Abstract: A fluidizing apparatus comprises a vessel having an inlet, a plurality of outlets and a nozzle, through which a pressurized fluid can be fed into the vessel. The outlets are spaced at different heights from a base of the vessel and are controlled by valves enabling fluidized solids to be removed in layers from the vessel. In a further embodiment, a single outlet is raised or lowered to a desired position in the vessel.

Abstract: A method or device for integrated dosing and intermixing of small amounts of liquid, has a first liquid conveyed into or onto a first reservoir (3). A second reservoir (1) is entirely filled with a second liquid. The first and second liquids are brought into contact with each other via at least one joining duct structure (5) which has at least one area provided with a smaller cross section than the reservoirs (1,3) in the viewing direction of the connecting line between the two reservoirs (1,3). A laminar flow pattern is created along at least one portion of the joining duct structure (5), with the liquids thoroughly mixed in the second reservoir (1).

Abstract: In a system and process for ultrasonically treating a liquid having a thermal conductivity, an elongate treatment chamber housing has an inlet and an outlet such that liquid flows longitudinally through an interior space of the chamber from the inlet to the outlet. At least part of the interior space of the chamber housing is filled with a bed of particles having a thermal conductivity substantially greater than that of the liquid whereby a ratio of the thermal conductivity of the particles to the thermal conductivity of the liquid is in the range of about 2:1 to about 400:1. An elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly extends longitudinally within the interior space of the housing and is operable at a predetermined ultrasonic frequency to generate mechanical ultrasonic vibration within the housing in direct contact with the liquid flowing therein as the liquid flows through the bed of particles.

Abstract: An insulated vibration-stirring apparatus comprising: a vibration generating means containing a vibration motor and a vibrating member attached to that motor, and a vibrating rod attached by an installation piece to allow vibration lined with the vibration generating means, and vibrating vanes installed on this vibrating rod. An electrical insulation area made from hard rubber is installed on a section nearer to the installation section to the installation piece than the section where the vibrating vanes are mounted on the vibrating rod. An electrical line is connected to the lower section of the vibrating rod on the electrical insulation area side where the vibrating vanes are installed. This electrical line conducts power to the vibrating vanes by way of the lower section of the vibrating rod.

Abstract: Fluids in a vessel are subjected to a high ultrasonic intensity, by means of several ultrasonic transducers attached to a wall of the vessel, each transducer (14) radiating no more than 3 W/cm2, the transducers being sufficiently close to each other, and the number of transducers being sufficiently high, that the power dissipation within the vessel is at least 25 W/liter. The number of transducers, the power of the transducers, and the volume of the vessel may be such that the power density is between 40 and 80 W/liter. The vessel may be double walled, and the space between the two walls be filled by a low attenuation buffer liquid (36) whose cavitation threshold is above that of the liquid being treated.

Abstract: An ultrasonic liquid treatment chamber has an elongate housing through which liquid flows longitudinally from an inlet port to an outlet port thereof. An elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly extends within the housing and is operable at a predetermined ultrasonic frequency to ultrasonically energize liquid within the housing. An elongate ultrasonic horn of the waveguide assembly is disposed at least in part intermediate the inlet and outlet ports, and has a plurality of discrete agitating members in contact with and extending transversely outward from the horn intermediate the inlet and outlet ports in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other. The horn and agitating members are constructed and arranged for dynamic motion of the agitating members relative to the horn at the predetermined frequency and to operate in an ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponding to the predetermined frequency and the liquid being treated in the chamber.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for uniformly mixing fluid phases entrained in a porous material.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for treating a sample by selectively controlling sonic energy and/or selectively controlling the location of the sample relative to the sonic energy.

Abstract: A system and method for collecting, mixing and/or extracting particles from within an article, e.g., by size or density, including the steps of applying a sound wave to the article, whereby the sound wave disperses particles throughout the article, and optionally transporting and/or collecting the particles from the article. This system and method is useful for applications that require noninvasive methods to effect the movement of particles within articles that may contain materials such as solids, fluids, and/or gases.

Abstract: The present invention relates to apparatus and methods of vibration. In particular, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods of vibration for tooling in a structure, such as, for example, a fuselage. In one implementation, the tooling comprises at least two conductors that create a force to vibrate the media in the tooling, which improves the compaction of the media in the tooling and the extraction of the media from the tooling. Other implementations may be used for compaction and/or extraction of the media in the tooling.

Abstract: A valve which has a structure with at least one opening and a member which has a fixed static charge and also has a first position exposing the opening and a second position sealing the opening. A method for making the valve includes providing a structure with at least one opening and providing a member having a fixed static charge where the member has a first position exposing the opening and a second position sealing the opening. An agitator includes a base with at least one trench, a structure with at least one opening, and a membrane with a fixed static charge. The structure is connected to the base over the trench with the opening in the structure extending through to the trench in the base. The membrane is connected to the base across at least a portion of the trench. A pump includes a base with at least one trench, a structure with at least two openings, a membrane with a fixed static charge, a first cantilever arm having a fixed static charge, and a second cantilever arm having a fixed static charge.

Abstract: A flow cell for the ultrasonic treatment of a liquid includes a housing with a wall at least partially defining a flow chamber therein. The housing includes a first liquid passage and a second liquid passage for flowing the liquid into and out of the flow chamber. An ultrasonic horn extends into the flow chamber for imparting ultrasonic energy to liquid in the flow chamber, the ultrasonic horn having an outer surface and an end surface, and having a recess formed in the end surface. A tubular member having a first end in fluid communication with a second end, is arranged such that the first end is in fluid communication with the second liquid passage, and the second end extends into the recess in the ultrasonic horn.

Abstract: Pluralities of ultrasonic transducers are arranged on the bottom wall of the cleaning tank. The output power of the ultrasonic oscillator is supplied to the transducers through the switching unit, which switches the drive mode between a first mode in which all the ultrasonic transducers are supplied with the output power and thus are excited, and a second mode in which only a part or parts of the ultrasonic transducers are supplied with the output power generated by the ultrasonic oscillator. The first mode is used when cleaning substrates not-resistant to vibration, and the second mode is used when cleaning substrates resistant to vibration.

Abstract: A system for cleaning a substrate includes a tank defining an inner cavity between a base and sidewalls extending therefrom. A source of acoustic energy affixed to an outer surface of one of the sidewalls. The tank is configured to decouple a direction associated with the acoustic energy from the source of acoustic energy and direct the acoustic energy toward the substrate.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are directed to substrate processing apparatuses and methods for processing substrates. In one embodiment, a substrate processing apparatus includes a processing chamber, a substrate holder inside of the processing chamber for holding a substrate, and a sonic box in the processing chamber for supplying sonic waves substantially perpendicularly to the substrate. The sonic box may comprises a membrane, and a transducer coupled to the membrane.

Abstract: An assay apparatus includes a cell with a working electrode and a sonicating device structurally coupled to the cell for sonication the contents of the cell.

Abstract: A method for mixing at least two fluids includes introducing the at least two fluids into a mixing chamber. The mixing chamber includes a piezoelectric component (500) for mechanical actuation of fluid motion within or adjacent the mixing chamber. The piezoelectric component includes at least first (400), second (410), third (420), and fourth (430) actuation domains, the first and third actuation domains being on first and third opposed sides of the piezoelectric component, and the second and fourth actuation domains being on second and fourth opposed sides of the piezoelectric component. The first and third domains are actuated at a first phase of a frequency of oscillation, and the second and fourth domains are actuated at a second phase of the frequency of oscillation.

Abstract: Acoustic energy is used to control motion in a fluid. According to one embodiment, the invention directs acoustic energy at selected naturally occurring nucleation features to control motion in the fluid. In another embodiment, the invention provides focussed or unfocussed acoustic energy to selectively placed nucleation features to control fluid motion. According to one embodiment, the invention includes an acoustic source, a controller for controlling operation of the acoustic source, and one or more nucleation features located proximate to or in the fluid to be controlled.

Abstract: A mixing device includes a mixing chamber, inlet and outlet paths, and circulators adapted to change shape or temperature in response to electric current. The change in shape or temperature causes substances to circulate within the mixing chamber to form a mixture. The circulators include heating elements such as resistors, and/or piezoelectric devices or other devices. Mixing systems and methods also are disclosed.

Abstract: A cleaning apparatus is provided with a processing bath to be filled with a cleaning chemical, an ultrasonic oscillator, and a retainer for holding a substrate to be immersed into a cleaning chemical. The front surface of the substrate is cleaned while ultrasonic waves are radiated from the ultrasonic oscillator onto the back surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A sample, a reagent, etc. in a reaction container 132 is agitated with an ultrasonic wave generated from a piezoelectric transducer (141, 142). A power supply unit (144) applies, to the piezoelectric transducer, a voltage having been subjected to frequency modulation at frequencies over an optional frequency range. An analyzing section (130) measures a reaction product produced as an analysis target from the reagent, etc. and the sample under agitation, and then analyzes components of the sample. With such a construction, adjustment work needed in an agitating section can be simplified, and satisfactory analyzed results can be obtained regardless of differences in frequency characteristics of ultrasonic wave generators used for ultrasonic agitation.

Abstract: A method for cleaning a semiconductor substrate with a sonic cleaner is provided. The method initiates by introducing a cooling fluid into an inner jacket region of a sonic cleaner to cool a sonic resonator positioned within the inner jacket region. Then, a cleaning agent is introduced into an outer jacket region of the sonic cleaner to clean a semiconductor substrate. Next, a cooling fluid/cleaning agent interface is defined at an orifice location between the inner jacket region and the outer jacket region. Then, sonic energy from the resonator is transmitted to the cleaning agent through the interface at the orifice. Next, the cleaning agent is applied to the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for treating a sample by selectively controlling sonic energy and/or selectively controlling the location of the sample relative to the sonic energy.

Abstract: A fluid mixer and a method of mixing a fluid are provided. The fluid mixer comprises a chamber having an inlet and an outlet to receive and to output a fluid, respectively. A partition with a plurality of perforations is provided in the chamber to separate the fluid into fluid segments. The separation lowers a diffusion distance of the fluid to enhance mixing. Thereafter, the fluid is outputted from the chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a motion element for producing motion in small quantities of liquid comprising a plate-shaped member having two principal surfaces, wherein at least one motion device, which is electrically controllable, is arranged on a first active principal surface to set in motion a liquid which is in contact with the active principal surface, and electrical contact elements for the motion device. The invention furthermore relates to a motion device which can be used with the motion element according to the invention, a cartridge to receive a motion element according to the invention, a reaction device to receive a cartridge according to the invention and a method for producing motion in small quantities of liquid.

Abstract: An exemplary system and method for providing substantially uniform mixing of fluid phases, wherein the frequency of operation, flow velocities and/or device dimensions generally correspond to otherwise substantially diffusion limited applications, is disclosed as comprising inter alia: a mixing chamber; a plurality of electrodes (150) for generating an electric field; an electromagnet (200) for generating a magnetic field; and a controller for oscillating the electric field and the magnetic field in order to produce a periodic frequency-difference phase cycling of the electric and magnetic fields. Disclosed features and specifications may be variously controlled, adapted or otherwise optionally modified to improve mixing operation in any diffusion limited application.

Abstract: An exemplary system and method for providing substantially uniform mixing of fluid phases, wherein the frequency of operation, flow velocities and/or device dimensions generally correspond to otherwise substantially diffusion limited applications, is disclosed as comprising inter alia: a mixing chamber; a plurality of electrodes (150) for generating an electric field; an electromagnet (200) for generating a magnetic field; and a controller for oscillating the electric field and the magnetic field in order to produce a periodic frequency-difference phase cycling of the electric and magnetic fields. Disclosed features and specifications may be variously controlled, adapted or otherwise optionally modified to improve mixing operation in any diffusion limited application.

Abstract: The act of heating water within a contained vessel that is common to most buildings, whether residential or commercial or located in recreational vehicles, mobile homes, aircraft, ships or marine pleasure craft, causes calcium carbonate to precipitate out and settle to the bottom of a heating or fluid containing vessel. The use of ultrasonic transmission within the vessel will agitate the water held within, preventing the normally stagnant hot water from producing calcium carbonate. Other benefits are the cleaning properties of ultrasonic transmission. Thus the internal parts of hot water heaters will enjoy a longer life. This benefit of agitation will also be found when applied to vessels that contain fluids that share similar problems as hot water heaters.

Abstract: Multiple piezoelectric elements 35 are arranged in a row along the top of liquid level in a reaction vessel 11. An ultrasonic reflecting material 38 is installed on the bottom of the portion of the heat insulating bath 12 where heat insulating medium 13 is stored. A lateral ultrasonic wave 9b is generated on the lower side by actuation of the piezoelectric element 35. Wave 9b is reflected by the ultrasonic reflecting material 38. As lower ultrasonic wave 8 advances along the wall surface of the reaction vessel, it collides with the specimen liquid, thereby causing a portion of the liquid level closer to the piezoelectric element 35 to be raised. When lateral ultrasonic wave 9a is applied to this portion, it reaches the inclined portion of the raised liquid level of the specimen. Swirling flow by agitation 36 is produced by acoustic radiation pressure of the ultrasonic wave. The specimen and reagent are mixed and agitated by this swirling flow.

Abstract: A method for cleaning a semiconductor substrate is provided. The method initiates with introducing a liquid onto the top surface of the semiconductor substrate. Then, a bottom surface of a resonator is coupled to a top surface of a semiconductor substrate through the liquid. Next, sonic energy is transmitted through the resonator to the liquid. Then, the liquid is heated through the bottom surface of the resonator. A method for applying localized heating to a cleaning chemistry during a cleaning operation of a semiconductor substrate is also provided. The method initiates with positioning a resonator to contact a surface of a cleaning chemistry applied to a semiconductor substrate. Then, heat energy is simultaneously applied with the sonic energy through the resonator to clean the semiconductor substrate. A device for cleaning a semiconductor substrate and system for cleaning a semiconductor substrate are also provided.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for treating a sample by selectively controlling sonic energy and/or selectively controlling the location of the sample relative to the sonic energy.

Abstract: Fluid processing apparatus comprises a fluid-handling manifold comprising a manifold body having at least a first fluid duct and a second fluid duct. The first and second fluid ducts are in fluid communication with each other at a microfluidic junction of the fluid-handling manifold. The manifold body further comprises a transducer operative to generate ultrasonic acoustic traveling wave radiation into fluid in the microfluidic junction from an active surface toward a non-reflective boundary of the microfluidic junction. The microfluidic junction is operative to pass fluid received from the first and second duct, with micro-mixing effected by the traveling wave radiated into the junction during the fluid flow.

Abstract: A device and method are disclosed for selective exposure of a biological sample, preferably biological cell material, to sound waves. The device is provided with a receptacle for the sample, in which the biological sample is in a suspended form, and having an electroacoustic transducer device, which generates sound waves and which is disposed outside the receptacle of the sample in such a manner that sound-wave coupling into said sample occurs through the wall of said receptacle.

Abstract: A Fresnel Annular Sector Actuator (FASA) for micromixing of fluids, utilizes a self-focusing acoustic wave transducer which focuses acoustic waves through constructive wave interference. In the transducer, RF power is applied between the electrodes (sandwiching a piezoelectric film) with its frequency preferably corresponding to the thickness mode resonance of the piezoelectric film. Strong acoustic waves are generated over the electrode area, and interfere with each other as they propagate in the fluid. By proper design of the electrodes, and forming various combinations of the electrodes, wave focusing can be achieved. The mixing can be further enhanced by providing selective actuation and sequencing of the different segments by an RF signal source.

Abstract: The act of heating water within a contained vessel that is common to most buildings, whether residential or commercial or located in recreational vehicles, mobile homes, aircraft, ships or marine pleasure craft, causes calcium carbonate to precipitate out and settle to the bottom of a heating or fluid containing vessel. The use of ultrasonic transmission within the vessel will agitate the water held within, preventing the normally stagnant hot water from producing calcium carbonate. Other benefits are the cleaning properties of ultrasonic transmission. Thus the internal parts of hot water heaters will enjoy a longer life. This benefit of agitation will also be found when applied to vessels that contain fluids that share similar problems as hot water heaters.

Abstract: A device treats liquids such as water by mechanical vibration. This vibration reaches a useful frequency by the harmonics of the primary vibration, for the destruction or inhibition of microbiological organisms contained in the water. This primary vibration is obtained by the passage of the liquid through a helix that carries the liquid, which in turn impacts and displaces a plurality of rods or elongated elastic bodies in order to obtain a mechanical vibration. This vibration is preferably controlled by the action of the electrical capacitance between the vibrating rods and the helix vanes that conduct the liquid, for which purpose the rods are connected to a pulsating electric energy source. This primary vibration is also controlled by the action of a permanent magnetic field produced by semi conducting media arrayed on a central tubular support of the helix, in such a way that the harmonics of the vibration that affect the incompressible liquid are transmitted to the biological contents of the liquid.

Abstract: A second housing whose center portion is depressed and whose end portion around the center portion is formed like a visor is arranged around a first housing whose center portion is depressed and whose end portion around the center portion is formed like a visor, and a hollow portion is formed between the first housing and the second housing by sandwiching a packing between the end portions of the housings. Further, degassed water for preventing empty heating is filled in the hollow portion, and an ultrasonic transducer is placed on the surface of the center portion of the first housing. A weight for preventing the vibration of the wall is provided on the wall surface of the second housing. Since the vibration of the wall of the housing is suppressed by the weight, vibration energy returns toward the bottom surface of the center of the housing through water and is radiated from the bottom surface efficiently as ultrasonic waves.

Abstract: Active acoustic piping that allows treatment of material flowing in a piping system is disclosed. Treatment of waste water and other fluids is enabled, where acoustic radiation operates on the flow material. An inner pipe has a plurality of transducer elements disposed on its external perimeter. A buffer zone around the transducer elements provides an acoustic impedance mismatch, which concentrates the acoustic energy into the flow material traveling in the inner pipe. Processes such as decontamination, flow unclogging, fluid and particulate mixing, particulate size reduction, and particulate separation are enabled. No pressure compensation scheme is required.

Abstract: An ultrasonic vibrating apparatus and an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus capable of permitting ultrasonic cleaning of a wafer to be carried out using an existing cleaning tank and while keeping the object immersed in cleaning liquid. An ultrasonic wave is irradiated to a cleaned object while keeping it immersed in cleaning liquid stored in a cleaning tank formed with an upper opening. A vibrating plate is securely mounted thereon with an ultrasonic transducer through a wave transmission element and arranged so as to close the upper opening of the cleaning tank in a cover-like manner. The vibrating plate is so arranged that a vibrating surface thereof downwardly faces and is immersed in the cleaning liquid.

Abstract: A cover slip mixing apparatus having a support and a flexible cover slip positioned over and forming a chamber between the support and the cover slip. A device is positioned with respect to the support and cover slip for applying a force on the cover slip and flexing the cover slip toward the support, the flexing cover slip providing a mixing action of a material located in the chamber. A microfluidic device includes a substrate with a fluid path disposed in the substrate. A flexible cover is positioned over the substrate and the fluid path, and a device is positioned with respect to the substrate and the cover. The device is operable to apply forces to the cover and flex the cover to act on fluid in the fluid path.

Abstract: The fluidic drive for miniature acoustic-fluidic pump and mixer is comprised of an acoustic transducer attached to an exterior or interior of a fluidic circuit or reservoir. The transducer converts radio frequency electrical energy into an ultrasonic acoustic wave in a fluid that in turn generates directed fluid motion through the effect of acoustic streaming. Acoustic streaming results due to the absorption of the acoustic energy in the fluid itself. This absorption results in a radiation pressure and acoustic streaming in the direction of propagation of the acoustic propagation or what is termed “quartz wind”.

Abstract: Ultrasonic cleaning products comprise a cleaning composition comprising a cleaning component and a source of dissolved gas and an ultrasonic wave generating source for imparting ultrasonic energy to a surface to be cleaned. Methods for removing soil from a surface in need of cleaning comprise applying a cleaning composition comprising a cleaning component and a source of a dissolved gas to a surface in need of cleaning, and contacting the surface with a source of ultrasonic energy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for mixing, atomizing, and applying liquid coatings onto a surface. The apparatus includes a housing and a means for applying ultrasonic energy to a portion of the pressurized liquid as the liquid passes through the housing. The housing includes a premixing chamber adapted to receive multi-component liquid under pressure, a mixing chamber in communication with the premixing chamber, an inlet adapted to supply the premixing chamber with the pressurized liquid, and an exit orifice adapted to pass the liquid out of the housing. When the means for applying ultrasonic energy is excited, it applies ultrasonic energy to the pressurized liquid contained within the mixing chamber without mechanically vibrating the tip.

Abstract: A device for producing disperse mixtures by ultrasound, containing a housing, and a reaction chamber within the housing and at least one sonotrode having a free emitting surface which is directly in effective connection with the reaction chamber and whose end remote from the free emitting surface is coupled to an ultrasonic transducer, wherein the sonotrode is designed as a rod-shaped, axially emitting longitudinal oscillator with the emitting surface corresponding essentially to the surface of the reaction chamber, and wherein the reaction chamber depth which is essentially vertical with respect to the emitting surface is lower than a maximum effective depth of the sonotrode.

Abstract: An electromagnetic vibratory microplate shaker is disclosed of simplified design and improved mixing capability over previously known microplate shaker devices, comprising an electromagnetic drive assembly mounted within a rigid base and operatively connected to a microplate support tray. The support tray is in turn supported from below by a plurality of leaf springs which are tilted approximately 20° from vertical. During operation, an electromagnet is rapidly energized and de-energized causing an armature of the drive assembly to be pulled in and released up to 7,200 times per minute, in turn imparting a reciprocating vibration to the support platform and the microplates held thereon.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for dispersal of aggregates of red and white blood cells and platelets. The present invention employs a sonic or ultrasonic device to efficiently breakup aggregates of red and white blood cells and platelets by driving the ultrasonic signal over a small range of frequencies around the acoustic slow wave frequency of the agglomerate. At this frequency, the fluid vibrates out of phase with the solid and is forced out through the pore structure in the agglomerate.

Abstract: An apparatus for mixing small volumes of liquids using a submerged permanent magnet impeller and a programmable electromagnet driver with variable frequency and magnetic field strength and field gradient. These variables and the duration of their application are controllable by a computer programmed with specific algorithms. The electromagnet driver has no moving mechanical parts. In a typical embodiment a small permanent magnet impeller is submerged in a solution to be mixed while contained in, say, a 1.5 mL Eppendorf conical tube or in a well of a multiwell plate. The tube or well to be mixed is placed above and in close proximity to the electromagnet driver. An operator inputs the frequency, field, gradient, and duration using a graphical user interface. The magnetic field applied to the impeller magnet via the driver electromagnet causes the impeller to undergo rapid motion in all planes thereby transferring momentum vertically in the solution.

Abstract: The present invention generally provides an apparatus and method for improving the process of purging a liquid delivery system used in integrated circuit manufacturing. The liquid delivery system comprises ultrasonic transducers mounted to various components of a liquid delivery system. The transducers may be mounted on housings, isolation valves, fuel injectors, pump assemblies, fluid lines, and/or liquid flow meters. The ultrasonic transducers launch ultrasonic energy that enhance the removal of processing liquids and particulate material from components of the system. The present invention provides for a purge process where a purge fluid, preferably a liquid solvent, is flowed into the liquid delivery system and ultrasonic energy is launched into the purge fluid to enhance dissolution of residual processing liquids and particulate matter in the liquid delivery system, including from cracks and crevices in valves and other complex mechanical devices before being pumped from the liquid delivery system.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved apparatus for treating the surface of particles by plasma-activated gas species to modify the particle surfaces.

Abstract: A method employing a ultrasonicator apparatus to emulsify a pressurized multi-component liquid. The apparatus includes a die housing comprising a chamber adapted to receive a pressurized multi-component liquid, an inlet adapted to supply the chamber with the pressurized multi-component liquid, an exit orifice defined by the walls of a die tip, and a means for applying ultrasonic energy to a portion of the pressurized liquid. The method for emulsifying a pressurized multi-component liquid comprising supplying a pressurized multi-component liquid to the apparatus, applying ultrasonic energy to the pressurized liquid but not the die tip while the exit orifice receives pressurized liquid from the chamber, and passing the pressurized liquid out of the exit orifice in the die tip so that the multi-component liquid is emulsified, wherein the means for applying ultrasonic energy is excited, it applies ultrasonic energy to the pressurized liquid without applying ultrasonic energy to the die tip.