and the mask. Alignment of the substrate and the mask can be performed with high accuracy thereby.

Abstract: A display device includes a display module, a sandwich honeycomb panel coupled to a rear of the display module, the sandwich honeycomb panel including a front thin plate located at the display module side, a rear thin plate opposing the front thin plate, and a honeycomb structure disposed between the front thin plate and the rear thin plate, the honeycomb structure including a plurality of hexagonal unit cells. A fastener including a fastener body, the fastener being inserted into the sandwich honeycomb panel such that a surface of the fastener is exposed from a rear of the sandwich honeycomb panel.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a thin-film transistor substrate includes disposing an oxide semiconductor layer on an insulating substrate, performing a thermal treatment process to the oxide semiconductor layer, providing an alignment mark, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an oxide semiconductor pattern, after the thermal treatment process, providing a gate electrode, after the thermal treatment process, and providing a pixel electrode connected to the drain electrode.

Abstract: To provide cover glass for mobile terminals exhibiting high strength in a thin plate thickness state to enable reductions in thickness of apparatuses when inserted in the apparatuses, cover glass (1) for a mobile terminal of the invention is cover glass (1) that is obtained by forming a resist pattern on main surfaces of a plate-shaped glass substrate, then etching the glass substrate with an etchant using the resist pattern as a mask, and thereby cutting the glass substrate into a desired shape and that protects a display screen of the mobile terminal, where an edge face of the cover glass (1) is formed of a molten glass surface, and as surface roughness of the edge face, arithmetic mean roughness Ra is 10 nm or less.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a display device where expansion of a frame portion over a substrate, which results from formation of a lead wiring over an active matrix substrate, is minimally suppressed to realize a narrow frame. According to one feature of a display device of the present invention, a chamfer portion is formed at least at an end portion of an active matrix substrate having a pixel portion of a pair of substrates disposed to be opposed to each other, and wirings (a source line, a gate line, a storage capacitor line, a leading out wiring, and the like) over the active matrix substrate are electrically connected by a common wiring formed in the chamfer portion.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode display includes: a flexible substrate configured to be bent at least once; a first display part on the flexible substrate and including a plurality of first light emitting elements; and a second display part on the flexible substrate and including a plurality of second light emitting elements. Each of a first light emitting element and a second light emitting element among the plurality of first and second light emitting elements includes a first electrode, an emission layer and a second electrode, the first electrode of the first light emitting element includes a transparent layer or a semi-transparent layer, the first electrode of the second light emitting element includes a reflective layer, and the second electrode of the first light emitting element and the second light emitting element, includes the transparent layer or the semi-transparent layer.

Abstract: Methods for creating sapphire windows are provided herein. In particular, one embodiment may take the form of a method of manufacturing sapphire windows. The method includes obtaining a polished sapphire wafer and applying decoration to the sapphire wafer. The method also includes cutting the sapphire wafer into discrete windows. In some embodiments, the cutting step comprises laser ablation of the sapphire.

Abstract: Provided are a package including a first conductive layer on a patterned layer, an insulating layer on the patterned layer burying the first conductive layer, a second conductive layer on an outer surface of the insulating layer, and a third conductive layer in the insulating layer electrically connecting the first conductive layer with the second conductive layer. A substrate is formed by printing or coating a paste- or ink-type insulator and conductor on a patterned layer formed on a sapphire wafer. No void is created between the substrate and LED chip, thus enhancing attachment strength. The ceramic-containing insulator is cured at a low temperature, thereby minimizing contraction of and damage to the wafer when the ceramic is fired. Printing methods utilizing viscous paste or ink solves problems with co-planarity of substrate that occur in existing wafer-to-wafer bonding processes and renders several steps of the existing substrate manufacturing process unnecessary.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a touch display apparatus is provided which includes: forming a first substrate on a first carrier; forming an assembly part on a second carrier, wherein the assembly part includes a second substrate, a third substrate and a touch sensing layer interposed therebetween, and the third substrate is relatively near a side of the second carrier; assembling the first substrate and the assembly part such that a display layer is formed between the first substrate and the assembly part; and at least removing the first carrier. In addition, a touch display fabricated from the above method is also provided.

Abstract: Systems and devices are provided for using an organic light emitting diode (OLED) as a backlight for a liquid crystal display (LCD) device. In one embodiment, an OLED backlight may include one or more OLED elements disposed between two substrates. The OLED backlight may be optically bonded to the back of an LCD, and may further be electrically connected with the LCD active matrix. In one embodiment, information transmitted to selected pixels of the LCD active matrix may also be used by elements of the OLED backlight which are electrically connected to the selected LCD pixels. For example, the OLED backlight may respond to grayscale information transmitted to selected LCD pixels by emitting a corresponding intensity of light. In some embodiments, the LCD device may include other functions, such as touch sensing capabilities, which may be integrated with the LCD and OLED backlight.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods of manufacturing fluid-filled MEMS displays, where the fluid is sealed in the display assembly and substantially surrounds the moving components of the display to reduce the effects of stiction and to improve the optical and electromechanical performance of the display.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition including a first liquid crystal monomer, and a second liquid crystal monomer, wherein the ratio of the first liquid crystal monomer is 5 wt % to 10 wt % and the ratio of the second liquid crystal monomer is 90 wt % to 95 wt %, based on the total weight of the first liquid crystal monomer and the second liquid crystal monomer. The first liquid crystal monomer is selected from the group consisting of tetra-cyclic compounds represented by formula 1 to formula 6: wherein R is C3-C12 alkyl group, X is —COO—, —C?C—, or —N?N—, and Y is —CN. The second liquid crystal monomer includes a bicyclic structure or a tricyclic structure.

Abstract: The apparatus comprises a first and a second substrate disposed facing each other, a first electrode comprising first openings provided to the first substrate, a second electrode comprising second openings provided to the second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first and the second substrate. A display part is defined in a region where the first and the second electrode overlap, each of the first openings is formed into a rectangular shape in the planar view, each of the second openings is formed into a rectangular shape or cruciform shape in the planar view, the second electrode comprises rectangular regions cyclically disposed inside the display part in the planar view, the four sides that define each of the rectangular regions respectively contact any portion of the second openings, and each of the first openings is disposed overlapping any of the rectangular sections in the planar view.

Abstract: A touch display apparatus includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a light emitting part, a light receiving part and a light transmitting element. The second substrate faces the first substrate. The light emitting part is adjacent to a first side of the first substrate, and generates and emits light to the first substrate. The light receiving part is adjacent to a first side of the second substrate at a same side of the touch display apparatus as the first side of the first substrate, and receives light from the second substrate. The light transmitting element connects a second side of the first substrate opposing the first side of the first substrate to a second side of the second substrate opposing the first side of the second substrate.

Abstract: A display is provided that has upper and lower polarizers, a color filter layer, a liquid crystal layer, and a thin-film transistor layer. The color filter layer and thin-film transistor layer may be formed from materials such as glass that are subject to stress-induced birefringence. To reduce light leakage that reduces display performance, one or more birefringence compensation layers may be incorporated into the display to help compensate for any birefringence effects. The compensation layers may include a birefringence compensation layer attached to the color filter layer or the thin-film transistor layer. A display may include an upper compensation layer attached to the color filter layer and a lower compensation layer attached to the thin-film transistor layer. The compensation layer may be formed from glass or polymer materials that have a negative photo-elastic constant.

Abstract: A polarizing liquid crystal panel includes a first substrate including a first base substrate, a first alignment layer, and a first electrode between the first base substrate and the first alignment layer, a second substrate including a second base substrate, a second alignment layer, and a second electrode between the second base substrate and the second alignment layer, the second substrate facing the first substrate, a spacer between the first and second substrates and maintaining a cell gap therebetween, and a liquid crystal flow preventing portion between the first and second substrates. The liquid crystal flow preventing portion extends in a first direction, and restricts movement of the spacer in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal panel, which includes: a thin-film transistor (TFT) substrate, a color filter (CF) substrate opposite to the TFT substrate, and a liquid crystal layer arranged between the TFT substrate and the CF substrate. The TFT substrate includes a first glass substrate and a pixel electrode. The CF substrate includes a second glass substrate and a common electrode. The pixel electrode includes a plurality of pixels, each of which includes a plurality of sub-pixels. Each sub-pixel includes: a first zone and a second zone adjacent to the first zone. The first zone has a liquid crystal cell thickness that is greater than or smaller than a liquid crystal cell thickness of the second zone. The same driving voltage applied to the first and second zones of would result in different electric fields due to the different liquid crystal cell thicknesses.

Abstract: A semiconductor device with high reliability is provided using an SOI substrate. When the SOI substrate is fabricated by using a technique typified by SIMOX, ELTRAN, or Smart-Cut, a single crystal semiconductor substrate having a main surface (crystal face) of a {110} plane is used. In such an SOI substrate, adhesion between a buried insulating layer as an under layer and a single crystal silicon layer is high, and it becomes possible to realize a semiconductor device with high reliability.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal panel motherboard, comprising providing materials that can form projections on a margin area of at least one of two substrates of the liquid crystal panel motherboard, and then fitting said two substrates to each other, so that the margin area of said at least one of the two substrates cannot be fit to a corresponding margin area of the other substrate seamlessly. The present disclosure also provides a method for cutting a liquid crystal panel motherboard, and a liquid crystal panel obtained from the liquid crystal motherboard.

Abstract: A display substrate includes a base substrate, a thin-film transistor (TFT), a color filter and a pixel electrode. The TFT is on the base substrate. The color filter is on the base substrate including the TFT and in contact with the base substrate. The pixel electrode is on the color filter and in electrical connection to a drain electrode of the TFT.

Abstract: In a method for fabricating a lightweight and thin liquid crystal display (LCD), a first mother substrate, a subsidiary substrate and a thin second mother substrate are provided. An edge cut is formed by cutting edges of the first and second mother substrates and the subsidiary substrate to be inclined at a predetermined angle. An array process is performed on the first mother substrate. The subsidiary substrate is attached to the second mother substrate. A color filter process is performed on the second mother substrate having the subsidiary substrate attached thereto. The first and second mother substrates are attached together. The subsidiary substrate is separated from the first and second substrates by spraying air between the second mother substrate and the subsidiary substrate, in which the edge cut is formed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a TFT substrate having a display area in which pixels are arranged, and a terminal portion, a counter substrate disposed opposite to the TFT substrate, a sealing material formed in a periphery to bond the TFT and counter substrates together, and with a liquid crystal layer interposed between an orientation film formed on the TFT substrate and an orientation film formed on the counter substrate. A first, second, or third color filter is formed corresponding to each of the pixels in the display area of the TFT substrate, and an orientation film stopper is formed by an overlapping portion of the first, second, or third color filter at least in an area between the display area and the terminal portion of the TFT substrate so that a profile of the orientation film is defined by the orientation film stopper.

Abstract: A microlens includes a lens center portion having a lens-curved surface and a lens circumference portion having a linear side surface. In the case where length of the side surface is taken as L1, length of an aperture is taken as Ax, an angle formed by a normal of the side surface and incident light on the microlens is taken as ?1, and an angle formed by the normal of the side surface and output light from the microlens is taken as ?2, a relational expression of Equation 1 is satisfied.

Abstract: A display substrate includes a data line disposed on a base substrate, a first pixel electrode disposed at a first side of the data line, a second pixel electrode disposed at a second side of the data line and a storage electrode overlapping with the data line. The storage electrode overlaps with the first pixel electrode by a first overlapping width, and overlaps with the second pixel electrode by a second overlapping width larger than the first overlapping width.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel including a first substrate, a second substrate, and a liquid crystal mixture is provided. The first substrate includes a first base and a first electrode layer. The first base has a plurality of sub pixels each having at least one first asymmetric protrusion. The first electrode layer is disposed on the first asymmetric protrusion. The second substrate is assembled to the first substrate. The liquid crystal mixture is disposed between the first asymmetric protrusion and the second substrate.

Abstract: Provided are a liquid crystal panel and a method of manufacturing method of manufacturing a liquid crystal panel. The liquid crystal panel includes a first transparent substrate; a second transparent substrate; and a liquid crystal layer formed between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate. The first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate have transparency in a visible light region and an ultraviolet absorptive property. At least one of the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate includes a structure arranged in a predetermined region thereof, where the structure transmits ultraviolet rays in a specific wavelength range.

Abstract: Provided are a display device capable of reducing a weight, a thickness, a cost, and a process time and having a durable structure, and a manufacturing method thereof. The display device includes: a substrate including a plurality of pixel areas; a thin film transistor formed on substrate; a first electrode connected to the thin film transistor to be formed in the pixel area; an organic layer formed on the first electrode so as to be connected along the adjacent pixel areas in a first direction among the pixel areas; a space positioned on the first electrode, of which parts of the upper surface and the side are surrounded by the organic layer; a liquid crystal formed to fill the space; and an overcoat formed to cover the rest side of the space which is not covered by the organic layer, in which a height of the upper surface of the organic layer is gradually lowered toward both edges of the pixel area from the center of the pixel area.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a TFT substrate, a CF substrate, and a liquid crystal interposed between the TFT substrate and the CF substrate, and drives the liquid crystal in a horizontal electric field. The TFT substrate includes a recess, and the CF substrate includes a columnar protrusion. The protrusion of the CF substrate is fitted to the recess of the TFT substrate so as to function as a stopper for preventing a positional gap between the TFT substrate and the CF substrate.

Abstract: A display device and color filter substrate thereof are provided. The color filter substrate includes a substrate and a green color filter disposed on the substrate. A concentration of halogen in the green color filter is less than 10 ppm. The green color filter has a transmittance spectrum G(?), and CMF_Z(?) is the color matching function defined by International Commission on Illumination (CIE). A peak intensity between 380 nm and 780 nm of G(?)×CMF_Z(?) is in a range between 0.33 and 0.4.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel (1) includes: a flexible first plastic substrate (11); a TFT substrate (10) having a terminal region (T) on the first plastic substrate (11) where a terminal (27) and a wire electrode (28) are formed; a CF substrate (20) facing the TFT substrate (10) and having a flexible second plastic substrate (13); and a liquid crystal layer (25) provided between the TFT substrate (10) and the CF substrate (20). The liquid crystal display panel (1) includes a metal layer (15) provided on a surface of the second plastic substrate (13) which faces the terminal region (T) to reflect laser light, and a protection film (16) sandwiched between the TFT substrate (10) and the CF substrate (20) to cover the metal layer (15).

Abstract: A display panel includes a substrate, an electro-optical layer and a supporting layer. The substrate includes a display area and a peripheral area surrounding the display area. A thin-film transistor (TFT) part is formed in the display area. The electro-optical layer is disposed in the display area of the substrate. The supporting layer is disposed on the electro-optical layer and faces both the display area and the peripheral area, openings being formed through the supporting layer in the peripheral area. Accordingly, the supporting layer may prevent the substrate from sagging and may protect the gate circuit part.

Abstract: The present invention provides a COF base tape. The COF base tape includes: a connected lead being configured to connect with a connected terminal of a liquid crystal glass; an alignment mark being set on the two sides of the connected lead being configured to align with a mark of the connected terminal, an area of the alignment mark thereof being light transparency. The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing the COF base tape and liquid crystal display module. The embodiment of the invention of a COF base tape and manufacturing method thereof and liquid crystal display module including the same enhances the strength of the COF base tape edge and raises the accurate alignment and operationally of the COF base tap connected with liquid glass. The present invention can save the material and reduce the cost of the art.

Abstract: An electronic device may have a display such as a liquid crystal display. The display may have multiple display layers for generating display light such as a color filter layer and a thin-film transistor layer. The display may include first and second layers of optical fibers formed over the display layers. The first and second layers of optical fibers may guide display light generated in the display layers to an outer surface of the display. The first layer of optical fibers may include optical fibers having a first numerical aperture. The second layer of optical fibers may include optical fibers having a second numerical aperture. The first numerical aperture may be smaller than the second numerical aperture. The second layer of optical fibers may include vertical and angled optical fibers. The angled optical fibers may help reduce the size of an inactive region around the center of the display.

Abstract: A novel foldable display device or an electronic device using the same, a portable information processor or a portable communication information device, is provided. A foldable display device of which a display panel can be folded n times (n?1, and n is a natural number) at a curvature radius of greater than or equal to 1 mm, and less than or equal to 100 mm is obtained. The display device can be miniaturized by being foldable. In addition, in the state where the flexible display panel is opened, display which is unbroken and continuous over a plurality of housings is possible. The plurality of housings can store a circuit, an electronic component, a battery and the like inside as appropriate, and the thickness of each housing can be small.

Abstract: A display panel includes a fiber reinforced plastic substrate having a first lattice pattern with a first lattice period P, and a pixel layer disposed on the substrate having a second lattice pattern having a second lattice period H, in which if H>P, P and H satisfy P = 2 ? H 2 ? n + 1 , where n is a natural number, and if H>P, P and H satisfy P = ( 2 ? n + 1 ) ? H 2 .

Abstract: An electro-optic device is provided. In the electro-optic device, when a groove is sealed to be hollow, a sacrificial film is formed in the groove before forming a first sealing film, the first sealing film is formed, and then the sacrificial film is removed through a penetration portion of the first sealing film. A second sealing film is formed on the first sealing film, and the penetration portion of the first sealing film is blocked by the second sealing film. For this reason, it is possible to form the first sealing film to block an opening portion of the groove, and it is possible to prevent the first sealing film from being formed up to the inside of the groove.

Abstract: A substrate assembly including a first substrate, a second substrate, a sealant, and a blocking structure is provided. The first substrate has an active area. The sealant is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The sealant assembles the first substrate and the second substrate and separates the first substrate and the second substrate in a cell gap to define a space, wherein the sealant has an injection opening. The blocking structure is disposed on the first substrate and located outside the active area. A distance from the blocking structure to the second substrate is smaller than the cell gap, wherein the blocking structure divides the space into a first area and a second area. The injection opening is merely located inside the first area and the active area is merely located inside the second area.

Abstract: A display device includes a first substrate having a light shielding layer, and a second substrate having a first metal layer, a semiconductor layer formed over the first metal layer, and a second metal layer formed over the semiconductor layer. A sealing member fixes the first substrate and the second substrate, with a first scale mark formed over the first substrate, and a second scale mark formed over the second substrate and which forms a pair with the first scale mark. The light shielding layer has a first opening portion, and the first scale mark is arranged inside the first opening portion. The second scale mark is formed of a first part of the second metal layer, and a first part of the semiconductor layer and a first part of the first metal layer are overlapped with and extend off from the first part of the second metal.