Abstract: An illuminating device for a projector, includes: a lamp for emitting light; a parabolic mirror for converting the light emitted from the lamp into parallel light rays by reflecting the light emitted from the lamp; a convex lens for refracting the parallel light rays which have been reflected by the parabolic mirror, and also converting directly input light from the lamp which is not reflected by the parabolic mirror into parallel light rays; and a combination lens composed of a first lens and a second lens. The first lens is for focusing the light refracted by the convex lens at a predetermined focal point and the second lens is for focusing the parallel light rays converted by the convex lens at the focal point. An image lens is also provided for converting the light focused at the focal point into a parallel beam of light rays. Therefore, the efficiency of the use of light of a projector can be improved by adopting such an illuminating device.

Abstract: A light distribution system for distributing beams at remote locations, light beams from a quasi point source includes means for collimating light from the source into a radial beam or beams, conveyance means carrying collimated beams to remote illumination directors for directing light from the light distribution system to a volume to be illuminated. Light loss due to changing the system from a first configuration, i.e. set of spatial location spatial locations of illumination directors, to a second configuration is substantially eliminated. Means are provided to manipulate light beams to control their diversion and continuity in response to movements from changing from the first configuration to the second.

Abstract: A surgical light (10) includes a conical shaped reflector (12) which is formed from pre-finished sheet of reflector material into a conical shape. The conical reflector (12) reflects the light from a lamp (14) at a plurality of different angles. Light directly from the lamp and reflected from the reflector strikes a refractor (18) at a plurality of angles of incidence which vary with distance from a central axis (X) of the reflector. The refractor has a plurality of differently shaped prisms (20) whose shape varies with the distance from the central axis to redirect the light to an illumination zone (Z).

Abstract: The present invention comprises a light fixture including a housing, a light source, means to secure a light source to the housing, a lens and a reflector. The reflector and lens are positioned so as to direct light from the light source onto an unlit side of the housing.The light fixture is normally suspended from the ceiling or attached to a wall. A greater portion of the light from the light source is reflected off the ceiling or wall, whereas a smaller portion of the light from the light source is reflected off the reflector and onto the housing. After the smaller portion is reflected off the housing, the smaller portion and the larger portion are traveling in generally the same direction, thereby reducing the contrast between the housing and the ceiling or wall.The present fixture housing is very shallow, preferably less than about 3" deep.

Abstract: A light emissive panel unit includes a light source for emitting light, a prism plate into which the light emitted by the light source means incident, a part of the light being reflectable and another part of the light passing through the prism plate, and an adjusting element for partially adjusting an amount of light emitted from a surface of the prism plate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flat parallel light source using the principle of the mirror reflection and diffuse reflection, which comprises a light source, a diffuse reflective chamber with high reflectance walls, a light coupler, a small hole array at the top surface of said diffuse reflective chamber, a mirror reflective cone array on the small hole array, and a convex lens array on said cone array. The light generated by the light pass through the light coupler into the diffuse reflective chamber, and then pass through the small hole array, mirror reflective cone array, and lens array to form parallel light. The flat parallel light source can generate a high intensity parallel light with excellent parallelism or a given scattering angle parallel light. It can be used for backlighting for all kinds of LCDs, and other equipment where parallel light is needed. It can also be used in LCDs to increase the brightness of the display image and reduce power consumption.

Abstract: A planar luminescent device useful as a backlight for liquid crystal disp. The planar luminescent device comprises a synthetic resin sheet having at least one fold and a plurality of sheet sections foldable along this fold. A sheet holder is adapted to hold the sheet sections of the sheet, folded along the fold, in a predetermined accordion-like folded position. A reflective layer and a light emitting layer are respectively provided on the sheet sections defining opposite ends of the sheet. A light source emits light rays towards the reflective layer.

Abstract: A conventional illumination system is supplemented by auxiliary reflectors to "fill-in" corner areas of a rectangular frame, providing more uniform illumination. The auxiliary reflectors intercept light that is emitted from the source in directions away from the system's condenser lens and any primary reflector, resulting in increased efficiency.

Abstract: A light source device including a light emitting element emits a luminous flux, which is converged by a reflecting mirror. A conical light-refracting element receives the luminous flux converged by the reflecting mirror and changes the cone angle of the luminous flux. The luminous flux exiting the conical light-refracting element is diffused by a holographic diffuser and is then converged by at least one lens. The reflecting mirror may have an elliptic curvature or a parabolic curvature. The light source device is also used to form a projector for a projection type display apparatus. In the projector, the luminous flux emitted from the light source device may be separated by color separators into a plurality of colors of light. Then, each color of light is directed to the corresponding one of a plurality of light valves. Then, a color synthesizer synthesizes the colors of light emitted from the light valves into a composite image which in turn is projected onto a screen.

Abstract: A plane light source unit includes a tubular light source, and a light guide. The light guide has a light emitting surface and a reflecting surface in addition to a light incident face placed near the tubular light source to receive light emitted from the tubular light source. The light guide has a plurality of projections or grooves arrayed on the light emitting surface to extend parallel to each other along a longitudinal direction of the tubular light source so as to cause the light incident from the light incident face to emerge from the light emitting surface. The height or depth of each of the projections or grooves increases from the central portion to the two end portions in the longitudinal direction of the tubular light source.

Abstract: An illuminating optical system including a light emitting device for supplying illuminating light, a directing member for directing the light beam from the light emitting device by refracting action, and a moving device for moving at least one of the light emitting device and the directing member in a direction differing from the direction of the optical axis of the directing member and varying the spacing between the light emitting device and the directing member to thereby vary the illumination range at a predetermined distance.

Abstract: A zoomable beamspreader is disclosed having two lenses arranged in closely spaced, confronting relationship, with each lens incorporating an array of alternating positive and negative lens segments. One of the two lenses is controllably movable relative to the other, in a direction substantially perpendicular to an optical axis, between a non-spread position, in which the positive and negative lens segments of one lens are aligned with the respective negative and positive lens segments of the other lens, and a spread position, in which the positive and negative lens segments of one lens are aligned with the respective positive and negative lens segments of the other lens. The two lenses can take any of several alternative forms, including a one-dimensional array of cylindrical lens segments, for providing a zoomable beamspread along just one dimension, and a two-dimensional array of spheric or aspheric lens segments, for providing a zoomable beamspread along both dimensions.

Abstract: A method of illuminating an object by capturing light from a light source with a TIR lens, redirecting the captured light from the light source in a single direction using the TIR lens, and channeling the redirected light through a light pipe to a plane at or before the object to maximize brightness of the light from the light source at the plane.

Abstract: An indicator unit for a motor vehicle, in particular a so-called complementary rear stop light displaying a narrow strip of light, has a plurality of light sources aligned with each other in an elongate narrow housing. Each light source emits light in a given emission field. The unit includes optical means for redirecting the light emitted by the sources in a general emission direction, and an optic having optical elements for diffusing the output light of the unit. The redirecting means comprise lenses focussed in the vicinity of the respective light sources and directly exposed to the radiation emitted by the respective sources in a central part of their emission field, together with a cylindrical mirror which reflects towards the lenses the light emitted by the sources in at least an edge portion of their emission field.

Abstract: A lighting device includes a light source, a light conducting plate having an incident surface receiving light emitted from the light source, a back surface and a light-emitting surface, and a reflection member having a first portion facing the back surface, and a second portion located on a side opposite to a side of the light conducting plate on which the light source is located. The second portion is spaced apart from the light conducting plate so that light emitted from the light conducting plate is oriented toward an emission surface of the lighting device.

Abstract: A lenticular lens containing a multiplicity of multi-sided lenticules useful with reflector lamps provides improved light distribution by having the lenticules oriented to avoid parallelism with a projected light image and distributed in a plurality of zones or bands concentric about said optical center. The size and light-spreading ability of the lenticules in each zone is selected to provide the desired light distribution. Parallelism is avoided by having the lenticules arrayed in a plurality of wedge-shaped sections circumferentially arranged in a circle around the optical center of the lens and extending through the zones with the lenticules in each section arrayed in a uniform, close-packed hexagonal array of parallel rows with the longitudinal axis of one of the rows being radially aligned with respect to the optical center of the lens, so that none of the sides of the lenticules are parallel to the light source image projected off the reflector.

Abstract: A radiant energy redirecting system comprising a radiant energy transmitting body structure; the structure comprising multiple elements, each of which acts as a radiant energy redirecting module, having on its cross-sectional perimeter an entry face to receive incidence of the energy into the interior of the perimeter, an exit face to pass the energy to the exterior of the perimeter in a direction towards the reverse side of the body from the side of the incidence, and a Totally Internally Reflecting face angled relative to the entry and exit faces to redirect towards the exit face the radiant energy incident from the entry face; the body structure generally redirecting incident radiant energy towards a predetermined target zone situated apart from and on the reverse side of the body relative to the side of the incidence; and lens structure associated with at least one of the faces for redirecting radiant energy passing between the entry and exit faces via the Totally Internally Reflecting face.

Abstract: The light fixture comprises a pod suitable for being embedded in the ground, and housing a light source, and a cover provided with at least one opening containing an optical unit facing the light source. The optical unit is sealed relative to the cover by a gasket which fits snugly around the perimeter of a base portion of the optical unit and which is compressed by means of a presser member applied against a bottom surface of the optical unit. The cover provides a housing designed for the gasket and defined by contact surfaces comprising a wall facing the perimeter of the optical unit and a top abutment for the gasket parallel to the mean plane of the cover.

Abstract: Lineal light distribution is provided from a source which may comprise a quasi-point source. The light is directed to one or more arms, each arm comprising conveyance means defining a region of light travel. Collimated light is directed into the conveyance means. Directing means in the light path direct light in respective independent paths to each of a plurality of exit means. The directing means may be discrete or distributed. The exit means each project light away from the conveyance means. The exit means are distributed at a number of locations at differing locations with respect to the source so that a lineal distribution of light from the source is provided.

Abstract: A beam spreading device for use with a centralized lighting system and which can be applied to emergency vehicle lighting applications achieves a beam pattern light output which is essentially continuous over an output range of plus and minus 45 degrees from a center point. The beam pattern light output also has a predefined height associated therewith. The beam spreading device is constructed so as to have a curved surface which mixes the light travelling therethrough so as to achieve the continuous light output. Side wall surfaces of the beam spreading device provide for total internal reflectance properties of the beam spreading device. In one embodiment, a color wheel can be interposed between the output of optical fibers which transmit the light from the centralized light source to the necessary remote location, and the beam spreading device. The color wheel provides the ability to generate different color light outputs from a single light source.

Abstract: A vehicular headlamp has a reflector which is so optically designed as to provide, by reflecting light from a light source, a basic beam pattern of approximately semicircular shape wholly disposed below the horizon, with a top edge cutoff extending horizontally. A front lens is stepped to produce a lower beam pattern by raising part of the basic beam pattern and by horizontally expanding the rest of the basic beam pattern. The top edge cutoff of the lower beam pattern is as clearcut as that of the basic beam pattern. Either of two different lower beam patterns required for vehicles keeping to the right and for those keeping to the left is producible merely by changing the optical design of the front lens.

Abstract: A flashing device having an optical panel 3 to converge light, emitted from a flashing discharge tube 1, and reflected from a reflector 2, the converged light being directed by the optical panel to a photographic object. The optical panel is placed in front of the flashing discharge tube 1 and reflector 2 so as to control the light distribution in a transverse direction perpendicular to the axis of the flashing discharge tube 1. Moreover, the optical panel has different optical characteristics at its central portion and circumferential portion in the transverse direction perpendicular to the axis of the flashing discharge tube 1.

Abstract: A light source and optical delivery arrangement for use with a projection lighting system as may be used in the stage and studio fields, includes a high brightness light source which achieves a light output in excess of 4000 lumens at a power rating of approximately 60 watts and wherein such efficiency is achieved in conjunction with a rated life of greater than about 4000 hours for such light source. The light source is disposed at the first optical focal point of an ellipsoidally shaped reflector with an input end of an optical coupler disposed at the second optical focal point of the reflector in order to receive the light output from the light source. The optical coupler member has a cross-sectional surface area which is polygonal in shaped and is effective so as to provide a light output therefrom which is essentially uniform in terms of color and intensity. A prismatic member is disposed on the optical coupler member for re-directing the light output into a lens member.

Abstract: A light assembly having a housing for retaining two conductive strips with a succession of tabs placed at predetermined distances apart so as to form pairs of electric contacts for electrically feeding a succession of bulbs arranged between two adjacent contacts. A reflector having a parabolic shape in section is arranged within the housing in the direction of its length. The focus of the reflector is arranged in the vicinity of the center of the bulbs so as to constitute a linear reflector distributing a narrow beam of light all along the light assembly. At least one diffusion screen adapted to direct and deflect the beam of light in a preferred direction is provided in the housing. Several striplights may be used for illuminating large surfaces. The striplights are placed end to end with screens provided so as to conceal the sources of light from view.

Abstract: The headlamp is of the projection design and comprises a reflector (1), a light source (2), a screen (3) and a lens (4). An aperture reflector (5) is situated below the headlamp axis (12) between the lens (4) and the refractor (6). The aperture reflector (5) has a reflective surface (51) which is inclined in a vertical plane to the headlamp axis (12) at an angle .alpha., which together with the length (L), determines the intensity and geometry of the light beam above the horizontal axis in the vertical direction. The transverse dimension of the light beam above the horizontal is determined by the radial cambering of the reflective surface (51) of the aperture reflector (5) of radius (R.sub.x) and width (S) and/or by reflexive elements (52) on this reflective surface (51). The refractor (6) is provided with optical means with transverse and/or vertical deviation in a zone (61) which covers the aperture reflector (5) and the bottom part of the lens (4).

Abstract: An appliance control assembly includes an escutcheon assembly to support controls for the appliance. A push button switch mechanism includes a row of push buttons, each having an extended and a depressed position. The switch mechanism also includes a row of indicator flags integral with the push buttons for movement therewith. The escutcheon assembly includes a row of light ports positioned to be exposed to ambient light and adapted to pass ambient light through the escutcheon assembly. The switch mechanism further includes a row of prisms positioned adjacent the row of push buttons. The switch mechanism is mounted to the escutcheon assembly with the prisms aligned with the light ports to direct toward the indicator flags ambient light received through the light ports and to direct toward the light ports light reflected by the indicator flags.

Abstract: A lighting device with two light pipes contains a light source with two optical systems arranged at right angles to each other and a common lamp. Behind the lamp, shifted by 9.degree., there are two reflector concave mirrors and, opposite each of them a condenser, which focuses the light arriving directly from the lamp and the light arriving from the reflector into one light pipe each. The full utilization of the light-pipe aperture requires a crowded construction, which is achieved by chamfered lateral edges of the condenser-lens mountings and the concave-mirror mountings, including cut-off lateral segments of the concave mirrors. Mirrors and lamp are contained in a replaceable module which module is inserted and fastened in the device housing, whereby the alignment of lamp and mirrors with the condensers (which are rigidly mounted in the housing) is automatically ensured.

Abstract: A lighting system using piped light is provided for the cargo space of a truck. A light source mounted on the truck body is energized by the truck electrical system through a switch in the cab. Plural lighting fixtures are mounted to the roof of the truck body for illuminating the cargo space. Each lighting fixture receives light which is piped through a separate light guide from the source to the fixture. There are two sets of lighting fixtures each of which is disposed in a linear array extending along a line from the front to the rear of the truck body. The light guides for one set of lighting fixtures are all disposed in a first enclosure and the light guides for the other set of lighting fixtures are all disposed within a second enclosure. Certain sections of the enclosures are provided with a transparent lens and certain light guides within the enclosures emit side light through the lens.

Abstract: The electric lamp with reflector has a concave reflecting surface of a rotationally-symmetric general shape, onto which flat four-sided facets are superimposed which are tangent to the general shape. The facets each illuminate a rectangular field in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the reflector, which fields are of equal shape and size and have the same orientation. Thereby, the electric lamp with reflector is able to illuminate a rectangular field with a high degree of uniformity and of efficiency. The electric lamp with reflector may be used in an image-projection apparatus.

Abstract: An omni-directional taxiway light uses an axially symmetric conjugate lens pair to distribute lamp light, particularly substantially parallel to the taxiway surface, while protruding minimally above the surface. An associated fixture contains a housing holding the optical elements in fixed relative positions and a weather-proof seal arrangement.

Abstract: The front opening of a lamp space with a bulb disposed therein is covered with a lens. The lens is segmented into five sectional areas. Cylindrical steps of which the axes are vertically oriented are formed on the rear side of these sectional areas. These cylindrical steps are arrayed in a zig-zag fashion such that the cylindrical steps in adjacent sectional areas are shifted from each other approximately half the width of a single cylindrical step.

Abstract: An improved lighting fixture for projecting a high-intensity beam of light that is imaged at a distant location, with reduced manufacturing cost and with reduced weight, but greater efficiency. Various structures are disclosed for eliminating infrared light from the projected beam, whereby the fixture's lens can advantageously be formed of a suitable plastic material and be configured as an aspheric fresnel lens or a stepped aspheric lens.

Abstract: A stoplight system that includes a light source for providing a light output, and an array of non-overlapping lenslets comprised of first lenslets and second lenslets, each first lenslet configured to refract a portion of the light output of the light source into a first predetermined angular field comprising a central angular region having vertical and horizontal extent, and each second lenslet configured to refract a portion of the light output of the light source into a second predetermined angular field comprising first and second peripheral angular regions that are horizontally on either side of the central angular region, whereby the portions of the light output of the light source that are refracted by the first and second lenslets form stoplight illumination.

Abstract: In a lamp for an automobile in which the front opening edge of a lamp housing is covered with front lenses or outer lenses to form lamp chambers for accommodating therein bulbs serving as light sources. An inner lens is provided inside the front lenses or the outer lenses, and a diffusion reflection layer fabricated by roughening processing or the like is formed particularly on a part of an outer peripheral surface of a flange portion of the inner lens or the entire outer peripheral surface thereof. Light emitted by the bulb is irregularly reflected by the diffusion/reflection layer so as to prevent a portion higher in brightness than other portion from appearing in the light emitting planes of the front lenses or the outer lenses.

Abstract: A fluorescent backlit display or the like embodying a generally planar light transmissive display panel, a back wall having a generally planar diffusely reflective surface facing, spaced from and parallel with the display panel an array of spaced parallel cylindrical lamps between and parallel with the display panel and back wall, improved light leveling means including masking means on the side of each lamp facing the display panel, and a light spreader associated with each lamp at the diffusely reflective back wall surface and effective to reflect laterally outwardly onto the back wall surface light flux directed thereat from the side of said lamps facing said back wall, whereupon the thus reflected light flux is directed forwardly toward areas of said display panel in front of the respective lamps.

Abstract: An illuminator for use with a light source having a light distribution pattern within a solid angle of 2.pi. steradians. The light source comprises or includes a series of LED's or light pipes positioned at or near a focal point of a reflective surface and inclined at an angle to a focal axis of the reflective surface such that all of the light from the light source is collected and distributed by the reflective surface. Whereby the reflective surface is optimized to confine the light output only to the required photometric zones thus maximizing the efficiency of the illuminator.

Abstract: A vehicle lamp device includes a lamp housing supporting a bulb, a lens fixed in an opening of the lamp housing, a shade plate disposed between the lamp housing and the lens for intercepting a part of a light bundle emitted from the bulb. A resin projection for fixing the shade plate to the lamp housing juts out from the lamp housing toward the lens. A hole for receiving the resin projection is formed in the shade plate.

Abstract: A vehicular headlamp that provides near-ultraviolet illumination of desired areas but which assures that sufficient brightness can be obtained in areas illuminated with visible light without having to combine the lamp with another type of headlamp. The headlamp includes a light-emitting unit accommodated in a lamp housing including a substantially parabolic reflector, a discharge bulb mounted inside the reflector to generate both visible light components and ultraviolet rays, and a light-emitting lens disposed in front of the reflector to irradiate the light reflected from the reflector in the forward direction.

Abstract: A headlight for a vehicle has a light source, a reflector reflecting light emitted by the light source as a light bundle converging at least in horizontal longitudinal planes, the reflector having a front edge facing in a light outlet direction, and a dispersing lens arranged in the region of the front edge of the reflector so that the light bundle reflected by the reflector passes through the dispersing lens, the reflector and the dispersing lens having shapes which are such and so determined relative to one another that the light emitted by the light source after reflection on the reflector and passage through the dispersing lens forms a light intensity distribution sufficient for requirements corresponding to regulations.

Abstract: A luminaire assembly which is adapted for easy cleanability. The luminaire assembly includes a housing portion having a substantially smooth outer surface and which is further adapted to receive and enclose a ballast assembly. An optical assembly is further adapted to be affixed to the housing portion in a substantially sealed, water-tight relationship to define an internal chamber to receive and enclose a lamp. The optical assembly has an inner surface and an outer surface contiguous with the housing portion outer surface and has an opening defined therein. A removable door has an inner surface and an outer surface adapted to be affixed in a sealed relationship with the optical assembly opening when in a closed position. The door is further provided with a breathing aperture of a predetermined lateral dimension for permitting ambient air to enter and leave the internal chamber.

Abstract: A projection-type headlight in which changes in the focal length of the projection lens cause color fringes arising due to chromatic aberration to be less noticeable in the luminous intensity distribution pattern, while a good horizontal spread is obtained in the luminous intensity distribution pattern. The projection lens is designed so that its focus lies at the front end of the top edge of a shield plate in a region within a predetermined distance from the optical axis as seen from the front, whereas the back focal length increases with decreasing distance to the margin of the lens in a region outside the first region. The projection lens is also designed in such a way that the amount of change in the back focal length of a sectional lens portion in region as cut through a vertical plane including the optical axis is smaller than the amount of change in the back focal length of a sectional lens portion in region as cut through a horizontal plane including the optical axis.

Abstract: A lighting fixture for overhead mounting to produce a generally-rectangular, outwardly and downwardly directed light illumination over a broad areal expanse. The fixture includes a pair of back-to-back arranged reflectors depending from a supporting overhead housing and defining arcuate, generally-parabolic sections flaring outwardly horizontally of one another from opposite sides of a lamp of the fixture. A refractor of polymeric organic composition overlying and protectively capping the lamp and the reflectors diffuses, distributes and directs illumination from the lamp, from the parabolic reflectors and from a reflector plate located above the reflectors to provide an expansive, essentially rectangular-beam light pattern of uniform illumination. Physically faceted upper sections constituting flattened areas of the parabolic reflectors enhance the distribution of light to ensure more even illumination patterns and eliminate "dark" zones.

Abstract: A luminaire capable of directing a high percentage of light source output in a downward direction includes a housing base, a light source mounted and electrically coupled to the housing base and a dome-shaped lens member made of light transmissive material disposed in surrounding relation to the light source. The lens member has a first region formed adjacent the housing base on which is disposed a first plurality of prismatic surfaces which both reflect and refract light in the downward direction. A second region is formed on the lens member adjacent the first region and includes a second plurality of prismatic surfaces which refract light output.

Abstract: A lighting fixture substantially comprising a lamp housing and an illuminant disposed therein, with a transparent decorative body being provided below the illuminant and spaced from the lamp housing, and a plate reflective on the side facing away from the illuminant and having a central bore being disposed between the illuminant and the decorative body.

Abstract: An illumination system is disclosed which serves to reduce the divergence of a light beam exiting a small diameter optical fiber from what it was upon entering the optical fiber and is particularly suited for automotive forward lighting applications. The illumination system comprises a spherical reflector, a light source, an optical fiber, a hemispherical lens, and an air gap between the planar surface of the hemispherical lens and the output face of the optical fiber. The spherical reflector allows a light beam from the light source to be introduced into the input face of the optical fiber over a wide angle in order to minimize the diameter of the optical fiber. An air gap exists between the planar surface of the hemispherical lens and the output face of the optical fiber that together with the lens are effective in reducing the angular divergence of the beam from what it was upon entering the input face of the optical fiber.

Abstract: A holographic center high mounted stoplight (CHMSL) system for a vehicle having a rear window. The CHMSL system includes a stoplight hologram secured adjacent the rear window, a playback illumination source for providing along a source optical axis a vertically converging beam that converges to a horizontal line focus, and a thick concave/convex lens responsive to the vertically converging beam for (1) controlling the vertically converging beam to converge to a line focus that is within said lens and further from the illumination source than such line focus would be without the lens and (2) providing an output beam along an output axis that is tilted upwardly relative to the source optical axis.

Abstract: A backlighting device for producing a uniform luminance throughout a screen for use in LCD devices includes a semicylindrical concave surface on a light-transmitting top face of a light-guiding plate, lamps installed near two opposed edges of the light-guiding plate, a light-diffusing plate on the top side of the light-guiding plate, a light-reflecting plate attached to the bottom face of the light-guiding plate, and reflecting film patterns between the light-guiding plate and the reflecting plate. The present invention provides for a simpler manufacture of the backlighting devices producing a high and uniform luminance.

Abstract: A vehicular headlamp assembly with an auxiliary lamp which is small in size and does not require the provision of a special mounting space. A lamp chamber is defined by a generally capsule-shaped lamp body and a transparent front cover applied to the front opening of the lamp body, a reflection or projection lamp for forming a normal running beam, a projection lamp for forming a passing light beam, and an auxiliary lamp are disposed side by side within the lamp chamber, and a mirrored-surface inner cover having an opening through which the front end of the projection lamp is exposed. A bulb for the auxiliary lamp supported by the lamp body is disposed at a position located aslant on the side of the projection lens when viewed from the front in a state such that the bulb is directed forward. The lower edge of the inner cover corresponding to the bulb is substantially horizontally extended to form a horizontal extended part.

Abstract: A reflective type liquid crystal display device excelling in uniformity and capable of making a bright display is presented. At the front side of the liquid crystal display element, that is, at the observer side, a light guide plate is disposed, and a pair of lamps are disposed at the outer side of the confronting side surfaces of the light guide plate. Collimators for limiting the incident angle .theta. to the upper surface of the light from the lamps are disposed between the light guide plate and lamps. That is, by the collimators, the incident angle .theta. to the upper surface is defined so that the incident light may be totally reflected, and that the reflected light may not be totally reflected by the lower surface 61b. As a result, the light from the lamps will not reach the observer directly, and a uniform illumination of the liquid crystal display element may be realized.

Abstract: Marker light e.g. for airfields with a casing adapted to be flush-mounted in the ground. A lower light source (2) emits an upwardly directed, collected bundle of light (L.sub.1, L.sub.2), which enters into a prism (4) with a lower planar surface and upper saw-tooth formations (17a,17b), where the light rays are totally reflected and refracted obliquely upwards in two opposite directions. These rays will meet saw-tooth formations (16a,16b) of an upper transparent cover plate (3) at an essentially right angle, said cover plate (3) having an upper, essentially planar or in two different directions slightly inclined surface (3a,3b), where the light rays (L.sub.1 ',L.sub.2 ') are refracted so as to form two light beams (L.sub.1 ",L.sub.2 ") with a desired elevational angle relative to the ground level plane.