Abstract: Embodiments of the invention employ specially adapted P2MP and MP2P transmission techniques to communicate traffic of a TDM based SCADA system over an IP/MPLS based network. Advantageously, by specially adapting P2MP and MP2P transmission techniques to carry TDM based SCADA traffic over an IP/MPLS network, an existing TDM based SCADA system can be migrated to an IP/MPLS network and operated in an easy to manage and bandwidth efficient manner as compared to a solution that employs point-to-point connections between a SCADA master node and subsystems over an IP/MPLS network. Furthermore, since TDM based SCADA equipment would not need to be replaced with IP based SCADA equipment in such a migration, significant equipment and installation costs associated with such replacement can be avoided.

Abstract: A method for processing data transmission services and a terminal are disclosed. The method includes: after a radio link disconnection occurs in a process of only performing the data transmission services of a packet-switched domain in a dedicated state, if judging that a timing value configured with a first timer is 0, a terminal deleting a radio access bearer and a signaling connection of the packet-switched domain; and if judging that a timing value configured with a second timer is not 0, initiating a cell update process, wherein, the first timer is a timer used for monitoring reestablishment of packet-switched domain services; the second timer is a timer used for monitoring reestablishment of circuit-switched domain services. According to the above scheme, the flow of processing a stream interruption of the terminal in a data transmission process can be perfected, and the drawbacks of the existing flow can be solved.

Abstract: A method, in a first network element of an inter-chassis redundancy (ICR) system, of cooperating with a second network element of the ICR system to provide ICR. The network elements are coupled by a synchronization channel. IP addresses are announced with a favorable traffic direction attribute. It is determined that the second network element either has announced the IP addresses with an unfavorable traffic direction attribute less favorable than the favorable direction attribute, or has not announced the IP addresses. Sessions that are connected through the IP addresses are handled. Session state synchronization messages that include session state for the handled sessions are transmitted over the synchronization channel to the second network element. It is determined, after an occurrence of a failure event that inhibits the first element from handling the sessions, that the IP addresses have been announced by the second network element with a favorable traffic direction attribute.

Abstract: A method and system for communicating a conditional access signal through a network includes a source segment generating a first conditional access packet signal comprising a first header having a first destination identifier with a first format. The system also includes a first routing server associated with the source segment generating a second header with a second destination identifier having a second format different than the first format and replacing the first header with the second header. The system also includes a second routing server in communication with the first routing server through the network. The second routing server replaces the second header with a third header having a third destination identifier having the first format to form a third conditional access packet signal. A plurality of receiving devices receive the third conditional access packet signal.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for analyzing network traffic in a network are disclosed herein. The network may include a plurality of network analyzers. An method for analyzing network traffic may include: receiving a data packet at a first network element including a first header that indicates a destination address of a second network element; generating a new data packet including a copy of at least a portion of the received data packet and a second header that indicates a destination address of a plurality of network elements that are configured to monitor the network traffic; transmitting the received data packet to the second network element; and separately transmitting the new data packet. The new data packet may be replicated by one or more network elements along transmission paths between the first network element and the plurality of network elements that are configured to monitor the network traffic.

Abstract: A packet switch receives a management packet sent for discovery on a data flow's path through a network. The switch creates a test packet (310T) which looks like a packet belonging to the data flow of interest. The test packet is processed by the switch like the data flow of interest except that the test packet is not necessarily transmitted. The processing results may include the egress ports for the test packet, and if the ports are part of a LAG or ECMP group, the results provide the group and the group members associated with the egress ports. Firewall actions and other information can be included. The switch may forward the results to the originator of the management packet. The switch may insert the results into the management packet and forward the management packet on the ports determined as egress ports for the test packet. Other features are also provided.

Abstract: Back pressure is mapped within a network, and primary bottlenecks are distinguished from dependent bottlenecks. Further, the presently disclosed technology is capable of performing network healing operations designed to reduce the data load on primary bottlenecks while ignoring dependent bottlenecks. Still further, the presently disclosed technology teaches identifying and/or suggesting a switch port for adding a node to the network. More specifically, various implementations analyze traffic load and back pressure in a network, identify primary and dependent bottlenecks, resolve the primary bottlenecks, collect new node parameters, and/or select a switch port for the new node. Further, a command can be sent to a selected switch to activate an indicator on the selected port. New node parameters may include new node type, maximum load, minimum load, time of maximum load, time of minimum load and type of data associated with the new node.

Abstract: The efficiency of scaling of a network of computing devices can be improved by grouping highly-connected portions into deployment units wherein devices only have to be aware of other devices in the respective deployment unit. The various deployment units can be connected by a backbone mechanism. In some embodiments, the backbone utilizes a torroidal connection scheme to connect the backbone switches and pass routing protocol information. Host traffic can still utilize connections between tiers, such that standard routing and networking protocols can be utilized. In other embodiments, logical interfaces can be initialized in each backbone switch, such that each switch itself can function as a point backbone. The devices of the various deployment units then can communicate with each other via the point backbones using standard networking and routing protocols.

Abstract: A method for supporting communications includes establishing a packet-based audio communication link with a remote device and informing a local computing device of the audio communication link. A message requesting identification of enhanced media capabilities associated with the remote device is received from the local computing device and tunneled in the audio communication link to the remote device. A tunneled response in the audio communication link is received from the remote device and forwarded to the local computing device. The response identifies the enhanced media capabilities associated with the remote device.

Abstract: A network test tool can determine if it is linked to directly to an indicated managed device or an intermediate unmanaged device. Discovery protocols and spanning tree are designed to map network topology and eliminate closed loops in networks. As such these management packets are among the first emerging from managed switches immediately upon acquiring a new link. By analyzing the first few packets, with timeouts, the tool can determine with a high degree of accuracy if it is really connected to the advertised nearest switch. If an unmanaged switch exists between the managed switch and tool, the managed switch will not detect the link event therefore not immediately send discovery packets. Once the tool determines it is not linked to the managed switch, further packet analysis can indicated if the intermediate device is a Layer 2 switch or Hub.

Abstract: A device includes a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) phone, an audio interface for receiving or transmitting audio information with the SIP phone to test a SIP-based network, and a controller for controlling the SIP phone and the audio interface.

Abstract: A system and method of verifying connectivity between hosts and optical ports in a data center is disclosed herein. The system and method includes directing, at a network control module (NCM), an electrical packet switch operatively connected to an optical port of the optical circuit switch, to transmit a data packet containing a MAC address of a host connected to an optical port determined by the NCM, and receiving, at the NCM, a response from the host, wherein the response comprises an indication that the MAC address contained in the transmitted data packet corresponds to the MAC address of a network interface card (NIC) at the host, and a determination of whether the host connected to the optical port determined by the NCM has been powered up.

Abstract: A router, switch, or other network node generates reports that contain packet level statistics and other information for a monitored media stream. The media stream reports reduce the amount of bandwidth typically required for sending monitored media stream information back to a central analysis device. However the computation of other media stream analytics, such as long term statistical averaging or quality metric computation, is performed by the central analysis device to remove some of the processing burden from the individual network nodes.

Abstract: A test application includes instructions for configuring a digital cross connect. A first modem and a second modem are each connected to at least one telecommunications network and a digital cross connect. An integrated telephony call management service (ITCMS) client includes computer-executable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium included in the test computer.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure describe techniques and configurations for handling interference measurements in a wireless communication network. An apparatus may include computer-readable media having instructions and processors coupled with the computer-readable media and configured to execute the instructions to identify, for a serving eNB, a neighboring eNB for which signal interference measurements are to be performed by one or more wireless devices served by the serving eNB, and request that the neighboring eNB transmit typical interference signals within data units which are configured for, and may or may not have, a scheduled physical downlink shared channel transmission. The wireless devices may be configured to perform the signal interference measurements based at least in part on the typical interference signals, which may include non-zero-power signals or zero-power signals. Other embodiments may be described and claimed.

Abstract: A network simulator comprises a virtual network and event correlation logic. The virtual model models a network that comprises a managed portion and an unmanaged portion. The event correlation logic, when executed, is operable to perform receiving first data indicating that an event occurred in the network. A network flow is initiated at a source virtual network element (VNE) corresponding to the source network device toward a destination VNE corresponding to the destination network device. A first VNE is communicatively coupled to a particular VNE corresponding to an unmanaged portion of the network. A logical topological link to a second VNE is identified and traversed. Second data that is associated with the unmanaged portion of the network is identified. As a result, the first data is stored in association with the second data.

Abstract: An approach for lawful intercept of over-the-top (OTT) communications is described. A request is received to intercept one or more OTT communications. Such interception can be part of a legal mandate of an appropriate law enforcement agency. One or more session and flow identification signatures associated with a packet-based network are determined. Signaling and media traffic associated with the one or more OTT communications are identified, translated and delivered to the law enforcement agency.

Abstract: The embodiments of the invention describe a method for antenna selection in a wireless communication network. The network includes a transceiver having a set of antennas. The transceiver is configured to transmit a frequency-hopped sounding reference signal (SRS) over a subband from a subset of antennas at a time. The transceiver transmits the frequency-hopped SRS from subsets of antennas in the set of antennas substantially alternately. In response to the transmitting, the transceiver receives information indicative of an optimal subset of antennas and transmits data from the optimal subset of antennas.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a system for steering an input packet stream includes a traffic splitter configured to split an input packet stream into a first packet stream and a second packet stream, and a photonic switching fabric coupled to the traffic splitter, where the photonic switching fabric is configured to switch the first packet stream. The system may also include an electrical packet switching fabric coupled to the traffic splitter, where the electrical packet switching fabric is configured to switch the second packet stream, and a traffic combiner coupled to the photonic switching fabric and to the electrical packet switching fabric, where the traffic combiner is configured to merge the first switched packet stream and the second switched packet stream to produce a first packet flow.

Abstract: Embodiments are provided herein for enabling buffer status reporting for Multi-stream aggregation (MSA) in wireless networks. In an embodiment, a user equipment (UE) receives from a network, a configuration regarding one of enabling and disabling cross-node buffer status reporting. The UE further receives a first uplink grant from a first network node, and obtains a buffer status intended for a second network node. Upon enabling cross-node buffer status reporting according to the configuration, the UE transmits, in the first uplink grant to the first network node, the buffer status intended for the second network node. The first network node receives, from the UE, the buffer status intended for the second network node, and determines whether to forward the buffer status to the second network node according to the configuration regarding buffer status forwarding previously received at the first network node.

Abstract: A test and measurement instrument for displaying data including an acquisition system configured to receive an input signal, a processor coupled to the acquisition system and configured to generate a schematic from protocol-specific information within the input signal, and a display coupled to the processor and configured to display the schematic.

Abstract: A network switch includes first and second clock-and-data-recovery (CDR) circuits, a cross-bar switch electrically coupling the first and second CDR circuits, and a test pattern generation circuit electrically coupled to the first CDR circuit. The test pattern generation circuit is configured to generate a test pattern and transmit the test pattern from the first CDR circuit to the second CDR circuit via the cross-bar switch. The network switch also includes a test pattern checking circuit electrically coupled to the second CDR circuit and configured to verify the test pattern received at the second CDR circuit.

Abstract: Novel tools and techniques that enable remote network monitoring, and in particular cases, remote monitoring of traffic on a L2VPN. In a particular aspect, tools enable a vendor-independent remote monitoring capability by allowing a port on to be spanned (mirrored) to a virtual local area network attachment circuit at two different provider edge devices. Such embodiments can allow test equipment located at one provider edge device to perform monitoring at another provider edge device without regard to conflicting monitoring protocols, interfaces, and/or the like.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for unified systems of network tool optimizers (NTOs). A NTO supervisor device controls switch fabric circuitry to interconnect a plurality of NTO member devices so that packets received at a source port for one NTO member device can be output to a destination port for a different NTO member device. The NTO supervisor device is further configured to analyze filters for the NTO member devices and to generate filter rules for forwarding packets among the various NTO member devices using the switch fabric circuitry. Further, additional secondary NTO supervisor devices can also be included within the unified NTO system to further expand the system. As such, a plurality of NTO member devices are managed and controlled by one or more NTO supervisor devices to form a highly scalable and efficient unified NTO system.

Abstract: Packet switch test methods include receiving a first packet from a packet switch, receiving a second packet from processing circuitry configured to model expected behavior of the packet switch, comparing the first packet to the second packet, and, based on the comparing, determining whether the packet switch is operating according to the expected behavior. Packet switch modeling methods include identifying functionality of a packet switch to be modeled, creating, in a packet switch model, a plurality of nodes representing physical and/or logical elements of the packet switch, the nodes being configured to process packet data structures and to respectively model different portions of the functionality of the packet switch relative to one another, and, in the packet switch model, connecting the nodes with pathways by which the packet data structures may be forwarded between the nodes.

Abstract: A verification device that is used in a system in which a first device and a second device communicate using a physical communication path that includes at least one switch among switches included in a plurality of switch clusters and does not include a plurality of switches that belong to a different switch cluster among the plurality of switch clusters, the verification device including a verification unit that verifies whether switches included in a first communication path and a second communication path that are communication paths used for communication between the first device and the second device are included in the same switch cluster, and an output unit that outputs a result of the verifying.

Abstract: Communication ability between nodes in a cluster-based computer system is tracked to inform applications executing on the nodes of the existence and quality of the endpoint-to-endpoint communications available between the nodes. Communications between a node and other nodes are tracked, and a database records the communication ability between the node and the other nodes for each link between the nodes. The tracking and recording are repeated at the other nodes. A registration by an application executing at a particular one of the nodes to receive notifications of changes in the communication ability with another node over a particular link (or in general) will cause notification of the application when the link status changes.

Abstract: A system and method provides seamless switchover of a user device (UE) between a mobile data network and a wireless network while providing policy and charging control (PCC) of the data session in the mobile data network. A mobile core network component is made ASF aware to process user data traffic related to an auto switching function (ASF) server from a UE client located on the UE using a special access point name (APN). The mobile core network component then uses a dedicated deep packet inspection (ASF DPI) for all data transfers to the special APN. The core network component is then able to process the UE data traffic seamlessly as the traffic is toggled between the ASF tunnel the WiFi tunnel. By monitoring the data traffic on the ASF tunnel, the core component (GGSN/PGW) is able to provide PCC for the data session.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for setting a network node location. The method is applied in a router in a ZigBee network and includes acquiring, by the router, a network parameter of at least one network device in a network connecting to the router; calculating the number of network parameters meeting a predefined threshold condition; mapping the number of the network parameters meeting the predefined threshold condition to corresponding indication information, wherein the indication information indicates deployment performance of the router in the network; and providing the indication information for a user, wherein the indication information is used to instruct the user to set a location for the router in the network.

Abstract: A system that incorporates teachings of the present disclosure may include, for example, a set-top box (STB) having a controller to generate a trouble report indicating a malfunction with one or more services, and submitting the trouble report to a mitigation system. The mitigation system can be adapted to detect one or more operational faults in at least one of a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM), a residential gateway (RG), and the STB, cycle operations of at least one of the DSLAM, the RG, and the STB responsive to detecting an undesirable state of operation of at least one of the DSLAM, the RG, and the STB, and generate a trouble ticket directed to a service agent responsive to detecting that at least one of the DSLAM, the RG and the STB continues to exhibit at least one operational fault. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A computer readable storage medium stores a set of instructions executable by a processor. The set of instructions is operable to receive an image of a switch in a communications network, the image being a representation of an internal logic of the switch; simulate a plurality of communication sessions using the image; generate a plurality of simulated communication session records corresponding to the plurality of simulated communication sessions; and evaluate a performance of the switch by comparing the plurality of simulated communication session records to a set of expected communication session records, the expected set of communication set of records corresponding to the set of simulated communication sessions.

Abstract: A method performed by a first client-side device agent, instantiated on a hardware device that is configured to connect to a data-handling network via associated device circuitry, comprising receiving configuration data in the form of non-executable data, configuring the first client-side device agent such that the first client-side device agent has a first configuration specifying a first application on the hardware device, monitoring substantially in real-time a flow of packets between the of applications and a server-side device, selecting packets based on their association with the application, modifying or appending packet header information for the selected packets, and transmitting modified or appended packets configured such that they are routed based on the modified or appended packet header information.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for sending and processing session initiation protocol (SIP) responses are disclosed. According to one aspect, a method for sending an SIP response through a first telecommunications network node is described. The method includes receiving, by means of the first node, a SIP request sent by means of a second node of the network. The method includes detecting an event that interferes with processing of said request by means of the first node. The method further includes sending, to the second node, a SIP response notifying said interference. The method also includes, before the sending step, activating, within the SIP response, a parameter that allows the request to be rerouted, said parameter being configurable by means of the second node.

Abstract: A load test method for a network system in which a plurality of node devices exchange packets via a first switch device by way of a second switch device, includes transmitting a plurality of first packets to the first switch device by a first node device, the plurality of first packets being addressed to the first node device via the second switch device, transmitting a plurality of second packets to the first switch device by a second node device, the plurality of second packets being addressed to the first node device via the first switch device, storing the first packets and the second packets in a queue buffer and thereafter transferring the first packets and the second packets to the first node device by the first switch device, and monitoring state information based on the number of packets waiting to be exchanged in the second switch device.

Abstract: Network devices facilitate network tracing using tracing packets that travel through the network devices. The network devices may be switches, routers, bridges, hubs, or any other network device. The network tracing may include sending tracing packets down each of multiple routed paths between a source and a destination, at each hop through the network, or through a selected subset of the paths between a source and a destination. The network devices may add tracing information to the tracing packets, which an analysis system may review to determine characteristics of the network and the characteristics of the potentially many paths between a source and a destination.

Abstract: For dynamically determining packet sampling rates, a method including setting a packet sampling rate for one or more switch ports, collecting for an interval of time a plurality of statistics for the one or more switch ports, and adjusting the packet sampling rate in response to one or more of the plurality of statistics.

Abstract: Systems and methods to analyze layer-2 data frame switch forwarding are provided. A first switch may be coupled to a second switch. The first switch may maintain state information mirroring the state of the second switch. A sequence number may be appended to a data frame that is received at the first switch. Forwarding compliance of the second switch may be determined by analyzing a runtime attribute of the first switch.

Abstract: The illustrative embodiments described herein provide systems and methods for authenticating a speaker. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving reference speech input including a reference passphrase to form a reference recording, and receiving test speech input including a test passphrase to form a test recording. The method includes determining whether the test passphrase matches the reference passphrase, and determining whether one or more voice features of the speaker of the test passphrase matches one or more voice features of the speaker of the reference passphrase. The method authenticates the speaker of the test speech input in response to determining that the reference passphrase matches the test passphrase and that one or more voice features of the speaker of the test passphrase matches one or more voice features of the speaker of the reference passphrase.

Abstract: A connecting node for a communications network is described, especially for connection of a network element of the communications network to the communications network, wherein the connecting node has a first interface for connection of the network element to the connecting node and a second interface for connection of the connecting node to the communications network, wherein the connecting node is constructed to enable an exchange of data between the communications network and the network element via the first and second interface, and wherein the connecting node is constructed to read and/or to alter and/or to block data exchanged between the communications network and the network element.

Abstract: A field communication system may perform wireless communication with field devices. The field communication system may include a connection allowing unit that determines whether or not to allow a connection to the field device by referring a field device list, the field device list listing tag names related to the field devices, an address issuance unit that automatically issues a communication address for the field device if the connection allowing unit allows the connection with the field device, an address management unit that establishes correspondences between the communication addresses and the tag names of the field devices by using the field device list, and a communication unit that transmits data to the field device designated by the tag name, the communication unit receiving the data transmitted from the field device, the data being used to control the field device designated by the tag name.

Abstract: Apparatus, method, and storage medium for testing a network. A network card may include four transmit engines and four receive engines to respectively generate and process packets at a data rate of 10 GHz. The network card may be configured in a first mode to also include four 10 GHz network interface units coupled to respective ones of the four 10 GHz transmit engines and the four 10 GHz receive engines. The network card may be configured in a second mode to also include a coherent multiplexer to combine packets generated by the four 10 GHz transmit engines into test traffic at a 40 GHz data rate, a packet distribution engine to accept packets at a 40 GHz data rate and distribute the accepted packets between the four 10 GHz receive engines, and a 40 GHz network interface unit coupled to the coherent multiplexer and the packet distribution engine.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer readable media for effecting movement of virtual switch interfaces between virtual switches connected to different physical ports of a device under test are disclosed. One method includes operating a virtual switch interface behind a first edge relay on a protocol emulator to send packets to a first physical port of a device under test. The method further includes determining whether sufficient resources exist on a second physical port of the device under test to support the virtual switch interface. The method further includes, in response to determining that sufficient resources exist on the second physical port of the device under test to support the virtual switch interface, moving the virtual switch interface to a second edge relay on the protocol emulator connected to the second physical port of the device under test.

Abstract: An initial address allocating unit 11 allocates a predetermined address to each of the nodes 21 connected to respective first stage switches 22. A connecting state acquiring unit 12 acquires a connecting state from each of the first stage switches 22, each of second stage switches 23 and each of third stage switches 24. An erroneous connection detecting unit 13 compares the connecting state acquired by the connecting state acquiring unit 12 with a prestored predetermined connecting state, thereby detecting an erroneous connection. An address changing unit 14 changes an address of the node 21 allocated by the initial address allocating unit 11 to satisfy a first predetermined condition based on the connecting state, when the erroneous connection is detected by the erroneous connection detecting unit 13.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for data management through timer compensation in a wireless communication system are provided. In the method, when a data loss occurs at a first point, whether a data loss has occurred previously and so whether a timer is being driven are determined. Whether the driven timer stops or expires at a second point is determined. When the timer stops or expires at the second point, a timer value is compensated for with consideration of a time difference between the first point and the second point. A timer for the data loss of the first point is restarted based on the compensated timer value. Therefore, a delay of a retransmission request time for lost data in an RLC (Radio Link Control) layer may be minimized.

Abstract: A management computer has: a storage unit in which a route information indicating a transfer route of frames in the communication network is stored; and a monitoring unit. The monitoring unit refers to the route information to transmit a frame to the transfer route and performs identification processing that identifies a location of a failure on the transfer route. First to N-th nodes (N is an integer equal to or more than 3) line up in order along the transfer route. The i-th node (i=1 to N?1) forwards a received frame to the (i+1)-th node, and the N-th node forwards a received frame to the management computer. In the identification processing, the monitoring unit sets at least one node between the first node and the N-th node as an insertion node. Then, the monitoring unit transmits a frame to the insertion node each, and identifies the location of the failure based on reception state of a frame from the N-th node.

Abstract: A system that incorporates the subject disclosure may include, for example, responsive to a determination that a first communication session is in a first state and a first sub-state, monitoring for an active timer associated with the first sub-state, where the first state and the first sub-state are defined by a communications protocol. The system can, responsive to a detection of the active timer, monitor for a packet switching service initiation request generated by the applications processor. The system can, responsive to detecting the packet switching service initiation request, temporarily prevent the packet switching service initiation request from being transmitted by the transceiver. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A radio communication system includes a base station device and a plurality of mobile station devices which radio-communicate with the base station device. The base station device allocates random access signal identifiers for identifying random access signals to the mobile station devices and decides an allocation period for each of the random access signal identifiers used by the mobile base stations. During the allocation period, each of the mobile station devices transmits a random access signal corresponding to the allocated random access signal identifier. Thus, it is possible to suppress a delay until the random access procedure using a dedicated preamble is complete.

Abstract: Implementations include a method, systems, and computer program products for adaptively configuring codecs to transmit encoded data to better utilize available bandwidth of reachable networks. One implementation is a method of transmitting encoded data from a host to a target. The method includes, selecting a communication network reachable by the host, estimating an available bandwidth from the host to the target via the selected communication network, configuring a codec from a plurality of codecs implemented in the host according to the estimated available bandwidth, encoding data using the configured codec, and transmitting the encoded data to the target.

Abstract: Provided is a test apparatus that tests a device under test, comprising: a plurality of channels that output and receive signals to and from the device under test; a generating section that generates a packet data sequence transmitted to and from the device under test; and a channel selecting section that selects which of the channels is used to transmit the packet data sequence generated by the generating section.

Abstract: In one aspect, a data network is provided. The data network includes a first user and a second user, a central device, data and a spontaneous communication connection. The first and second users are each ad hoc capable. The central device provides a distribution of data such that data is transmitted from the central device to the first user. The spontaneous communication connection is established between the first and second users and the data is transmitted directly from the first user to the second user via the spontaneous communication connection.