Abstract: The application provides a service routing packet processing method and apparatus. The method includes: receiving, by a first service router SR, a first service routing packet; querying, by the first SR, a service routing table according to path identification information and identification information of a source service node SN that are carried in the first service routing packet, to determine identification information of a destination SN, where the service routing table includes a correspondence between the path identification information, the identification information of the source SN, and the identification information of the destination SN; generating, by the first SR, a second service routing packet according to the identification information of the destination SN and the first service routing packet; and sending, by the first SR, the second service routing packet. According to the technical solutions of the present invention, support of an independent SN for service routing can be implemented.

Abstract: Devices, computer-readable media, and methods for allocating a source specific multicast internet protocol address to a streaming media content are disclosed. For example, a processor of a device may receive a streaming media content, allocate a source specific multicast internet protocol address to the streaming media content for a base station of a cellular network, allocate a first broadcast channel of the base station to the streaming media content, and associate the first broadcast channel with the source specific multicast internet protocol address. The processor may further generate a manifest file, the manifest file including an identification of the streaming media content and the source specific multicast internet protocol address, transmit the manifest file via a second broadcast channel of the base station, and transmit the streaming media content via the first broadcast channel of the base station.

Abstract: A method for handling of conflicts in a multicast routing election in a multicast network is described herein. The multicast network includes a plurality of multicast network devices. A conflict is detected in a Designated Forwarder (DF) election for a link.

Abstract: In one example, a network management system (NMS) device manages a plurality of network devices. The NMS device includes one or more interfaces to communicatively couple the NMS device to the plurality of network devices, and a processor, implemented using circuitry, configured to determine that a low-level configuration of a first network device of the plurality of network devices has been changed by an out-of-band (OOB) change, translate the OOB change to a high-level configuration change, determine whether to apply the high-level configuration change to the plurality of network devices, and in response to determining to apply the high-level configuration change to the plurality of network devices, apply, via the one or more interfaces, the OOB change to low-level configurations of the plurality of network devices.

Abstract: A system includes a first communication device and a second communication device in communication with the first communication device via an Ethernet connection. The first communication device is configured to transmit, via the Ethernet connection toward the second communication device, an Ethernet signal including information of a designated wavelength from a dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) scheme to be used by the second communication device. The second communication device is configured to transmit an optical signal at the designated wavelength to the first communication device in response to receiving the Ethernet signal.

Abstract: Techniques are described for grouping related flows using a flow attribute value indicated by a modified protocol independent multicast (PIM) join request. According to techniques of this disclosure, a network device is configured to receive, from a downstream network device, two or more first PIM join requests indicating two or more multicast groups. In response to determining that each first PIM join request of the two or more first PIM join requests indicates a common first flow attribute value, the network device is configured to select a common path. The network device is further configured to send two or more second PIM join requests indicating the two or more multicast groups to an upstream network device along the selected common path and toward the source. Each second PIM join request of the two or more second PIM join requests includes a common second flow attribute value.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed towards systems and methods for dynamic routing on an IP address shared by a cluster of nodes. In an implementation, a first node of a cluster of nodes can receive a unicast routing protocol packet from a peer router. The unicast routing protocol packet can be addressed to a shared IP address established across the cluster of nodes. The cluster of nodes can be intermediary to a plurality of clients and a plurality of servers. The first node can identify a second node identified as a routing leader. The first node can steer the packet to the second node in response to determining that the routing protocol packet is a unicast routing protocol packet. The second node can be configured to advertise virtual IP address routes to the network over the routing adjacency and maintain routing adjacencies.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and apparatus for performing a new kind of traceroute. This traceroute is referred to herein as a “reverse” traceroute, as it enables a given network node to determine the path of packets sent to it from another node. Preferably, an encapsulating tunnel between the two nodes is leveraged. Preferably, a given network node (“first node”) performs the reverse traceroute by sending encapsulated inner packets in the tunnel to another network node (“second node”). The second node reflects the inner packets back to the first node. Preferably, the inner packets are configured such that their IP header TTLs expire at intermediate nodes (such as routers), and such that the resulting error messages are reported to the first node. In this way, the first node obtains information about the topology of the network and the path taken by inbound packets.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods described herein relate to an apparatus including a set of ports and a processor operatively coupled to each port of the set of ports. A port from the set of ports can be associated with a port of a multi-chassis aggregate (MCAE) interface and a virtual local area network (VLAN). The processor can generate an untagged data unit and tagged data units. The processor can send the untagged data unit and the tagged data units via the port from the set of ports, and can receive a tagged data unit included in the tagged data units, and/or the untagged data unit. The processor can also forward the received data unit to a destination network peer when the received tagged data unit is associated with the VLAN, and can disable the port of the MCAE interface in response to the port from the set of ports receiving the data unit, when the received data unit is associated with the VLAN.

Abstract: Ways of sending data over a network over a single path or over multiple parallel paths on an as-needed basis depending upon network conditions, and/or other factors, are described. For example, if a computing device detects sufficient jitter and/or latency at one or more network interfaces, the data may be sent over two or more communication paths using two or more network interfaces.

Abstract: A method implemented in an inter-provider cloud rendezvous point (CRP-IP). The method includes receiving, via a receiver of the CRP-IP, a Register request from a first service provider cloud rendezvous point (CRP-SP) in a first service provider (SP) network domain, the Register request indicating a first portion of a virtual extensible network (VXN) with a global scope is hosted by the first SP network domain; and transmitting, via a transmitter of the CRP-IP, a Report message to a second CRP-SP in a second SP network domain hosting a second portion of the VXN, the Report message indicating the first portion of the VXN is hosted by the first SP network domain.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for transmitting data via a network. Upon receiving a request for unicast transmission of the data, the system and method respond to the request by i) formatting the data in accordance with a transport protocol to obtain formatted data and ii) providing the formatted data to the network, the formatted data comprising a destination address field. The network is a programmable network comprising one or more forwarding nodes that are remotely controllable. In order to effect a multicasting of the formatted data, the one or more forwarding nodes are controlled to i) replicating the formatted data to obtain replicated formatted data, and ii) setting the destination address field of the replicated formatted data to an address originating from a further request for the unicast transmission of the data. An advantage of the system and method is that multicasting may be provided for ‘off-the-shelf’ unicast receivers.

Abstract: A network device receives, from another network device associated with a first data center, a route update that includes a common virtual network identifier or a first virtual network identifier associated with the first data center. The network device translates the common virtual network identifier or the first virtual network identifier to a second virtual network identifier associated with a second data center, where the second data center is different than the first data center. The network device provides the route update, with the second virtual network identifier, to the second data center.

Abstract: A disclosed network on chip includes a semiconductor die and switches disposed on the semiconductor die. Each switch has ports configured to receive packets from and transmit packets to at least two other switches. Each switch includes first circuitry that specifies a first mapping of interface identifiers of interfaces on the semiconductor die to port identifiers, and second circuitry that specifies a second mapping of region identifiers of regions of the semiconductor die to port identifiers. Each switch further includes third circuitry coupled to the first and second circuitry. The third circuitry is configured to select, in response to an input packet that specifies a destination region and a destination interface, a port based on the specification of the destination region, specification of the destination interface, first mapping, and second mapping, and output the packet on the selected port.

Abstract: A method of forwarding a multicast packet by a physical forwarding element is provided. The method receives a multicast packet that identifies a multicast group. The method scans a multicast tree associated with the multicast group to identify an ECMP group for forwarding the multicast packet to a member of the multicast group. The method calculates a group of hash values on several fields of the packet and uses a first hash value in the group of hash values to identify a first path in the ECMP. The method determines that the identified path has failed. The method uses a second hash value to identify a second path in the ECMP. The method forwards the multicast packet to the multicast member through the second path.

Abstract: A processor device comprises a plurality of virtual systems on chip, configured to utilize resources of a plurality of resources in accordance with a resource alignment between the plurality of virtual systems on chip and the plurality of resources. The processor device may further comprises a resource aligning unit configured to modify the resource alignment, dynamically, responsive to at least one event. Modifying the resource alignment, dynamically, may prevent a loss in throughput otherwise effectuated by the at least one event.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for providing content in a multicast stream are disclosed. In one aspect, analytical information of a plurality of individual data sessions between user devices and a content server is received. The analytical information of each of the plurality of individual data sessions is based on a packet inspection analysis of data transmitted in the respective individual data sessions. A same set of content being delivered to at least a portion of the user devices based on the analytical information is determined. In response to the determination, a multicast stream condition is determined to be met based on at least one performance metric of a network over which the same set of content is being delivered. In response to determining that the multicast stream condition has been met, a multicast stream that provides the content in a looping stream is initiated.

Abstract: Pre-sorter systems and methods are disclosed for distributing GTP packets. The pre-sorter forwards GTP packets based upon entries within one or more pre-sort tables, and the entries associate F-TEIDs with output ports that can be coupled to GTP sessions controllers and/or other external systems. The F-TEIDs represent a combination of a destination IP address and a tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID) for each GTP packet. For some embodiments, GTP session controllers analyze the GTP packets and determine F-TEIDs that are created, modified, and/or dropped for user sessions, and the GTP session controllers send control messages to the pre-sorter to determine the entries stored within the pre-sort table(s). For other embodiments, other external systems such as network monitoring tools are coupled to the GTP packet pre-sorter rather than GTP session controllers. Pre-sorters having multiple pre-sort modules with local pre-sort tables, as well as two-stage pre-sort architectures, can also be used.

Abstract: Technologies for broadcasting management information include a management server and a number of client devices. The management server encodes management data such as a certificate revocation list into a number of message fragments using a fountain code encoding algorithm and broadcasts the message fragments continually over a network. Each client device analyzes the network during a boot process to receive the broadcast message fragments. Each client device decodes the message fragments using a fountain code decoding algorithm and determines whether the message is complete. If the message is complete, the client device parses the message to retrieve the management data and may install the management data on the client device. If the message is incomplete, the client device may store the message fragments in nonvolatile storage for processing during future boot events. The client device may perform those operations in a pre-boot firmware environment. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: In general, the disclosure describes techniques for communicating multicast group leave requests between two or more load-balanced, multi-homed PE routers included in an Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN). The techniques of the disclosure enable the two or more PE routers to synchronize IGMP state and routing information amongst one another to ensure that the one of the multi-homed PE routers elected as the designated forwarder (DF) ceases forwarding the multicast group traffic to the CE router, even if it is not the PE router that receives the IGMP leave request.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method comprising: receiving a first request from a client device; generating a plurality of uniform resource locators (URLs), each of the plurality of URLs comprising an encoded representation of a network address associated with a respective node from a plurality of nodes in a computer cluster; sending a first response to a client device, the first response comprising the plurality of URLs; receiving a second request from the client device, the second request comprising a first URL from the plurality of URLs; determining the second request should be routed to a first network address based on decoding the first URL, the first network address associated with a first node from the plurality of nodes; and forwarding the second request to the first node in response to the determining.

Abstract: A method implemented by a controller in a software defined network (SDN), the method comprising sending, to an overlay edge node, a query message comprising a client specific multicast address, receiving, from the overlay edge node, one or more report messages corresponding to the query message, wherein each of the one or more report messages comprises an address of each of one or more virtual machines (VMs) coupled to the overlay edge node, and updating membership of a multicast group, which is identified by the client specific multicast address, such that the one or more VMs are members in the updated membership of the multicast group.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method that modifies a bit indexed explicit replication (BIER) algorithm. The method includes receiving a packet at a node, wherein the packet includes a BIER header identifying a bitstring, the bitstring including a first bit indicating a first destination and a second bit indicating a second destination and forwarding the packet through one or more networks toward the first destination and the second destination based on the bitstring and a predetermined bit selection order. The predetermined bit selection order causes a sequential delivery of the packet to the first destination and the second destination. After the packet arrives at the first destination, the method includes setting the first bit to zero in the bitstring and forwarding the packet through the one or more networks toward the second destination according to the updated bitstring.

Abstract: Exemplified systems and methods facilitate multicasting latency optimization operations for router, switches, and other network devices, for routed Layer-3 multicast packets to provide even distribution latency and/or selective prioritized distribution of latency among multicast destinations. A list of network destinations for serially-replicated packets is traversed in different sequences from one packet to the next, to provide delay fairness among the listed destinations. The list of network destinations are mapped to physical network ports, virtual ports, or logical ports of the router, switches, or other network devices and, thus, the different sequences are also traversed from these physical network ports, virtual ports, or logical ports. The exemplified systems and methods facilitates the management of traffic that is particularly beneficial in in a data center.

Abstract: A novel method of conducting multicast traffic in a network is provided. The network includes multiple endpoints that receive messages from the network and generate messages for the network. The endpoints are located in different segments of the network, each segment including one or more of the endpoints. For a source endpoint to replicate a particular message (e.g., a data packet) for all endpoints belonging to a particular replication group (i.e., multicast group) within the network, the source endpoint replicates the particular message to each endpoint within the source endpoint's own segment and to a proxy endpoint in each of the other segments. Each proxy endpoint in turn replicates the particular message to all endpoints belonging to the particular replication group within the proxy endpoint's own segment.

Abstract: In a network virtualization system, metadata is passed in an encapsulation header from one network virtualization edge to another network virtualization edge or to a service connected to a network virtualization edge. The metadata may carry packet processing instructions, diagnostic information, hop-specific information, or a packet identifier. Using the metadata information in the packet header, the datacenter network may provide services such as remote segmentation offload, small packet coalescing, transparent packet compression, and end-to-end packet tracing.

Abstract: In one embodiment, multicast packets including, but not limited to, Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) multicast packets, are forwarded in a network. An independent lookup operation is performed on each destination node identified in the received packet to determine a nexthop to which to forward a copy of the packet. Typically, some or possibly all of these lookup operations are performed in parallel, in contrast to the sequential lookup and bit masking operations of previous BIER packet forwarding specifications and implementations. In one embodiment, the selection of a nexthop for a destination node is made from a set of two or more nexthop nodes on different Equal-Cost Multi-Paths (ECMPs). In one embodiment, compact data structures are used in determining how to forward the received multicast packet, with these compact data structures providing requisite forwarding information without allocating space to unassigned destination nodes.

Abstract: A request is obtained at a monitoring controller to provide a monitoring function for at least one subject virtual processing element (e.g., VM) in a virtualized information processing system. The monitoring controller selects and/or provisions at least one traffic capture appliance configured to capture traffic associated with the subject virtual processing element. The monitoring controller requests the virtualized information processing system to forward a copy of traffic associated with the subject virtual processing element, using traffic mirroring and an encapsulated tunnel, to the traffic capture appliance for analysis.

Abstract: The present invention provides a MMT transport packet structure and a method and an apparatus configuring the structure. A method of configuring an MPEG Media Transport (MMT) transport packet for transmitting an MMT payload format, the method comprising: configuring the MMT transport packet so that the MMT transport packet includes at least one MMT payload format unit and a sequence number field for a packet stream, wherein the sequence number field maintains consistency with a sequence number field included in the MMT payload format.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method and an edge device for accessing an IP network. A record is pre-configured to associate and record a port number, a VLAN ID and an EVI service instance ID in the record. A first packet is received from a user side. A corresponding EVI service instance ID is searched in the record according to a port number of a port through which the first packet is received, and a VLAN ID of the first packet. The first packet is then forwarded in an EVI service instance corresponding to the EVI service instance ID.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a packet processing method and a device. The method includes: acquiring a first packet, and determining an identifier of a first table. The method also includes determining description information of the first table, and performing first processing on the first packet according to the description information and the first table, where the first table is a convention table. The method also includes determining an identifier of a next table according to the description information of the first table, where the identifier of the next table corresponds to description information of the next table. The method also includes processing, according to the description information, and the next table, the first packet that has undergone the first processing.

Abstract: Examples of the disclosure enable performing semantic joins using a big table corpus. Pairs of values from at least two data sets are identified. The pairs of values include one value from a first one of the data sets and one value from a second one of the data sets. Statistical co-occurrence scores for the identified pairs of values are determined based on historical co-occurrence data. The determined statistical co-occurrence scores are used for predicting a semantic relationship between the at least two data sets. The predicted semantic relationship is used for joining the at least two data sets.

Abstract: In aspects of automatic rerouting in Thread networks, a router device in a mesh network receives a packet to forward to a destination node, and the packet includes a Routing Locator (RLOC) for the destination node. The router device can determine that the packet cannot be forwarded using the RLOC. The router device can then initiate an address query over the mesh network, where the address query includes an Endpoint Identifier (EID) of the destination node. The router device can receive an EID-to-RLOC mapping for the EID from a node device in the mesh network, and forward the packet to the destination node using the received EID-to-RLOC mapping.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present technology may include a method to enable real-time data requests. The method may include subscribing to real-time data enable requests for a device on an energy generation (EG) network. The method may also include intercepting, from a requester, a request for real-time data for the device on an EG system within the EG network. The method may further include publishing a single request to the device to post a single measurement corresponding to the real-time data request. The single request may be published at less than or equal to a predetermined frequency for a request cycle that lasts for a predetermined duration.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a system includes a switch controller in communication with a plurality of switches in a switch cluster via a communication protocol. The switch controller includes a processor and logic integrated with and/or executable by the processor. The logic is configured to cause the processor to receive an address resolution protocol (ARP) request packet as a unicast packet from an entry switch in the switch cluster, the entry switch being connected to a first host. The logic is also configured to cause the processor to send an ARP response packet as a unicast packet to the entry switch. The ARP response packet indicates a media access control (MAC) address of the switch controller as a source MAC (SMAC) for the ARP response packet, and an internet protocol (IP) address of a virtual router of the switch controller as being a source of the ARP response packet.

Abstract: A master beacon device emits a data packet that is received and retransmitted by servant beacon devices in a wireless mesh network that enables the beacon devices to detect the received signal strength indicator (“RSSI”) of beacon devices in proximity. Each servant beacon device transmits survey data packets comprising the RSSIs and hardware identifiers of proximate beacon devices to the master beacon device, which constructs a first virtual map of the mesh network. At a later time, each servant beacon device transmits authentication data packets, which are retransmitted, each retransmitting beacon inserting an RSSI and hardware identifier of the beacon device from which the authentication data packet was received, until they reach the master beacon device, which constructs a second virtual map of the mesh network. The master beacon device compares the first virtual map to the second virtual map to determine if the network is secure.

Abstract: Systems and methods in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure provide approaches for mapping entries to a cache using a function, such as cyclic redundancy check (CRC). The function can calculate a colored cache index based on a main memory address. The function may cause consecutive address cache indexes to be spread throughout the cache according to the indexes calculated by the function. In some embodiments, each data context may be associated with a different function, enabling different types of packets to be processed while sharing the same cache, reducing evictions of other data contexts and improving performance. Various embodiments can identify a type of packet as the packet is received, and lookup a mapping function based on the type of packet. The function can then be used to lookup the corresponding data context for the packet from the cache, for processing the packet.

Abstract: Hybrid stream delivery techniques are described. In one or more implementations, a multicast stream of primary content is received at a computing device for output by the computing device. Timing information in the multicast stream is identified indicating when a break in the primary content is to occur. Responsive to the identification and before output of the primary content attains to the break, supplemental content is requested by the computing device that is available via a single dedicated stream. The supplemental content received via the single dedicated stream is cached during output of the primary content and the cached supplemental content is output upon completion of the output of the primary content up to the break.

Abstract: There is provided a method of decoding an encoded uplink signal, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The method comprises a network node receiving an encoded uplink signal from a receive point, and decoding the encoded uplink signal using an estimated interference signal as side information input. The encoded uplink signal was encoded with a practically disconnected many-to-one encoding scheme. There is also provided a network node comprising a decoder. The decoder is configured to receive an encoded wireless uplink signal from a receive point, and decode the encoded wireless uplink signal using an estimated interference signal as side information. The encoded uplink signal was encoded with a practically disconnected many-to-one encoding scheme.

Abstract: Provided are methods and systems for distributing application traffic. A method for distributing application traffic may commence with receiving, from a host, a first service request for a first service session. The first service request may be associated with a service request time. The method may continue with relaying the first service request from a service gateway to a server. The method may further include receiving, from the server, a service response. The service response may be associated with a service response time. The method may continue with calculating a service processing time for the first service request based on the service request time and the service response time. The method may further include receiving, from the host, a second service request for a second service session. The method may continue with selectively relaying the second server request to the server based on the service processing time.

Abstract: Each switch in a network maintains a forwarding database table in which each record identifies a media access control (MAC) address, a port identifier, and a source identifier. A frame is received from a first network device at a first port of a first switch, wherein the frame includes a MAC address of the first network device. The first switch prepares a synchronization packet including the MAC address, a port identifier identifying the first port, a source identifier identifying the first switch and an instruction, in response to determining that the MAC address is not associated with the first switch in the first forwarding database table. The synchronization packet is sent to each other switch, and the forwarding database tables of the other switches are modified to implement the instruction.

Abstract: A computer in a cloud computing environment includes a virtualization instance (VI) providing cloud services to a consumer device. The computer includes non-virtualizing and self-virtualizing type devices. The VI uses a first virtual device that is a virtual form of one of the non-virtualizing and self-virtualizing type devices to meet Quality of Service (QoS) objectives. A method for managing the resources of the cloud comprises receiving QoS metrics, determining that the VI cannot meet the QoS objectives using the first virtual device, determining that a second virtual device comprising a virtual form of the non-virtualizing and self-virtualizing type device alternative to that of first virtual device is available and can meet the QoS objectives, and configuring the VI to use the second virtual device in place of the first virtual device. A computer programming product and a system can embody the method.

Abstract: A mechanism for multicast (M-VIM) is used to resolve address looking up problems for different types of VXLAN related overlay networks for multicast and broadcast traffics. A Multicast Overlay Ferry Proxy (MOFP) is introduced between a VXLAN domain and the CNI domain for ferrying control plane and data panel information. The M-VIM mechanism comprises three parts: a VXLAN Module; a CNI Module; and a proxy mechanism.

Abstract: A method for directional mobile ad-hoc communication may include transmitting a join message from a first node to a second node, receiving an accept message from the second node including a TDMA frame slot reassignment correlating to an available TDMA frame slot in a TDMA frame associated with the second node, reassigning a TDMA frame slot for the first node in the TDMA frame associated with the first node according to the frame slot reassignment, and assigning a TDMA frame slot for the second node in the TDMA frame of the first node. It may also comprise executing a discovery protocol to configure a directional mobile ad-hoc communication network between a first node and as second node, transmitting a bandwidth reservation request message from the first node to the second node, receiving a bandwidth reservation response message from the second node, and enabling a relay node.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure involve methods and systems for mapping network service paths between endpoint devices of a network. An aggregate network traffic database is used to store network traffic data retrieved from network devices of a network. A network service mapper then queries the database using endpoint device identifiers corresponding to endpoint devices to determine which network devices interacted with the endpoint devices during provisioning of previous network service instances. The set of network devices is then compared and analyzed to determine one or more network service paths between a pair of endpoint devices. In certain implementations, network architecture rules and/or network device configuration data is also analyzed to determine an order of the network devices along the one or more network service paths.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a method includes defining, by a processor included in a first node, a virtual-extensible-local-area-network (VXLAN) tunnel between the first node included in a first layer-two network, and a second node included in a second layer-two network, the VXLAN tunnel traversing at least one node of a layer-three network. The method includes receiving, at the first node, a layer-two data unit that is sent from a third node included in the first layer-two network, to a fourth node included in the second layer-two network. The method includes encapsulating, at the first node, the layer-two data unit to define an encapsulated data unit that includes a VXLAN header. The method includes sending the encapsulated packet from the first node towards the fourth node via the VXLAN tunnel.

Abstract: A packet communication apparatus is configured to relay packets transmitted and received between information processing apparatuses. The packet communication apparatus includes: a network interface connectable to a network; a CPU to be a destination of at least one of a plurality of packets to be received through the network interface; a first buffer configured to hold the packets destined to the CPU in order to output the packets to the CPU; a second buffer having a plurality of planes and configured to hold copies of the packets destined to the CPU held in the first buffer in one of the plurality of planes; and a reception history controller configured to store a copy of a packet to a specified plane of the second buffer or to save copies of packets held in the second buffer to another storage area based on usage of the first buffer.

Abstract: Techniques for influencing power consumption of a client while streaming multimedia content from a server over a network are described. For example, a server push strategy is used to push a number of media segments of the multimedia content from the server to the client in response to a single request identifying one of the media segments. Thus, instead of using multiple requests, the media segments are provided to the client by using a single request. Reducing the number of requests influences (e.g., reduces) the power consumption of the client. To optimize the power consumption given current client, server, and/or network conditions, the number of the media segments to be pushed is computed based on parameters associated with these conditions.

Abstract: A port monitoring system includes a first extending device. The first extending device includes a monitored port and a networking port. The first extending device is configured to detect a first packet at the monitored port and, in response, generate a mirrored packet. Then the first extending device adds a monitoring identifier to the mirrored packet and forwards the mirrored packet through the networking port. The port monitoring system also includes a networking device that is coupled to the first extending device. The networking device is configured to receive the mirrored packet from the first extending device and determine that the mirrored packet is associated with a monitoring port using the monitoring identifier provided by the mirrored packet. The networking device then forwards the mirrored packet to the monitoring port.

Abstract: Communication apparatus includes multiple interfaces connected to a packet data network, and a memory coupled to the interfaces and configured as a buffer to contain packets received through ingress interfaces while awaiting transmission to the network via respective egress interfaces. Packet processing logic is configured, upon receipt of a test packet through an ingress interface of the apparatus, to allocate a space in the buffer for storage of a single copy of the test packet, to replicate and transmit sequentially multiple copies of the stored copy of the test packet through a designated egress interface, to receive an indication of a number of copies of the test packet that are to be transmitted, and responsively to the indication, to terminate replication of the test packet and release the allocated space in the buffer.