Abstract: An electronic component includes a semiconductor chip with a chip topside, an integrated circuit, and a chip backside. The chip backside includes a magnetic layer. The electronic component further includes a chip carrier with a magnetic layer on its carrier topside. At least one of the two magnetic layers is permanently magnetic such that the semiconductor chip is magnetically fixed on the chip carrier.

Abstract: A device for protection against voltage surges comprises a stationary electrode and a movable electrode arranged facing an arc extinguishing chamber. The movable electrode is driven by a mechanisms, by an electromechanical actuator and/or by an electromagnetic circuit. At rest, the movable electrode is situated at a distance from the stationary electrode. When a voltage surge occurs between the electrodes, an arc arises and extends in the chamber in which it is extinguished. If the arc continues, in particular in the case of a follow current of high energy, the movable electrode is driven to a disconnected position moving away from the stationary electrode, which has the effect of lengthening the arc even more in the chamber to facilitate its extinction and perform disconnection of the circuit. A pair of contacts may be associated in series to the electrodes, one of the contacts being stationary and the other being fixedly secured to the movable electrode. A spark gap can also be associated to the electrodes.

Abstract: In a closing magnetic circuit, when a movable contact is in contact with a fixed contact and a switching device is closed, N and S poles of a permanent magnet attract the fixed member in a direction in which the movable contact is pressed against the fixed contact. In an opening magnetic circuit, when the movable contact is separated from the fixed contact and the switching device is open, one of the N and S poles of the permanent magnet attracts the fixed member in a direction in which the movable contact is separated from the fixed contact. An operating electromagnet winding increases and decreases the magnetism in the closing magnetic circuit and opening magnetic circuit. With this configuration, it is possible to realize an operating apparatus for a switching device using a simple mechanism and assure a stable operation by producing a great contact load.

Abstract: The arrangement described contains a device by means of which influence is exerted on an arc forming between the contact elements in such a way that the voltage established between the contact elements is increased, and a quenching device is provided which diverts and/or consumes energy supplied to the contact elements once a predetermined voltage is reached. An arrangement of this type makes it possible reliably and simply to prevent the contact elements and/or elements connected to the arrangement from being damaged or destroyed by effects occurring in particular when the contact elements are disengaged.

Abstract: A switching apparatus obtains a large switching current by multiplying the number of electrons emitted by field emission from a cold cathode. The switching apparatus is driven by an optical wave and includes a recess portion of an insulation layer formed on a silicon substrate, a cold cathode formed on the insulation layer comprising many comb-tooth like tips extending from one side above the recess portion, a gate electrode disposed on the recess portion on the side of the cold cathode, an anode formed on the insulation layer and extending from another side opposed facing to the one side above the recess portion, an optically transparent sealing member comprising a recess portion on its under surface for enclosing a dilute nitrogen gas in a vacuum space, and a semiconductor laser, supported on the sealing member by a support member, for irradiating a laser beam through the sealing member into the space.

Abstract: A high voltage substation level surge suppression system is disclosed comprising three primary elements. Two surge arrestors are used, separated by a surge interceptor. The first surge arrestor encountered is a high energy dissipater. It conducts most of the energy from a lightning induced or other fast rising high voltage surge to ground. The surge interceptor, comprises an inductor formed by wrapping insulated wire around a tube through which is inserted a parallel high energy resistor. The inductor element in the Surge Interceptor operates to delay the fast rise surge or transient long enough that the high energy dissipater can operate. The resistor element operates to dampen ringing or oscillations caused by the interaction between the inductor and a high voltage lightning strike and to dissipate some of that energy. Finally, the second arrestor, the voltage controller, operates to clamp the voltage after the Surge Interceptor to a set level.

Abstract: A high-voltage system surge eliminator for the protection of electric transmission and distribution stations against line and switching transients, atmospheric discharges and other adverse effects including such as those caused by lightning. The eliminator is suitable for the protection of substations and of individual equipment units, selectively, and is applicable to both direct current and alternating current single and multi-phase systems, selectively. Two basic and typical eliminator varieties are shown and described.

Abstract: An improved surge current limiting method and apparatus is provided for an inverter circuit. The inverter includes electronic switching devices serially connected between relatively positive and negative voltage buses and alternately conductive for providing alternating current paths through a load connected to a terminal intermediate the two switching devices. An inductor connected in series with the switching devices is provided with a permanent magnet core which is magnetically polarized in a direction such that current through the inductor attempts to reverse the magnetic polarity of the permanent magnet. The inductor is sized such that normal current through the inductor is not appreciably attenuated by the inductance. Under fault current conditions, the magnetic field generated by the higher currents through the inductor is opposed by the magnetic field of the permanent magnet so as to provide a substantial current limiting effect.

Abstract: An improved arc gap structure for a lightning arrester comprises first and second annular electrodes concentrically arranged relative to one another. The first electrode has a generally cylindrical inner surface which tapers to a smaller diameter toward one end. The second electrode has a generally cylindrical outer surface which is sized to be spaced apart from the inner surface of the first electrode when received therein. The electrodes are axially displaced relative to one another such that the spacing between the upper corner of the second electrode and the tapered portion of the first electrode define the ignition arc gap for the lightning arrester. The second electrode is preferably axially adjustable relative to the first electrode to select a desired arc over voltage for the lightning arrester.

Abstract: A spark gap switching device for high peak currents including a pair of main electrodes with protruding, opposing sub-electrodes, surrounded by high permeability cores typically of ferrite material. Small air gaps separate the sub-electrodes. The switch is activated by an over voltage or the like causing one of the sub-electrodes to breakover producing a flux time rate of change in the core. A voltage is induced in the non conducting sub-electrodes causing aligned pairs to rapidly increase in potential difference until one by one they all conduct.

Abstract: A device for the protection of antennas against lightning and electromagnetic pulse consisting of an electrically conducting rotor that is free to turn on a conducting shaft which is connected to the antenna. This combination is placed within an electric coil with one end connected to ground. The rotor is mounted eccentrically within the coil so that when a predetermined critical voltage on the antenna is exceeded electrical current flows through the rotor, and coil to ground via the air gap separating the rotor and coil, a magnetic field is set up in the coil which turns the rotor and reduces the air gap as the voltage is dissipated, after discharge of the surge, the rotor returns to its quiescent position.