Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide an optical disc device that achieves more accurate time search. Thus, in a DVD playback device including time search function of performing playback from specified time, control is performed so that, when the specified time for the time search has been inputted, playback inside the device starts from a top of a VOBU including the specified time, and outputting a video and an audio starts from time when a playback frame agrees with a frame corresponding to the specified time.

Abstract: Methods for operating an apparatus for reading from or writing to a Super-RENS optical recording medium, an apparatus for reading from Super-RENS optical recording media using such methods, and a Super-RENS optical recording medium suitable for such methods are described. The super-RENS optical recording medium has location information that is readable without super-RENS effect. The location information is provided as low-frequency information. For locating a position on the super-RENS optical recording medium, a reading light beam with a power below a power necessary for achieving a super-RENS effect is generated and the location information is retrieved from the super-RENS optical recording medium.

Abstract: An optical disk and a method for identifying the optical disk making it possible to identify a recording system of the optical disk easily in a short time by a recording and reproduction apparatus when a groove-recording system and a land-recording system are both employed in one kind of optical disk, such as, for example, a BD-R. Specifically, a polarity upon reproducing wobble information is made to be the same in both an optical disk of groove-recording system and the optical disk of a land-recording system. The recording system of the optical disk that shows the same wobble polarity irrespective of the recording system can be easily detected by finding a tracking polarity that can recognize the wobble information by changing the tracking polarity, whereby the start-up time of the recording and reproduction apparatus can be shortened.

Abstract: In an optical head device which performs recording or reading of data in/from a high-density optical disc using an objective lens with a large NA, a saw-tooth shape diffraction element is used for also performing recording or reading of data in/from a conventional optical disc, such as DVD, CD, or the like. A step difference that produces an optical path length for blue light which is equal to or longer than the wavelength of the blue light and optical path lengths for red and infrared light which are shorter than the wavelengths of the red and infrared light is utilized so as to exert an inverse action on the blue light to those exerted on the red and infrared light. The effect of increasing the working distances for CD and DVD enables multiple compatibility. The above optical element is integrally combined with the objective lens to perform a tracking servo following operation.

Abstract: Example embodiments provide various techniques for playing data from an optical media drive. The optical media drive may detect certain media access information for use in accessing optical media. This media access information is stored in a memory that is configured to retain the media access information after the optical media drive is deactivated. The optical media drive reads the data from an optical media and this data is transferred to a buffer until, with reference to some threshold parameter, the optical media drive is deactivated. The optical media drive may be reactivated in reference to another threshold parameter and the media access information is thereafter retrieved from the memory. The optical media drive may then read from the optical media using the provided media access information.

Abstract: A storage system, which includes a plurality of ODDs, is configured so as to easily retrieving a predetermined file from files stored in a plurality of optical discs. The storage system includes a storage controller connected to the plurality of ODDs and a nonvolatile memory via a storage bus. Each of the optical discs mounted in the ODDs has a file system representing the storage structure of files stored in the optical disc. The nonvolatile memory stores copies of the file systems of all the mounted optical discs. A user refers to the file system stored in the nonvolatile memory to retrieve a file. When an optical disc is ejected, the optical disc stores copies of the file systems of the other optical discs and is ejected. If the optical disc is installed into another storage system, the user can search for a file stored in the other optical discs.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical disk barcode forming method wherein, as information to be barcoded, position information for piracy prevention, which is a form of ID, is coded as a barcode and is recorded by laser trimming on a reflective film in a PCA area of an optical disk. When playing back the thus manufactured optical disk on a reproduction apparatus, the barcode data can be played back using the same optical pickup.

Abstract: A recording apparatus records music on a recording medium. The recording apparatus may access a music piece purchasing data base and select music to be recorded on the recording medium from the music piece purchasing data base. A total playing time of the selected music is calculated. Further, a remaining recording time of the recording medium is calculated, the remaining recording time being the recording capacity of the recording media before the selected music is recorded on the recording medium. Then, it is judged whether or not the total playing time of the selected music is greater than the remaining recording time. A warning is issued when it is judged that the total playing time is greater than the remaining recording time.

Abstract: A recording device including: a recorder recording data onto a recording medium on which tracks as units of audio data are grouped and managed by management information; and a controller generating an image file in which image data associated with one of each track recorded on the recording medium and each group managed by the management information is collected, and recording the image file onto the recording medium by the recording means.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an information storage medium in which layer 0 and layer 1 are arranged from a read surface, a system lead-in area, data lead-in area, data area, and middle area are arranged from an inner circumference of the layer 0, and a system lead-out area, data lead-out area, data area, and middle area are arranged from an inner circumference of the layer 1. A guard track zone is arranged on a side of the data area in the data lead-out area, and a reference code zone, R physical format information zone, recording management zone, and drive test zone are arranged in the data lead-in area of the layer 0 and padding of the guard track zone of the data lead-out area is performed after padding of the drive test zone of data lead-in area and recording of the recording management zone.

Abstract: A method and apparatus recording and/or reproducing data on/from a write-once disc, and a write-once disc therefor, the write-once disc having at least one recording layer including: a plurality of update areas in which predetermined updated information is recorded; and at least one access information area in which access information indicating an update area in which final recorded updated information is recorded. Reducing access time for reading the updated information using a location of predetermined updated information. Also, when a plurality of update areas for writing updated information required to use the write-once disc exist, a recording apparatus or a reproducing apparatus can quickly and easily determine an update area in which final updated information is recorded among the plurality of update areas.

Abstract: A simple resume reproduction device which performs resume reproduction after reproduction of content is interrupted. Content; an application that is a program for reproducing the content; and at least one reproduction control information item for controlling execution of the application are recorded on a recording medium. The simple resume reproduction device includes: a reproduction unit which reproduces the content by executing the application controlled according to a first reproduction control information item; and a reproduction information acquiring unit which acquires reproduction information indicating a reproduction position of the content. Further, the reproduction unit, when resuming reproduction, reproduces the content from the reproduction position indicated by the reproduction information without executing the application.

Abstract: A computer readable medium, apparatus, and method for efficiently managing a space bitmap. A computer readable medium includes: a user data area on which user data is recorded; and a temporary disc management area on which a space bitmap indicating a recording status of recording and reproducing unit blocks of the user data area is recorded. The space bitmap includes header information for distinguishing an additional space bitmap from the space bitmap. The additional space bitmap is assigned when a space provided for the space bitmap is insufficient to represent the recording status of the recording and reproducing unit blocks of the user data area.

Abstract: A recording medium and having efficiency of a reading and a writing process. Audio annual ring data, video annual ring data, low-resolution annual ring data, and meta annual ring data extracted from data series of metadata, an audio file, a video file, and low resolution data are written to a free space on an optical disk in order of a body, a footer, and a header in order to improve the convenience of the recording medium by enabling a quick edit process. For example, the efficiency of the reading and writing process is improved by preventing occurrence of an unnecessary writing process.

Abstract: A recording method for recording, on a write once type information recording medium, management information representing a recording state of the write once type information recording medium is provided. The information recording medium includes data including a first synchronization signal. The information recording medium has a second synchronization signal pre-recorded by cutting. The recording method includes the steps of (a) performing a recording operation for recording the management information at a predetermined position of the information recording medium based on the first synchronization signal; (b) determining whether the recording operation in step (a) is normally terminated or not; and (c) when the recording operation in step (a) is not normally terminated, performing a recording operation for recording the management information at the predetermined position of the information recording medium based on the second synchronization signal.

Abstract: An information recording medium is provided with: a first recording layer in which one portion of record information including predetermined data can be recorded, the predetermined data being (i) capable of setting a recording layer close to a physically or optically recorded state, and (ii) capable of setting the recording layer close to a buffer state for finalizing; and a second recording layer in which another portion of the record information can be recorded by laser light transmitted through the first recording layer, the information recording medium is provided with a management area in which management information can be recorded, the management information including (iii) identification information indicating whether or not there is a predetermined data recording area in which the predetermined data can be recorded, (iv) position information of the predetermined data recording area, and (v) attribute information of the predetermined data recording area.

Abstract: An operating element for receiving from an operator an instruction about reading speed and reading order of stored data includes: a rotatable operating disc part (38) disposed at one end of a rotation shaft (40), for receiving a rotation operation by an operator; a sensor substrate part (34) through which the rotation shaft (40) is inserted and having a sensor pattern (44) for detecting capacitance disposed on a surface facing the operating disc part (38); and a conductive cover part (36) disposed between the operating disc part (38) and the sensor substrate part (34) so as to cover the sensor pattern (44) and to sag when the operating disc part (38) is pressed, the conductive cover part (36) being set to a ground potential.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for controlling data access rate of an optical disc player are disclosed. The method includes steps of (1) utilizing a micro-controller to decide whether an action of an instruction of a predetermined data processing is an extraction operation or a play operation; (2) driving the spindle motor and a pick-up head to retrieve data from an optical disc at a first data access rate by the micro-controller while the action of the instruction of the predetermined data processing is an extraction operation; and (3) driving the spindle speed and the pick-up head to retrieve data from the optical disc at a second data access rate which is less than the first data access rate by the micro-controller while the action of the instruction of the predetermined data processing is a play operation.

Abstract: A recording apparatus having a reproduction means to play digital data from a recording medium recorded with that digital data and retrieval information, a recording means to write the digital data reproduced by the reproduction means and record the retrieval information on a control table, and a control circuit to search the control table by using the retrieval information when the digital data from the reproduction means is written by the recording means, to permit the writing of digital data recorded on the medium with the recording means when the retrieval information is not recorded on the control table, and to prohibit the writing of digital data recorded on the medium with the recording means when the retrieval information is already recorded on the control table, and also prevent the mistaken duplicate copying of the digital data with the recording means.

Abstract: A recording device for recording one or more of a plurality of subcontents recorded on a first recording medium, onto a second recording medium, the first recording medium having further recorded thereon digest values of the subcontents, and a medium signature generated based on the digest values of the subcontents, the plurality of subcontents constituting one content, the recording device comprising: a subcontent acquisition unit operable to select and acquire one or more of subcontents permitted to be copied; an excluded digest value acquisition unit operable to acquire excluded digest values from the first recording medium, the excluded digest values being digest values of nonselected subcontents; a signature acquisition unit operable to acquire the medium signature from the first recording medium; and a write unit operable to write, onto the second recording medium, (i) the one or more selected subcontents, (ii) the excluded digest values, and (iii) the medium signature.

Abstract: An AV receiver 1 is connected to a DVD player AVP1 and a CD player AVP2 via an IEEE1394 bus. The AV receiver 1 stores a command receiving terminal 161 connected to a remote controller receiver RE1 as being associated with the DVD player AVP1, and a command receiving terminal 162 connected to a remote controller receiver RE2 as being associated with the CD player AVP2. The AV receiver 1 transmits a control command that is received via the remote controller receiver RE1 to the DVD player AVP1 and a control command that is received via the remote controller receiver RE2 to the CD player AVP2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an interactive disk reproducing method using a network. The present method downloads various content-related information and the latest contents associated with A/V data pre-recorded on a placed interactive disk from a remote content-providing server connected through a network before reproduction of the placed interactive disk, and makes presentation of video or audio reproduced from the interactive disk along with contents already-received from the server while synchronizing presentation time of the A/V data and the contents with reference to the downloaded content-related information.

Abstract: In accordance with certain aspects of the present invention, enhancements have been developed to further extend the performance of a generic DVD navigator. The methods and arrangements herein provide a mechanism that allows a player application to precisely ‘bookmark’ locations during playback, and later resume playback at the selected bookmarked locations.

Abstract: An optical disk playback device includes a first control means for holding difference information which the first control means generates by, during playback of an optical disk 10, performing a comparison between track start point position information detected and track start point position information acquired with reference to contents information recorded in the above-mentioned optical disk, and a second control means for, when receiving a search request from outside the device, correcting the above-mentioned track start point position information on the basis of the above-mentioned held difference information.

Abstract: When a hybrid type next-generation DVD is loaded in the optical disc device, first, a red laser is turned on and parameter value and a lead-in information with respect to a DVD layer are acquired. The acquired information is stored in a memory. Next, a blue laser is turned on, parameter value and a lead-in information to a HDDVD layer are acquired, and the acquired information is stored in a memory. Then, the HDDVD layer is reproduced while lighting of the blue laser beam is maintained. Then, when a jump instruction to the DVD layer is inputted, the parameter value for the DVD layer is read from the memory and set to a process system. And the lighting laser is changed to the red laser and reproduction of the DVD layer is performed based on the lead-in information of the DVD layer stored in the memory.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an interactive disk reproducing method using a network. The present method downloads various content-related information associated with A/V data pre-recorded on a placed interactive disk from a remote content-providing server connected through a network, and makes presentation of video or audio reproduced from the interactive disk along with contents received from the server while synchronizing presentation time of the A/V data and the contents with reference to the downloaded content-related information.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for controlling data access rate of an optical disc player. The method includes steps of (1) utilizing a micro-controller to decide whether an action of an instruction of a predetermined data processing is an extraction operation or a play operation; (2) driving the spindle motor and a pick-up head to retrieve data from an optical disc at a first data access rate by the micro-controller while the action of the instruction of the predetermined data processing is an extraction operation; and (3) driving the spindle speed and the pick-up head to retrieve data from the optical disc at a second data access rate which is less than the first data access rate by the micro-controller while the action of the instruction of the predetermined data processing is a play operation.

Abstract: A reproduction apparatus includes a storage part which stores a plurality of items of contents data; reproduction means for reproducing contents in any one of reproduction modes including a normal reproduction mode that reads the contents data stored in the storage part in a predetermined order for reproduction, and a recommend mode that selects one part of the contents data stored in the storage part as a recommended piece of music for reproduction; and reproduction mode control means for changing the reproduction mode in the reproduction means to the recommend mode when a predetermined recommend mode changing condition is satisfied.

Abstract: At startup when reproduction from a recording medium such as an optical disc is started, search time for searching for management information to manage recording states of user data is shortened to reduce startup waiting time. The present invention provides a recording/reproducing method for performing recording/reproducing onto/from a recording medium having a first recording area to record user data, a second recording area to record management information to manage a recording state of the user data, and a third recording area to record non-user data other than the management information, wherein recording position information of the newest management information within the second recording area is recorded at a predetermined position in the third recording area.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, methods and apparatus are presented for testing a medium to determine whether it was non-commercially created involve determining if a drive comprises a recordable drive; if the drive comprises a recordable drive: determining whether a medium comprises a closed medium. If the medium does not comprise a closed medium, the medium comprises non-commercial medium. This abstract is not to be considered limiting, since other embodiments may deviate from the features described in this abstract without departing from certain embodiments.

Abstract: Audio-centered information is stored on a unitary medium by a Table-of-Contents (TOC) mechanism for specifying an actual configuration of various audio items on the medium. In addition to the TOC mechanism a file-based access mechanism to the information is assigned through a ROOT directory that contains a highest level TOC directory pointing at various audio items.

Abstract: A video signal recording apparatus with a video and audio memorizing section for temporarily memorizing an inputted video audio signal, a time code generating section for generating a time-code of said video audio signal an auxiliary information memorizing section for temporarily memorizing auxiliary information appended to said video audio signal including said time code generating a regeneration value obtained from a time code to which one frame time is added to said recorded time code when a recording starts and correcting said regeneration value for an amount of delay corresponding to a storage volume temporarily memorized in said auxiliary information (time code, metadata, CUE audio signal, and the like) memorizing section and thus obtaining a corrected time code, and thereafter sequential time codes are generated from said corrected time code though said time code generating section.

Abstract: The present invention makes it possible to reproduce reproduction images without a break without having to use any additional identification information even when real-time recorded data is not completely continuous. A control circuit references a data identification flag (“Recording Type”) which is attached to each sector of reproduction data to indicate the type of recorded data, and counts the number of sectors to which the data identification flag representing real-time recorded data is attached. When the count is not smaller than a threshold value, the control circuit reproduces all the sectors of the target reproduction block in a real-time reproduction mode. In the real-time reproduction mode, the control circuit masks a portion of reproduction data that is found to be defective, changes the value of the defective data to 0 (zero), and transfers the resulting reproduction data to a host device.

Abstract: Example embodiments provide various techniques for playing data from an optical media drive. The optical media drive may detect certain media access information for use in accessing optical media. This media access information is stored in a memory that is configured to retain the media access information after the optical media drive is deactivated. The optical media drive reads the data from an optical media and this data is transferred to a buffer until, with reference to some threshold parameter, the optical media drive is deactivated. The optical media drive may be reactivated in reference to another threshold parameter and the media access information is thereafter retrieved from the memory. The optical media drive may then read from the optical media using the provided media access information.

Abstract: An information recording medium is provided with: an object data file for storing object data which constitutes a series of content information, such as picture information and audio information, and a play list information file for storing play list information which defines a reproduction sequence of the object data by a unit of a play list. The information recording medium is further provided with a disc information file for storing a plurality of title play lists including, (i) play list specification information for specifying the play list information which defines the play list to be reproduced, (ii) Pre command information, and (iii) Post command information, which indicate a command to be executed before and after the reproduction, respectively, based on the play list information.

Abstract: A device for recording information writes marks in a track on a record carrier of a writable type. The device records the information according to a predefined recording format like DVD for constituting a recording area containing user data preceded by a lead-in zone and followed by a lead-out zone located at the end of the user data. The device has a lead-out unit for finalizing the record carrier for playback on a reading device for read-only type record carriers. The finalizing starts with determining if data written in the recording area extends up to a predefined physical position. If the data extends at least up to the predefined position, no lead-out information is recorded, and if not, lead-out information is recorded up to the predefined position.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are presented for Automated Digital voice recorder to Personal information manager Synchronization (ADPS) message creation that allow a user to indicate that an ADPS message is to be created, select and ADPS type selection relating the ADPS message to be created to a type of Personal Information. Manager (PIM) application, record audio content for the ADPS message, and create an ADPS message by organizing the ADPS type selection and the audio content into the ADPS message and store the ADPS message in the memory. Apparatus and methods are presented for downloading ADPS messages directly to a target PIM application. Apparatus and methods are presented for uploading configuration modifications and informational lists to the DVR. This abstract is not to be considered limiting, since other embodiments may deviate from the features described in this abstract without departing from certain embodiments of the invention.

Abstract: A device for recording data and data structures on a write-once storage medium. The device has writing means for recording the data and the data structures and controlling means for generating the data structures and controlling the writing means. The data structures comprise space bit map and defect management structures. The controlling means are adapted to record the data structures at a predefined temporary location on the write-once storage medium and to finalize the write-once storage medium by recording the data structures at a predefined fixed location as defined for a rewritable storage medium.

Abstract: A device for recording data and data structures on a write-once storage medium. The device has writing means for recording the data and the data structures and controlling means for generating the data structures and controlling the writing means. The data structures comprise space bit map and defect management structures. The controlling means are adapted to record the data structures at a predefined temporary location on the write-once storage medium and to finalize the write-once storage medium by recording the data structures at a predefined fixed location as defined for a rewritable storage medium.

Abstract: An information recording medium is provided with: an object data file for storing object data which constitutes a series of content information, such as picture information and audio information, and a play list information file for storing play list information which defines a reproduction sequence of the object data by a unit of a play list. The information recording medium is further provided with a disc information file for storing a plurality of title play lists including, (i) play list specification information for specifying the play list information which defines the play list to be reproduced, (ii) Pre command information, and (iii) Post command information, which indicate a command to be executed before and after the reproduction, respectively, based on the play list information.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of recording file system information of a write-once high density optical disc and reproducing method thereof, by which the robust file system information can be provided and by which the efficient reproduction of the optical disc is enables using the newly configured file system information. In recording file system information within a write-once optical disc, the present invention includes the step of recording file information of a former session and updated file information of a current session together within a metadata file of the current session or the step of recording updated file information only from file information of a former session within a metadata file of a current session.

Abstract: A system and method for inferring informational goals and preferred level of details in answers in response to questions posed to computer-based information retrieval or question-answering systems is provided. The system includes a query subsystem that can receive an input query and extrinsic data associated with the query and which can output an answer to the query, and/or rephrased queries or sample queries. The query subsystem accesses an inference model to infer a probability distribution over a user's goals, age, and preferred level of detail of an answer. One application of the system includes determining a user's likely informational goals and then accessing a knowledge data store to retrieve responsive information. The system includes a natural language processor that parses queries into observable linguistic features and embedded semantic components that can be employed to retrieve the conditional probabilities from the inference model.

Abstract: A recording method for recording, on a write once type information recording medium, management information representing a recording state of the write once type information recording medium is provided. The information recording medium includes data including a first synchronization signal. The information recording medium has a second synchronization signal pre-recorded by cutting. The recording method includes the steps of (a) performing a recording operation for recording the management information at a predetermined position of the information recording medium based on the first synchronization signal; (b) determining whether the recording operation in step (a) is normally terminated or not; and (c) when the recording operation in step (a) is not normally terminated, performing a recording operation for recording the management information at the predetermined position of the information recording medium based on the second synchronization signal.

Abstract: A recording apparatus includes an acquiring unit for acquiring, from an optical disc, disc-state information including at least information of an optical disc type, information of a recording format, and information indicating whether the optical disc has already been finalized, a first determining unit for determining, based on the information of the optical disc type and the information of the recording format in the acquired information, whether the optical disc type and the recording format correspond to one of predetermined combinations, a second determining unit for determining, based on the result of determination by the first determining unit and the acquired information, whether the optical disc needs to be finalized, and a display control unit for controlling, when the second determining unit determines that the optical disc needs to be finalized, display of a message representing the need of the finalization.

Abstract: It is the object of the present invention to provide a contents management method and a contents distribution method that are capable of preventing complete copying of contents to protect the copyright for the contents. Contents data is constituted of at least two sets of data. One of the two sets of data is stored on a disk, while the other of the two sets is stored on a memory provided in a server side that is connected via a network. When reproducing the disk, the two sets of data are acquired to reproduce the contents data.

Abstract: To provide a disk playback apparatus and a playback method which, upon issuance of a request for sound-playback from an arbitrary position on a disk, can playback sound instantly without disposing complicated switching means, the present invention provides a disk playback apparatus having access means for accessing a disk, and access-control means for controlling the access means to an arbitrary position on the disk, including storage means divided into a first area for storing at least one set of audio data having a specific length for at least one track, and a second area for storing remaining audio data for the one track; write means which accesses the disk, thereby writing the audio data—having the specific length and whose start point is an arbitrary position on the one track—into the first area, and writing the remaining audio data into the second area during playback of the audio data having the specific length; and read means for reading the audio data having the specific length and the remaining audi

Abstract: To surely write data readably into a region of a designated address even if an unwritten region exists ahead of the designated address. A step of registering beforehand an address map attached to an unwritten region of the data writing area; a step of judging whether an address located ahead of the designated address for writing data is an unwritten region or a written region; and a step of writing data into the data writing area of the optical disc based on the judgment result, are included. In the writing step, if the address located ahead of the designated address is judged as a written region, data writing is performed starting from a region of the designated address, and if the address located ahead of the designated address is judged as an unwritten region, the data writing is performed to unwritten regions including the aforementioned unwritten region.

Abstract: A user aboard a vehicle having installed therein an on-vehicle apparatus originates a call to an information center to indicate the specific type of information the user wishes to receive by following audio guidance provided by an interactive voice response device installed at the information center. The information center prepares the information desired by the user and transmits the information to the on-vehicle apparatus. In this vehicle information providing method, the contents of the audio guidance provided by the interactive voice response device are edited for each user based upon information pre-registered by the user.

Abstract: A recording method for recording, on a write once type information recording medium, management information representing a recording state of the write once type information recording medium is provided. The information recording medium includes data including a first synchronization signal. The information recording medium has a second synchronization signal pre-recorded by cutting. The recording method includes the steps of (a) performing a recording operation for recording the management information at a predetermined position of the information recording medium based on the first synchronization signal; (b) determining whether the recording operation in step (a) is normally terminated or not; and (c) when the recording operation in step (a) is not normally terminated, performing a recording operation for recording the management information at the predetermined position of the information recording medium based on the second synchronization signal.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for providing text information which identifies audio program selections, such as musical selections, stored on a compact disk (CD). Digital identification numbers encoded on the disk are provided by a compact disk player to a digital processor having a memory storage device. The identification numbers include an album identification number, and the track number selected for play. The memory storage device has stored therein text data identifying a plurality of program selections, organized by album and track identification number. The identification signals provided by the CD player are used to address the proper identifying text data for the selection being played. The identifying text data may be organized for radio broadcast along with the musical selection, and a receiver is used to display the data in text form to identify the musical selection as it is being reproduced.