Abstract: According to an aspect, a display device includes a display part having pixels and a color filter; and a barrier part in which unit areas arranged above the display part, arranged in rows in a first direction, and extending in a second direction intersecting with the first direction. The barrier part includes a barrier substrate that has barrier electrodes arranged for each unit area and extending in the second direction, a counter substrate, a liquid crystal layer, and spacers arranged between the barrier substrate and the counter substrate. Each of the spacers is arranged between one barrier electrode out of the barrier electrodes and the other barrier electrode adjacent to the one barrier electrode, and overlaps with a filter of a color different from a color of a filter of the color filter that overlaps with a spacer adjacent to the spacer in the second direction.

Abstract: A method for driving an optical modulation device is provided. The optical modulation device includes first and second portions. Each of the first and second portions includes a first plate, a second plate opposite to the first plate, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first and second plates. The method includes forming a forward phase gradient in the first portion by applying a first driving signal to first and second electrodes in the first plate of the first portion and a third electrode in the second plate of the first portion. The method further includes forming a reverse phase gradient in the second portion by applying a second driving signal differing from the first driving signal to fourth and fifth electrodes in the first plate of the second portion and a sixth electrode in the second plate of the second portion.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a 3D display assembly and a 3D display apparatus including the 3D display assembly. The 3D display assembly comprises a display panel, a 3D device and a spacing layer between the display panel and the 3D device, the display panel, the 3D device and the spacing layer overlapping with each other, wherein a first protrusion which extends beyond edges of the display panel and the 3D device is formed on at least one side of the spacing layer other than its side facing towards the display panel and its side facing towards the 3D device. The protrusion is used to support the entire display assembly to avoid misalignment between the display panel and the 3D device due to undue weight of the spacing layer.

Abstract: A three-dimensional (3D) image display device includes a display panel including an upper substrate and a lower substrate, the display panel displaying a left eye image and a right eye image; a patterned retarder that applies first and second circular polarizations to the light corresponding to the left and right eye images, respectively; a conductive tape attached to the upper substrate to discharge static electricity from the display panel; a panel guide on which the display panel and the patterned retarder are mounted; an electrically conductive gasket disposed on the panel guide in contact with the conductive tape; and a top case disposed on the panel guide and the conductive gasket such that the conductive gasket electrically connects the conductive tape to the top case.

Abstract: A new 2D/3D switchable display apparatus matches a polarization direction of light output from a 2D image display panel with a rubbing direction of a lower alignment layer of a liquid crystal lens, and tilts a rubbing direction of an upper alignment layer of the liquid crystal lens and a direction of a polarization axis of a polarizer at a predetermined angle, thereby reducing a loss of light passing through the liquid crystal lens, making it possible to improve luminance of images, improve the quality of 3D images in the horizontal direction, prevent or reduce color separation and moire phenomena, and reduce the manufacturing cost.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal display panel and device. The liquid crystal display panel includes a first subpixel and a second subpixel each having a plurality of display domains. The first subpixel includes a first pixel electrode and a first common electrode. The second subpixel includes a second pixel electrode and a second common electrode. The display domains of the first subpixel and the display domains of the second subpixel are respectively formed by patterning the first common electrode and the second pixel electrode.

Abstract: A three-dimensional (“3D”) image display device includes a display panel, and a liquid crystal lens part disposed on the display panel and which selectively provides a two-dimensional (“2D”) image and a 3D stereoscopic image, where the liquid crystal lens part includes: a lower substrate including a plurality of linear electrodes which are disposed in different layers; an upper substrate including a plate electrode; and a lens liquid crystal layer disposed between the lower substrate and the upper substrate, where the linear electrodes in the different layers are alternately arranged in a unit zone of the liquid crystal lens part, and where two adjacent linear electrodes of the linear electrodes are spaced apart from each other when viewed from a top view.

Abstract: A display device includes a display panel including a display surface defined by first and second directional axes perpendicular to each other, a first polarizer disposed on the display panel and having a first optical axis parallel to the first directional axis, a liquid crystal lens including lower electrodes disposed on the first polarizer and extending in a third directional axis crossing the first directional axis, an upper electrode spaced apart from the lower electrodes, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the lower electrodes and the upper electrode and aligned between a lower alignment axis and an upper alignment axis, and a second polarizer disposed on the liquid crystal lens and having a second optical axis parallel to the first directional axis, where the lower alignment axis is defined between the first directional axis and the third directional axis on the display surface.

Abstract: A double-vision display system comprises: a display displaying by periodically switching in at least two images or displaying region-alternately and simultaneously the at least two images in an array area according to inputted video streaming; a polarization modulation device disposed in front of the display and modulating emitted light of the at least two images into kinds of polarized light having different polarization directions; and at least two pairs of polarization spectacles, polarization direction of each pair of polarization spectacles being the same as the polarization direction of one kind of the polarized light.

Abstract: An LCD includes a first TAC film, a first optical uniaxial phase compensating film, an LC cell, a second optical uniaxial phase compensating film and a second TAC film from the incident surface to the emitting surface. The first optical uniaxial phase compensating film is used for providing a first compensating value and a second compensating value by adjusting thickness and by adjusting a first refractive index, a second refractive index, and a third refractive index. The second optical uniaxial phase compensating film is used for providing a third compensating value by adjusting thickness and by adjusting a fourth refractive index, a fifth refractive index, and a sixth refractive index. Leakage of light is controlled according to the first compensating value, the second compensating value, and the third compensating value in the LCD.

Abstract: A display apparatus comprises a first panel (100) and a second panel (200) disposed in a spaced manner with the first panel (100). The first panel (100) comprises multiple first display groups and each first display group comprises multiple columns of sub pixels. The second panel (200) is a transparent panel and comprises multiple second display groups, and each second display group comprises multiple columns of sub pixels. Sub pixels in the first display groups are in a one-to-one correspondence with sub pixels in the second display groups. The display apparatus also comprises a multi-vision raster (300).

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens includes a lower substrate, an upper substrate disposed opposite to the lower substrate, a plurality of lower lens electrodes disposed on the lower substrate and corresponding to a unit liquid crystal lens, an upper lens electrode disposed on substantially an entire surface of the upper substrate, a spacer disposed between the lower substrate and the upper substrate, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the lower substrate and the upper substrate, where the lower lens electrodes includes a flat-shaped central lens electrode disposed at a central portion thereof and has a width wider than a width of other lower lens electrodes corresponding to the unit liquid crystal lens, and the spacer is disposed only on the central lens electrode.

Abstract: According to an aspect, a display device includes a display part having pixels and a color filter; and a barrier part in which unit areas arranged above the display part, arranged in rows in a first direction, and extending in a second direction intersecting with the first direction. The barrier part includes a barrier substrate that has barrier electrodes arranged for each unit area and extending in the second direction, a counter substrate, a liquid crystal layer, and spacers arranged between the barrier substrate and the counter substrate. Each of the spacers is arranged between one barrier electrode out of the barrier electrodes and the other barrier electrode adjacent to the one barrier electrode, and overlaps with a filter of a color different from a color of a filter of the color filter that overlaps with a spacer adjacent to the spacer in the second direction.

Abstract: The objective is to provide a stereoscopic display device that can be switched among 2D display mode, 3D display mode and mirror mode. The device includes: a display panel (12); a switch liquid crystal panel (14); an absorptive polarizer (16); and a reflective polarizer (22). The switch liquid crystal panel (14) is located closer to the viewer than the display panel (12) is. The absorptive polarizer (16) is located closer to the viewer than the switch liquid crystal panel (14) is. The reflective polarizer (22) is located between the display panel (12) and the switch liquid crystal panel (14). The reflective polarizer (22) has a transmission axis (L6) perpendicular to the transmission axis (L3) of the absorptive polarizer (16) and passes those components of light entering the reflective polarizer (22) that are parallel to the transmission axis (L6) while reflecting those components that are perpendicular to the transmission axis (L6).

Abstract: According to an embodiment, an image display device includes an optical element, a voltage controller, and a display. Regarding the optical element, the refractive-index distribution changes according to the voltage applied thereto. The voltage controller controls, in a first mode, the voltage applied to the optical element in such a way that a first-type refractive-index distribution is achieved which acts as a first-type Fresnel lens; and controls, in a second mode that is different than the first mode, the voltage applied to the optical element in such a way that a second-type refractive-index distribution is achieved which acts as a second-type Fresnel lens having a greater number of steps than the first-type Fresnel lens. The display is disposed on the back side of the optical element and displays images.

Abstract: A 2D/3D switchable display device including a display panel and a switch unit is provided. The display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate and a display unit located between the first and second substrates. The first substrate includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, and the display unit is located above the first surface. The switch unit located on the second surface includes a third substrate, a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer and a switchable medium layer between the first and second electrode layers. The second electrode layer is located on the second surface, the first electrode layer is located on the third substrate, and the switchable medium layer and the third substrate are respectively located on two opposite surfaces of the first electrode layer. A manufacturing method of a 2D/3D switchable display device is also provided.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes a display panel displaying an image, and a switching panel operated in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional mode. A viewer perceives the image of the display panel as a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image depending on the mode of the switching panel. The switching panel may include first and second substrates facing each other, a first electrode layer provided on the first substrate, a second electrode layer provided on the second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates. One of the first and second electrode layers may include first and second electrodes provided on a specific plane, and two opposite inner sides of the first and second electrodes may be configured in such a way that lines extending therefrom converge on at least one first position.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of display technology, and particularly to a stereoscopic display device and a cell-aligning packaging method of the same. The stereoscopic display device is divided into a display area and a non-display area surrounding the display area on the periphery of the display area, and comprises a conversion panel and a liquid crystal panel which are aligned to form a cell, a first polarizer is provided between the conversion panel and the liquid crystal panel, the first polarizer is arranged in the display area, and an adhesive lump is provided around the first polarizer and correspondingly to the non-display area between the conversion panel and the liquid crystal panel and is used for bonding the conversion panel and the liquid crystal panel into a whole.

Abstract: A display device may include a display panel configured to display an image. The display device may further include a first electrode overlapping the display panel and separated from the display panel. The display device may further include a second electrode overlapping the first electrode and separated from the display panel. The display device may further include a first liquid crystal layer disposed between the first electrode and a first portion of the second electrode. The display device may further include a third electrode electrically insulated from the first electrode, overlapping the second electrode, and separated from the display panel. The display device may further include a second liquid crystal layer disposed between the third electrode and a second portion of the second electrode.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the field of display technology and discloses a display device and a method for preparing the same. The display device includes a 3D grating and a touch detection unit. The 3D grating includes a base substrate arranged opposite to a display side of display panel, and a grating structure of the 3D grating and the touch detection unit are formed between the base substrate and the display panel.

Abstract: An image display device includes a display panel and a liquid crystal lens. The liquid crystal lens includes first and second zones equally distant from a center of the liquid crystal lens. The first zone, positioned at a left of the center, includes first linear electrodes. The second zone, positioned at a right of the center, includes second linear electrodes. A number of the first linear electrodes is equal to a number of the second linear electrodes. Bus lines are electrically connected to the first and second linear electrodes. A number of the plurality of bus lines is less than a sum of the number of the first linear electrodes and the number of the second linear electrodes.

Abstract: In order to display 3D images by a parallax barrier method, a display screen and the eyes of a viewer need to have a specific positional relation. An object is to provide a display device with an extended area where the viewer can perceive 3D images with the naked eye. Attention is focused on the position of the viewer with respect to pixels provided in a display device and a mode of a parallax barrier provided between the viewer and the pixels. This leads to a structure in which the position of the viewer with respect to pixels is specified by using an ultrasonic wave to change a mode of a parallax barrier in accordance with the position of the viewer, thereby achieving the above object.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens device includes a first substrate including a display area, a first non-display area, and a second non-display area with the display area interposed between the first and second non-display areas. First bus lines are disposed over the first non-display area. Second bus lines are disposed over the second non-display area and are insulated from the first bus lines. First electrode groups are disposed over the display area and the first non-display area and are connected to the first bus lines. Second electrode groups are disposed over the display area and the second non-display area and are connected to the second bus lines.

Abstract: The embodiment of present invention provides a display module and a display device. The display module comprises a display panel and a 3D display element. The 3D display element includes a first substrate and a second substrate arranged opposite to each other. A first common electrode is arranged on the first side of the first substrate, which is the side opposite to the second substrate, and a signal electrode is arranged on the second substrate on the side opposite to the first substrate. A distance between the first substrate and the display panel is less than a distance between the second substrate and the display panel, and the first common electrode is provided with a constant voltage.

Abstract: An auto stereo display system for subway tunnel is disclosed. When a train is traveling through the tunnel at high speed, passengers can see stereo images outside the window by the system. The system is composed of LED light columns that vertically aligned at equal distance on the tunnel wall. Each LED light column is composed of multiple columns of LEDs and slit gratings. When the LEDs are changing with the changing instant speed of multi viewing angle image pixel array and the train, the passengers can see stereo image without glasses. The display system is specially applicable for business advertisement and nonprofit propagation in subway tunnel.

Abstract: A crosstalk-reducing barrier panel is provided atop of a 3D-capable image panel where the image panel displays 3D imagery by alternatingly projecting left-eye imagery and right-eye imagery and where crosstalk may develop between leaked portions of the left and right-eye light rays produced by the image panel. The barrier panel includes a base substrate, odd-numbered barrier electrodes, even-numbered barrier electrodes, first through fourth signal delivering lines, and one or more signal generators that generate a first signal and a second signal. The first signal is respectively delivered to opposed ends of the odd-numbered barrier electrodes by way of a respective first “short-path” delivery route and also by way of a respective first “long-path” delivery route. The second signal is respectively delivered to opposed ends of the even-numbered barrier electrodes by way of a respective second “short-path” delivery route and also by way of a respective second “long-path” delivery route.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens device includes first electrodes, first and second sub electrodes, an opposite electrode, and a liquid crystal layer. The first electrodes extend in a first direction and are arranged in a second direction crossing the first direction. The first sub electrode is provided between a center in the second direction of two nearest ones of the first electrodes and one of the two nearest first electrodes. The second sub electrode is provided between the center and the other of the two nearest first electrodes. The opposite electrode is opposed to each of the first electrodes, the first sub electrode, and the second sub electrode. The liquid crystal layer is provided between the first electrodes and the opposite electrode, between the first sub electrode and the opposite electrode, and between the second sub electrode and the opposite electrode.

Abstract: A three dimensional (3D) display device and manufacturing method for the same are provided. The 3D display device includes a 3D display module; a back light module disposed behind the 3D display module; and a main frame. The back light module is installed inside of a rear side of the main frame, and the 3D display module is installed inside of a front side of the main frame.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an image display device includes a liquid crystal optical device and an image displayer. The liquid crystal optical device includes a plurality of first electrodes, a plurality of second electrodes, a liquid crystal layer provided between the first and second electrodes, and a first driver. The first driver forms a refractive index distribution in the liquid crystal layer. The image displayer includes a plurality of subpixels. Each of subpixels has a first length along a third direction and a second length along a fourth direction. A distance along the third direction between most proximal electrodes of the first electrodes is shorter than a distance along the fourth direction between most proximal electrodes of the second electrodes.

Abstract: A display apparatus is disclosed. The display apparatus includes a transmissive image panel configured to display a multi-view image, and a first transmissive backlight panel and the second transmissive backlight panel arranged at a predetermined distance from the transmissive image panel, and the first transmissive backlight panel and the second transmissive backlight panel are in parallel to the transmissive image panel, wherein the first backlight panel distributes the multi-view image in a first viewing zone differently from the second backlight panel distribution of the multi-view image in a second viewing zone.

Abstract: Provided is an optical filter and a display device. The illustrative optical filter may be applied to a stereoscopic image display device so that the stereoscopic image display device can display a 3D image at a wide viewing angle without loss of brightness.

Abstract: The display device includes a display panel on which sub-pixel pairs are arranged in a lateral direction, and a parallax barrier shutter panel on which sub-openings that can be changed between a light transmittance state and a light-shielding state are arranged in a lateral direction. Arbitrary allocated number of adjacent sub-openings among the plural sub-openings belonging to a reference parallax barrier pitch are put into a light transmittance state, and the remaining sub-openings are put into a light-shielding state, so that a general opening is formed on the parallax barrier shutter panel. A sub-opening pitch of the sub-opening on the boundary part between the adjacent common driving areas is different from the sub-opening pitch of the other sub-openings.

Abstract: A display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a liquid crystal lens panel positioned on a display panel; and a reflective polarizer positioned between the display panel and the liquid crystal lens panel, wherein the liquid crystal lens panel includes a lower substrate and an upper substrate facing each other, a lower lens electrode formed on the lower substrate, where the lower lens electrode includes a plurality of separate lower lens electrodes formed into lower lens electrode groups, where a width of each separate lower lens electrode becomes wider closer to a center of the lower lens electrode group; an upper lens electrode formed on the upper substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the lower substrate and the upper substrate. The liquid crystal lens panel is configured to be operated in a 2D mode, a 3D mode, or a mirror mode.

Abstract: A display device having a flexible display panel displaying an image; and a display panel shape change part setting up a bending axis crossing the flexible display panel according to input information and bending the flexible display panel along the bending axis, as the flexible display panel is bent, the flexible display panel is divided into a first region and a second region based on the bending axis.

Abstract: A display device according to the present disclosure includes a display panel to output an image thereon, a functional panel attached onto the display panel by use of an adhesive, a supporting member disposed on one side of the display panel, and having a partial area disposed between the display panel and the functional panel to maintain a uniform gap between the display panel and the functional panel, and at least one adhesive introduction space formed on the supporting member such that an adhesive is introduced therein, the adhesive filled between the display panel and the functional panel.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a light modulating module attached on a display side of a reflective display apparatus, including: a light source portion capable of providing an illumination light beam, wherein the illumination light beam is capable of being transmitted to the reflective display apparatus, and the reflective display apparatus is adapted to reflect the illumination light beam to generate an image light beam; and an image light modulating device is disposed above the reflective display apparatus and disposed in a light path of the image light beam, wherein the image light modulating device is capable of modulating a direction and/or a polarization state of the image light beam, and the image light beam is emitted to either a left or right eye of a viewer to form an autostereoscopic image perceivable to the viewer after the image light beam passes through the image light modulating device.

Abstract: A method of driving liquid crystal lens includes identifying a driving mode and driving unit lenses of the liquid crystal lens. The driving mode includes a two-dimensional (“2D”) mode and a three-dimensional (“3D”) mode. Driving timings of the unit lenses are different from each other in the 3D mode.

Abstract: A running machine including a hollow cylinder-shaped rotator having a diameter and including a wall having a constant thickness, a hollow cylinder-shaped display unit having a diameter greater than that of the rotator and encircling the rotator, and a support for supporting the rotator and the display unit in an upright state and for enabling rotation of the rotator about an axis of the rotator.

Abstract: A polarization switching device includes a lower panel; an upper panel facing the lower panel; a liquid crystal layer disposed between the lower panel and the upper panel; and a driver to apply a first driving voltage and a second driving voltage to the lower panel and the upper panel, respectively, the first driving voltage to transition among a center voltage, a first voltage and a second voltage. The first voltage and the second voltage have the same difference in value from the center voltage. The driver includes a voltage changing unit to generate the first voltage and the second voltage based on a digital data input to a first digital-analog converter.

Abstract: A liquid crystal (LC) lens device and a method for driving the LC lens device are provided. The LC lens device includes an LC lens array and a driving device, and the LC lens array includes LC lenses in parallel. Each LC lens includes a first substrate, first electrodes disposed on the first substrate, a second substrate, second electrodes on the second substrate, and an LC layer disposed between the first electrodes and the second electrodes to form a Fresnel lens. The driving device is electrically connected to the second electrodes of each LC lens, and provides driving voltages respectively to each of the second electrodes in an order starting from the second electrodes disposed at the edges of the Fresnel lens and ending at the second electrode disposed at the middle of a main lobe region of the Fresnel lens, and there is a preset time difference between driven starting times of every adjacent two second electrodes.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a three dimensional image display device capable of preventing the generation of crosstalk. The three dimensional image display device according to the present invention includes a display panel having a plurality of pixels, a backlight capable of partially illuminating the display panel, and a drive circuit for driving the display panel and the backlight. The drive circuit causes the display panel to display a three dimensional image by synchronizing the scanning of the display panel with the scanning of the partial illumination light (Lz) of the backlight.

Abstract: A liquid crystal grating panel, a stereo display device and a display method thereof are disclosed. The liquid crystal grating panel comprises an upper polarizer, an upper substrate, a lower substrate, a first electrode, a second electrode, a third electrode and liquid crystals; the third electrode is separated from the first electrode through an insulating layer; the liquid crystals are disposed between the upper substrate and the lower substrate; the first electrode is used for generating an electric field with the second electrode at first frame scanning periods of image scanning to form a first grating; and the third electrode is used for generating an electric field with the second electrode at second frame scanning periods of image scanning to form a second grating.

Abstract: For comfortable viewing of a 3-D scene at various viewing angles, a display having a large tracking range for a variable viewer distance is required. A controllable light-influencing element deflects light in coarse steps in a viewer range. Within said steps, the light is deflected by a further controllable light-influencing element continuously or with fine gradation. The light modulation device is suitable in holographic or autostereoscopic displays for guiding the visibility ranges of the image information to be displayed so as to follow the eyes of the viewers.

Abstract: A stereoscopic display including a display panel and a barrier panel is provided. The barrier panel is at one side of the display panel. The barrier panel includes first and second substrates, first and second patterned electrode layers, and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second patterned electrode layers. The first patterned electrode layer is on the first substrate, and includes first electrodes having a first line-width. A gap between the adjacent first electrodes is a first spacing, and a first pitch is a sum of the first spacing and pitch. The second patterned electrode layer is on the second substrate, includes second electrodes having the first line-width. The gap between the adjacent second electrodes is the first spacing, the first and second electrodes are staggered to each other, and a shift in a horizontal direction between the first and second electrodes is half of the first pitch.

Abstract: An image display device includes a transparent plate which may be disposed in an inclined manner with respect to a display section of a portable terminal provided with the display section. A display displayed on the display section may be reflected on the transparent plate. A space behind the transparent plate may be viewed through the transparent plate and, at the same time, an image on the display section of the portable terminal may also be viewed while being reflected on the transparent plate.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a parallax barrier including a first substrate, a second substrate and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first and the second substrates. A plurality of first strip electrodes and a plurality of second strip electrodes are arranged on the first substrate, whereas a plurality of third electrodes and a plurality of fourth electrodes are arranged on the second substrate. Each of the third electrodes has a step-shaped first portion and each of the fourth electrodes has a step-shaped second portion.

Abstract: A multiple depth display provided for displaying images at different depths comprises a single display device (61), for displaying all of the images. An optical system (62, 63, 64) is disposed in front of the display device (61). The optical system comprises first and second spaced-apart partial reflectors (62, 63) and polarization optics (64) for providing first and second light paths for first and second images or sequences of images displayed by the device (61). The first light path (65) comprises partial transmission through the first reflector (62), partial reflection from the second reflector (63), partial reflection from the first reflector (62), and partial transmission through the second reflector (65) towards a viewing region.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal panel, a light blocking barrier, and a sensor. The apparatus has a barrier driving controlling unit, a display controlling unit, and a display mode decision unit to decide a display mode of an image to be displayed on the panel. The barrier driving controlling unit controls, when it is decided that the display mode is a first mode, driving of the barrier so that the position of the light blocking section of the barrier is moved in response to the position of the viewer detected by the sensor. The display controlling unit controls, when it is decided that the display mode is a second mode, the display of the panel so that the display position of the left-eye and the right-eye images on the panel is moved in response to the position of the viewer detected by the sensor.

Abstract: Provided are a liquid crystal display apparatus and a light-emitting display apparatus. The liquid crystal display apparatus includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, sub-pixels and an array of cylindrical lenses. Each sub-pixel includes an opening section or sections whose total length taken along the first direction at each of positions ranging in the second direction is constant. In each row of the sub-pixels, the opening sections are arranged such that moving average values of positions of a center of gravity of the opening sections fluctuate within a predetermined range, where the moving average values are calculated by obtaining positions of the center of gravity of the opening sections taken along the first direction at plural positions ranging in the second direction and by averaging the obtained positions within a spot width of the cylindrical lenses for each of the positions ranging in the second direction.

Abstract: A first element substrate (20a) including an interlayer insulating layer (15a) provided on a first transparent substrate (10a), a plurality of first transparent electrode (16) extending parallel to each other, each first transparent electrode (16) being provided at a bottom (B) of an associated one of a plurality of grooves (S) in the interlayer insulating layer (15a), and a planarizing layer (17) covering the first transparent electrodes (16), filling the grooves (S), and having a refractive index equal to a refractive index of the interlayer insulating layer (15a), a second element substrate (30a) including a second transparent electrode (21) provided on a second transparent substrate (10b), and a liquid crystal layer (40) provided between the first element substrate (20a) and the second element substrate (30a) are provided.