Abstract: An example microelectromechanical system (MEMS) force sensor is described herein. The MEMS force sensor can include a sensor die configured to receive an applied force. The sensor die can include a first substrate and a second substrate, where a cavity is formed in the first substrate, and where at least a portion of the second substrate defines a deformable membrane. The MEMS force sensor can also include an etch stop layer arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate, and a sensing element arranged on a surface of the second substrate. The sensing element can be configured to convert a strain on the surface of the membrane substrate to an analog electrical signal that is proportional to the strain.

Abstract: Provided is a pixel integrate scanning (PIS) distributed type automatic power-saving electronic display board, which histogram-equalizes a reference value of color values of an initial image signal on the basis of image pulses along with the drive control for easily implementing a high-definition image to set the value of a current (If) supplied to and flowing through the LED, and allows the gain controller to compare the set current value with a difference between the image reference value of the gamma controller and the correction value of the histogram-equalized image and determine a change in a subtraction loss value based on the power consumption difference of a display image in consideration of image quality change, brightness, and image size to designate a current value for display on the electronic display board and transmit corresponding image information so that the power-saving operation of the LED module is automatically performed.

Abstract: A positioning system, including: a first plate; a second plate coupled to the first plate and pivotable about an axis; a pair of voice coil actuators configured to rotate the second plate about this axis; and a processor configured to drive currents to the pair of voice coil actuators; wherein the pair of voice coil actuators comprises a first and second magnet structures mounted on the first plate at equal and opposite distance from the axis, and a first and second coils mounted on the second plate and positioned such that the respective first and second magnet structures move in and out of the first and second coils when the second plate rotates about the axis; wherein each of the first and second magnet structures substantially conforms to an arc having a center at the axis and a radius equal to the distance of the magnet structure from the axis.

Abstract: Provided are an optical assembly and an electronic apparatus having the optical assembly. The optical assembly includes at least one reflective mirror reflecting image light output form a display module, a refractive lens through which image light reflected from the at least one reflective mirror passes, and a reflective lens having a first surface and a second surface and including a transflective coating layer provided on the first surface and reflecting the image light that passed through the refractive lens in a first direction and transmitting real light from a second direction facing the first direction.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a light shutter panel and a transparent display apparatus having the same. The light shutter panel according to the present disclosure comprises: a lower electrode plate; a upper electrode plate facing with the lower electrode plate; a shutter layer disposed between the lower electrode plate and the upper electrode plate, the shutter layer including a first ink storage portion disposed at a lower part, a second ink storage portion disposed at a upper part and overlapped with the first ink storage portion, and a first electric field guide disposed between the first ink storage portion and the second ink storage portion; a first black ink filled into the first ink storage portion; and a second black ink filled into the second ink storage portion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical imaging device capable of responding to a writing long-wave radiation (w) emitted by any object or scene.

Abstract: An optical apparatus includes a light source, an optical waveguide element, a light detector, and an optical system. The light source emits a light beam. The optical waveguide element includes first and second gratings. The first grating causes part of the light beam to propagate in the optical waveguide element as a guided light beam. The second grating causes part of the guided light beam to exit from the optical waveguide element. The optical system causes the light beam to enter the first grating and causes a reflected light beam from an object to enter the second grating. Part of the reflected light beam entering the second grating propagates in the optical waveguide element and exits from the first grating as an optical feedback beam. The optical system causes part of the optical feedback beam to enter the light detector as separated light beams separated depending on wavelength.

Abstract: A light emitting device comprising a plurality of pixels is provided. Each of the plurality of pixels includes a light emitting element, a first transistor having a drain region connected to the light emitting element, and a second transistor having a drain region connected to a gate electrode of the first transistor. The plurality of pixels include a first pixel and a second pixel, which are adjacent to each other in a first direction. A source region of the second transistor of the first pixel and a source region of the second transistor of the second pixel share one diffusion region, and a source region, a gate electrode, and the drain region of the first transistor of the first and second pixels are sequentially arranged in one of a positive direction and a negative direction in the first direction.

Abstract: A micromirror which comprises a mirror pivotally attached to a mount by a first pivoting structure that permits pivotal movement of the mirror relative to the mount about a first axis; a first comb drive which has a first position fixed relative to the mirror and second portion fixed relative to the mount. The first comb drive being for actuating the mirror about the first axis. A weight connected to the mirror, and the weight and mirror being on opposite sides of a fulcrum of the first pivoting structure. The first axis is non-parallel to a longitudinal axis extending through the weight and the mirror.

Abstract: For example, an escape gear wheel part as a watch component includes a base member including a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, the base member being mainly composed of silicon, and a light reflecting layer provided at the first surface of the base member, the light reflecting layer having a three-layer structure in which a first silicon oxide layer, a silicon layer, and a second silicon oxide layer are layered in this order.

Abstract: Imaging systems and methods that enable multiple detectors to be used to capture multiple component images that can be fused to create a composite image of a scene, without introducing gaps in that composite image in areas corresponding to the boundaries of the detectors, are provided. The system includes imaging optics, such as a telescope, that at least in part define an optical path extending between an exit pupil and a focal plane. Field segmentation optics are located within the optical path, to create multiple, partially overlapping component images. At least one detector is provided to produce an image signal representing each of the component images. A composite image is then formed by registering and fusing the component images.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for display of a depth image (depth plus texture) using multiple focal planes. In one embodiment, a depth image (which may be a frame of a depth video, consisting of a video plus depth sequence) is mapped to a first set of image planes. The depth image (or a subsequent frame of the depth video) is mapped to a second set of image planes. Each image plane in the first and second set has a specified depth, and the first and second set differ in at least one depth. Each of the image planes is displayed in the first set at the respective depth of that image plane, and, subsequently, each of the image planes in the second set is displayed at its respective depth. Display of the first and second sets may be cyclically alternated at rate sufficiently high to avoid perceptible flicker.

Abstract: A security print medium for forming security documents therefrom, the security print medium comprising a core having opposing first and second sides. The core comprises a radiation-responsive substance distributed within the core across at least a first region of the core, the radiation-responsive substance being responsive to a predetermined input radiation by producing a predetermined output radiation. The security print medium further comprises a first encoding layer disposed on the first side of the core and a second encoding layer disposed on the second side of the core, each of the first and second encoding layers comprising an encoding material that modifies the intensity of the predetermined input radiation and/or the predetermined output radiation produced by the radiation-responsive substance transmitted through the respective encoding layer, wherein the first and second encoding layers overlap each other across the first region.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic device. An electronic device according to the present disclosure may include: an optical system generating light for implementing an image; and a display emitting the light provided from the optical system to an exit location set according to an incident location and an incident angle, in which the optical receiver may include a light source, and a reflector has a shape bent at a different angle with respect to the display while reflecting the light generated by the light source to the display. The electronic device according to the present disclosure may be associated with an artificial intelligence module, a robot, an augmented reality (AR) device, a virtual reality (VR) device, a device related to a 5G service, and the like.

Abstract: A miniature fluid actuator is disclosed and includes a substrate, a chamber layer, a carrying layer and a piezoelectric assembly. The substrate has an inlet. The chamber layer is formed on the substrate and includes a first chamber in communication with the inlet, a resonance layer and a second chamber. The resonance layer has a central aperture in communication between the first chamber and the second chamber. The carrying layer includes a fixed region formed on the chamber layer, a vibration region, a connection portion and a vacant. The vibration region is located at a center of the fixed region and corresponding to the second chamber. The connection portion is connected between the fixed region and the vibration region. The vacant is formed among the fixed region, the vibration region and the connection portion. The piezoelectric assembly is formed on the vibration region.

Abstract: A method of tuning a resonant frequency of a nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS) drum device is performed by applying a gate voltage between the drum membrane [100] and a back gate [104] to alter the resonant frequency of the membrane to a desired frequency; photoionizing the drum membrane with a laser to detune the membrane resonant frequency to a ground state frequency; and releasing the gate voltage to set the membrane to the desired resonant frequency. The method provides the basis for various applications including NEMS memory and photodetection techniques. The NEMS device may be implemented as a graphene/hBN membrane [100] suspended on a SiO2 layer [102] deposited on a Si substrate [104].

Abstract: An example deformable mirror includes a number of cells defining an aperture plane of the mirror. Each of the cells includes a first transparent electrode layer and a second reflective electrode layer, with a solid crystal electro-optical (EO) active layer between the electrode layers. The deformable mirror includes a reflective layer optically coupled to each of the cells on the reflective side of the cell.

Abstract: A display module and a display device are provided in the embodiments of the present disclosure. The display module includes a display panel, the display panel includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other, at least one of the first surface and the second surface is a display surface, and the display module further includes an optical modulation structure arranged on at least one of the first surface and the second surface of the display panel. The optical modulation structure includes: a first transparent substrate and a second transparent substrate arranged opposite to each other, a charged particle arranged between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate, and a first transparent electrode structure arranged between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate and configured to form an electric field for driving the charged particle to move.

Abstract: A method for moving an aqueous droplet comprising providing an electrokinetic device including a first substrate having a matrix of electrodes, wherein each of the matrix electrodes is coupled to a thin film transistor, and wherein the matrix electrodes are overcoated with a functional coating comprising: a dielectric layer in contact with the matrix electrodes, a conformal layer in contact with the dielectric layer, and a hydrophobic layer in contact with the confornial layer; a second substrate comprising a top electrode; a spacer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and defining an electrokinetic workspace; and a voltage source operatively coupled to the niatrix electrodes. The method further comprises disposing an aqueous droplet on a first matrix electrode; and providing a differential electrical potential between the first matrix electrode and a second matrix electrode with the voltage source, thereby moving the aqueous droplet.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses may provide optical lenses comprising liquid crystal metasurfaces. Systems and methods may include a lens system comprising a first optical lens and a liquid crystal metasurface formed on the first optical lens, and a pair of electrodes positioned on opposite sides of the first optical lens. The pair of electrodes may individually tune sections of the liquid crystal metasurface to adjust an optical characteristic of the optical signal. A waveguide may be configured to receive the adjusted optical signal passed through the first optical lens and may provide the optical signal to an image sensor for an image.

Abstract: A gyroscope includes a proof mass, and a first transduction/suspension structure coupled to the proof mass with a laterally flexible first coupling spring from a first coupling direction. A second transduction/suspension structure is coupled to the proof mass with a laterally flexible second coupling spring from a second coupling direction. A third transduction/suspension structure is coupled to the proof mass with a transversally flexible third coupling spring from a third coupling direction. A fourth transduction/suspension structure is coupled to the proof mass with a transversally flexible fourth coupling spring from a fourth coupling direction. Each transduction/suspension structure comprises elongated beams. Piezoelectric transducers are deposited on some elongated beams, and are configured to bend the corresponding elongated beams in the device plane and to measure the bending of the corresponding lateral elongated beams in the device plane.

Abstract: Configurable afocal optical system that can be configured to have different magnifications, including unity magnification, and which are capable of being cascaded to produce any number of magnifications.

Abstract: The invention concerns an adaptive optical device (I) comprising a deformable plate (2) intended to deform an incident wavefront by refraction and/or reflection, characterised in that it comprises: —tabs (5) fixedly attached to the plate (2), —a frame (21) fixed relative to the plate (2), each tab (5) comprising a moving portion (22) connected to at least one respective peripheral actuator (7) in order that the latter can locally deform the tab (5) in order that the tab transmits a deformation force to the deformable plate (2), each tab (5) further comprising a respective fixed portion (23) fixedly attached to the frame (21) in order to be immobilised relative to the frame. The invention is particularly suitable for the introduction or controlled correction of an optical aberration in an incident wavefront.

Abstract: A switchable light modulator device (201, 202, 203, 204, 205) comprises a first substrate (101, 102, 103) and a second substrate (141, 142, 143, 144) with opposite major surfaces spaced apart by one or more polymer structures that each comprise two or more parts and define wall features (21b, 22b, 23b) for a plurality of cavities (111, 112, 113, 114), the cavities sealing a fluid (71, 72, 73, 74) or gel in discrete volumes. Each of the one or more polymer structures comprises a mould part (21, 22, 23) bonded to the first substrate and defining a recess (31, 32, 33), and a cast part (81, 82, 83, 84) filling the recess and bonded to the second substrate and a surface of the recess, the cast part being defined by the surface of the recess and the second substrate replicating the surfaces of both.

Abstract: A polymeric film includes a plurality of tapered microcells containing a dispersion of a first group and a second group of charged particles. The first group and second group of charged particles having opposite charge polarities. The tapered microcells include a wall and at least a portion of the wall is configured to repel the first group of charged particles. Also provided is a method of making a laminate for an electrophoretic display comprising embossing a plurality of tapered microcells through a layer of polymeric film and into a release sheet to form an embossed film; laminating the embossed film to a layer of conductive material on a protective sheet to form a laminated film; removing the release sheet from the polymeric film to form an opening to an interior of each microcell of the laminated film; filling the microcells with a dispersion fluid; and sealing the microcells.

Abstract: A three-dimensional printer includes a projector, a tank, and a platform. The projector includes a light source, a digital micromirror device, and a controller. The digital micromirror device includes a micromirror, and the micromirror may be switched between an on state and an off state according to a control signal. The controller is electrically connected to the digital micromirror device and the light source. The controller further includes a judgement unit. The judgement unit may output the control signal to switch the micromirror to the off state when the light source is in the off state. The platform is adjacent to the tank. In addition, a manufacturing method for a three-dimensional printer is provided.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a varifocal laser processing system and method based on a variable light spot diffractive element. The system includes a laser device for generating a laser, a collimating lens for changing a light path and a diffractive optical element module for controlling light spot focal point distribution. The laser emitted by the laser device passes through the collimating lens to irradiate the diffractive optical element module, and the laser focused by the diffractive optical element module irradiates a to-be-processed workpiece; and the diffractive optical element module includes at least two DOE lenses oppositely distributed in an axial direction and a rotary actuator driving the DOE lenses to rotate. The rotary actuator drives at least one DOE lens to rotate with a central axis as a rotating center, thereby changing a position of a focal point generated after the laser is focused by the diffractive optical element module.

Abstract: Systems and methods for holographic characterization of protein aggregates. Size and refractive index of individual aggregates in a solution can be determined. Information regarding morphology and porosity can be extracted from holographic data.

Abstract: A method of producing an oppositely magnetized magnetic structure within or on a substrate material includes: generating first and second numbers of cavities within or on a substrate material and filling the first and second numbers of cavities with first and second hard magnetic materials, respectively exhibiting first and second coercive field strengths, wherein the second coercive field strength is smaller than the first coercive field strength. The method further includes magnetizing, in a first direction, the first and second arrangements of magnetic structures, by a magnetic field having a field strength that exceeds the first and second coercive field strengths. The method further magnetizes the second arrangement of hard magnetic structures in a second direction, which differs from the first direction, by a second magnetic field having a field strength below the first coercive field strength but greater than the second coercive field strength.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are CPM support systems, as well as related apparatuses, methods, computing devices, and computer-readable media. For example, in some embodiments, a charged particle microscope computational support apparatus may include: first logic to, for each angle of a plurality of angles, receive an associated image of a specimen at the angle, and generate an associated scan mask based on one or more regions-of-interest in the associated image; second logic to, for each angle of the plurality of angles, generate an associated data set of the specimen by processing data from a scan, in accordance with the associated scan mask, by a charged particle microscope of the specimen at the angle; and third logic to provide, for each angle of the plurality of angles, the associated data set of the specimen to reconstruction logic to generate a three-dimensional reconstruction of the specimen.

Abstract: A meta-optical device includes a plurality of phase modulation areas configured to modulate a phase of an incident light, each of the plurality of phase modulation areas including a plurality of nanostructures having a shape and an arrangement that are determined according to a respective rule set for each of the plurality of phase modulation areas; and a compensation area located between a kth phase modulation area and a (k+1)th phase modulation area adjacent to each other, from among the plurality of phase modulation areas, and including a compensation structure for buffering an effective refractive index change occurring in a boundary area between the kth phase modulation area and the (k+1)th phase modulation area according to respective rules of the kth phase modulation area and the (k+1)th phase modulation area, wherein N is a number of the plurality of phase modulation areas, k and N are natural numbers, and k is equal to or greater than 1 and less than N.

Abstract: An optical article of manufacture and a method of making the article of manufacture are disclosed. The article of manufacture includes an optical component including a junction between a first region having a first optical power and a second region having a second optical power. The first optical power is different from the second optical power. The article further includes an occlusion ring included in the optical component and aligned with the junction. The method includes forming a thin film polymer layer on a substrate. The method further includes forming an occlusion ring on the thin film polymer layer. The occlusion ring has an inner occlusion ring region and an outer occlusion ring region. The method further includes forming an outer wire grid polarizer on the outer occlusion ring region.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a thermal radiation modulation system comprising a first low emissivity layer comprising a plurality of distributed, strain-dependent cracks, the first low emissivity layer comprising a first polymer composite layer and a first mirror-like metal layer with low emissivity covering a surface of the first polymer composite layer; a first elastomer layer bonded to the first low emissivity layer opposite to the mirror-like metal layer; and optionally a first stretchable heater, the first stretchable heater is attached to the first elastomer layer opposite to the first low emissivity layer, wherein a top surface of the first low emissivity layer comprising the mirror-like metal layer has a lower emissivity relative to the first elastomer layer. Methods of making and use of the system are further described.

Abstract: A micromechanical mirror device, a mirror system, and a method for producing a micromechanical mirror device are disclosed. The mirror device comprises a first mirror element, which is flat, and a second mirror element, which is flat. The first and second mirror elements are arranged substantially plane-parallel. An intermediate space between the first and second mirror elements has a lower index of refraction than one or both of the first mirror element and second mirror element. The first and second mirror elements are locally spaced apart from each other by at least one support structure. The support structure overlaps with the first and second mirror elements in an axial direction, which is perpendicular to the first and second mirror elements. The support structure includes a material that is different from a material from which one or both of the first and second mirror elements are formed.

Abstract: This specification discusses a device which modulates, simultaneously or independently, the amplitude, polarization and phase of the electromagnetic radiation. This device has multiple metasurfaces, a spacer region between the metasurfaces, and an actuator for applying a force to at least one of the metasurfaces. The application of the force changes distance between at least two of the metasurfaces creating the of the electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: An electronic device is disclosed herein that includes an infrared light source to emit infrared light, a rolling shutter sensor, and at least one processor. The at least one processor is to: cause the rolling shutter sensor to output a first signal corresponding to a first frame of image data during exposure to the infrared light, reset the rows of the rolling shutter sensor at a same time, cause the rolling shutter sensor to output a second signal corresponding to a second frame of image data without exposure to the infrared light from the infrared light source, determine a difference between the first signal and the second signal to generate an ambient infrared free frame, and recognize a face based on the ambient infrared free frame.

Abstract: A display device includes: a display unit including pixels, wherein each of the pixels includes stacks connected in series and each of the stacks includes a light emitting element; a storage to store pieces of stack number information, wherein each of the pieces of the stack number information indicates the number of stacks constituting an effective light source from among the stacks for each of the pixels; a compensator to generate compensated data by compensating image data based on the pieces of the stack number information; and a data driver to generate data voltages based on the compensated data and to provide the data voltages to the display unit. The pixels are to emit light with luminances corresponding to the data voltages.

Abstract: A method for real-time surface imperfection detection for additive manufacturing and 3-D printing parts is provided. The method includes directing a first light radiation using one or more illumination sources, wherein the first light radiation illuminates a target area of a part being manufactured in a uniform chromatic light such that the target area appears to have a substantially uniform monochromatic color; capturing a current image of a second light radiation that is scattered or reflected by the target area using one or more feedback cameras; and analyzing the current image of the second light radiation using at least one of the one or more feedback camera with a previously acquired image to determine whether a surface imperfection exists or does not exist.

Abstract: Micro light-emitting diode displays and methods of fabricating micro LED displays are described. In an example, a micro light emitting diode pixel structure includes a plurality of micro light emitting diode devices in a dielectric layer. Each of the micro light emitting diode devices have Mie scattering particles thereon. A transparent conducting oxide layer is above the dielectric layer and on the Mie scattering particles. A binder material layer is above the transparent conducting oxide layer. The binder material layer has a plurality of Rayleigh scattering particles therein.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to an apparatus and methods for forming arrays of EL devices and forming the EL devices with overlapped mask plates. The methods utilize overlapping a first mask plate and a second mask plate to form a mask arrangement having first apertures of the first mask plate overlapped with second apertures of the second mask plate forming one or more opening areas. A material is evaporated through the mask arrangement such that layers of the material are formed in a device area of the EL devices. The device area of each of the EL devices corresponds to the opening area of the mask arrangement of the first mask plate and the second mask plate. The method described herein allows for a higher density of the EL devices and creates a smaller deposition area due to the opening area of the mask arrangement.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a MEMS element includes a first member, and an element part. The element part includes a first fixed electrode fixed to the first member, a first movable electrode facing the first fixed electrode, a first conductive member electrically connected to the first movable electrode, and a second conductive member electrically connected to the first movable electrode. The first movable electrode is supported by the first and second conductive members to be separated from the first fixed electrode. The first conductive member has a meandering structure. The second conductive member includes a first conductive region and a second conductive region. The second conductive region is between the first movable electrode and the first conductive region. A second width of the second conductive region along a second direction is less than a first width of the first conductive region along the second direction.

Abstract: In one example, a liquid crystal (LC) assembly includes a first curved glass layer and a second curved glass layer. The LC assembly further includes a film-based, flexible LC stack structure between the first curved glass layer and the second curved glass layer. The film-based, flexible LC stack structure includes Guest-Host (GH) liquid crystals. The film-based, flexible LC stack structure is configured to provide both a display operation for displaying content to one or more user and a dimming operation for reducing a transmittance level of light passing through the LC assembly.

Abstract: A method for detecting contamination of a microelectromechanical sensor element. The method includes the following steps: outputting heating control signals for controlling a heating device in order to heat the sensor element, receiving measuring signals that represent a physical variable that is measured with the aid of the heated sensor element, ascertaining, based on the measured physical variable, whether the sensor element has contamination or is free of contamination, outputting result signals that represent a result indicating whether the sensor element has contamination or is free of contamination. Moreover, a device is described.

Abstract: An optical device may include a polarization splitter to split a unidirectional rotary optical beam into a first rotary optical beam having a first polarization state and a second rotary optical beam having a second polarization state. The unidirectional rotary optical beam and the second rotary optical beam may have optical power with a first direction of spatial rotation. The optical device may include a reflective element to reverse a parity of the first rotary optical beam in association with causing optical power of the first rotary optical beam to have a second direction of spatial rotation. The optical device may include a polarization combiner to, after reversal of the parity of the first rotary optical beam, combine the first rotary optical beam and the second rotary optical beam to create a bi-directional rotary optical beam having the first polarization state and the second polarization state.

Abstract: Among other things, the present invention is related to devices and methods of performing biological and chemical assays, such as but not limited to assay related to analysis of white blood cells.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a substrate including a region, which is mechanically decoupled from a support and has at least one component situated on the region; at least one recess being introduced on a front side of the substrate; an etching pattern being prepared on a back side of the substrate and etched anisotropically in such a manner, that vertical channels are produced on the back side of the substrate; and subsequently, a cavity being introduced at the back side of the substrate; the at least one recess on the front side of the substrate being connected to the cavity on the back side of the substrate; and in at least one region between the front side of the substrate and the cavity, at least two recesses or at least two segments of a recess being interconnected by at least one channel.

Abstract: An electrowetting device includes a first substrate, a plurality of first electrodes formed on the first substrate, a dielectric layer formed on the plurality of first electrodes, a first water-repellent layer formed on the dielectric layer, a second substrate, a second electrode formed on the second substrate, and a second water-repellent layer formed on the second electrode. The first substrate and the second substrate are arranged with a gap between the first water-repellent layer and the second water-repellent layer. The first electrode includes an indium oxide-zinc oxide layer, the dielectric layer includes a silicon nitride layer, and the silicon nitride layer is formed directly on the indium oxide-zinc oxide layer.

Abstract: A display panel has a first panel side and a second panel side, both capable of displaying graphic display object(s). The display panel has a pixel layer, control circuitry and a sensor unit which identify the presence of at least one person at a predefined threshold distance from the display device and whether the at least one person is on the first panel side or the second panel side. The control circuitry is adapted to enable the displaying of the graphic display object in accordance with a predefined display alignment in one of a first orientation and a second orientation based on a physical environment condition.

Abstract: A display panel has a first and second layers and a control unit. The first layer is a pixel matrix. The control unit is designed to actuate at least one pixel element for displaying at least one graphic display object. In a respective non-actuated state each pixel element is transparent. The second layer is partitioned into predetermined primary subareas each having an adjustable degree of light transmission. The primary subareas are separated by a primary space. The control unit is adapted to adjust a respective light transmission to a predetermined individual degree for each of the predetermined primary subareas independent of each other. The display panel also has a third layer designed to attenuate light in the primary space.

Abstract: A control method for a spatial light modulator for an exposure apparatus having a projection optical system having an optical elements a state of each of which is allowed to be changed, the method sets states of optical elements located in a first area to a first distribution in which a first optical element in a first state and a second optical element in a second state are distributed in a first distribution pattern so that one portion of a light from the optical elements located in the first area enters the projection optical system and setting states of optical elements located in a second area to a second distribution in which the first optical element and the second optical element are distributed in a second distribution pattern to reduce a deterioration of the pattern image caused by a light that enters the projection optical system from the first area.