Abstract: Techniques for using traceroute with tunnels and cloud-based systems for determining measures of network performance are presented. Systems and methods include requesting a trace to a destination with a signature inserted into a trace packet; receiving a response to the trace packet; when the response does not include tunnel info, providing details in the response to a service where the details include parameters associated with a service path between the client and the destination; and, when the response includes tunnel info, segmenting the service path into a plurality of legs, causing a trace for each of the plurality of legs, and aggregating details for each of the plurality of legs based on the causing.

Abstract: A switch that can report unavailability in a label-switched network is provided. During operation, the switch can determine that a label-switched path is unavailable for forwarding a packet. The switch can then generate a notification message for collecting unavailability information at a respective upstream hop of the label-switched path. The notification message includes a depth indicator indicating the depth of collected unavailability information and an ingress label of the packet at the switch. If the switch is an intermediate switch on the label-switched path, the switch can forward the notification message to an upstream switch on the label-switched path, thereby allowing the upstream switch to collect further unavailability information in the notification message.

Abstract: The method includes: generating, by a first device, a first packet including a BIER header, where the BIER header includes entropy, and the entropy includes a first part and a second part; determining, by the first device based on the first packet, that there are a plurality of forwarding entries used to forward the first packet; selecting, by the first device, one forwarding entry from the plurality of forwarding entries based on the first part, where the selected forwarding entry includes an address of a second device, and the second device is a next-hop device of the first device; and sending, by the first device, the first packet to the second device, where the second part is used by the second device to select, from a plurality of forwarding entries used to forward the first packet, a forwarding entry used by the second device to forward the first packet.

Abstract: Methods and systems are described for compressing a tree structure associating network packet signatures with network packet metadata, the tree structure comprising a plurality of non-leaf nodes of single bit test nodes and a plurality of leaf nodes comprising network packet metadata, the method comprising determining whether the sub-portion of the tree structure is to be compressed. If determination is made that the sub-portion of the tree structure is to be compressed, generating a compressed node data structure, the compressed node data structure comprising a path of the sub-portion of the tree structure, the path comprising a sequence of bits formed by a concatenation of the single bits associated with each one of the consecutive non-leaf nodes of the sub-portion of the tree structure, the number of bits of the sequence being equal or greater than the compression threshold.

Abstract: The present application relates to communications between a partner network and a wide area network (WAN). The partner network and WAN may exchange representations of the respective networks including a delay profile for the partner network. The WAN receives a network delay profile for multiple virtual network entities within the partner network. The multiple virtual network entities include at least a plurality of peering locations with the WAN. The WAN determines a path from the partner network through the WAN via a selected peering location of the plurality of peering locations with the WAN to a destination based on at least the network delay profile. The WAN deploys a policy for an agent within the partner network. The policy identifies traffic for the destination to route through the WAN via the selected peering location. The WAN routes traffic from the selected peering location to the destination along the path.

Abstract: Example methods are provided a network device to perform service insertion in a public cloud environment that includes a first virtual network and a second virtual network. In one example method, in response to receiving a first encapsulated packet from a first virtualized computing instance located in the first virtual network, the network device may generate a decapsulated packet by performing decapsulation to remove, from the first encapsulated packet. The method may also comprise identifying a service path specified by a service insertion rule, and sending the decapsulated packet to the service path to cause the service path to process the decapsulated packet according to one or more services. The method may further comprise: in response to the network device receiving the decapsulated packet processed by the service path, sending the decapsulated packet, or generating and sending a second encapsulated packet, towards a destination address.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for capturing network traffic in a computing environment comprising a plurality of computing devices. A data capture definition defines a network element of interest and data traffic that is to be captured for the network element. The network element to selectively identifies the data packets to be captured. The identified packets are encapsulated within a VXLAN session and sent to a storage service.

Abstract: Methods and devices for providing routing path and transit delay time data to a device running traceroute on an IP network comprising routing tunnels are described herein. In examples, a tunnel entrance device may copy a hop limit value associated with a traceroute probe into a hop limit field of a tunneled IP header. In other examples, the tunnel entrance device may perform address spoofing to generate an error message with a source address corresponding to an intermediate device disposed within a routing tunnel. In this way, a device executing traceroute may be able to receive network addresses corresponding to intermediate devices in a routing tunnel in order to perform network diagnostics, construct routing tables, determine more efficient routing paths, and so on.

Abstract: Various example embodiments relate generally to supporting path compression in routing of source routed packets in communication networks. Various example embodiments for supporting path compression in routing of source routed packets may be configured to support path compression in routing of source routed packets based on use of various source routing protocols which may be based on various underlying communication protocols. Various example embodiments for supporting path compression in routing of source routed packets may be configured to support path compression in routing of source routed packets based on encoding of a set of hops within a header of a source routed packet using a path identifier (e.g., a path label, a path address, or the like) representing the set of hops (e.g., a set of hops providing a segment of the path, a set of hops providing a protection path configured to protect a portion of the path, or the like).

Abstract: A routing system can provide a Dynamic-Hybrid Forwarding Information Base (DHFIB). A control component of the routing system can build a routing table that includes routing information (e.g., prefixes, addresses, etc.) for use by a first routing component. The routing table can be ordered or ranked based on traffic information from the first routing component. Then, the control component can create the DHFIB from the routing table, wherein the DHFIB is a portion of the routing table and related to the first routing component. As such, the portion of the routing table selected for the DHFIB can be the set of prefixes in the routing table that represent the most frequently routed or most important prefixes in the routing table. Finally, the control component can forward the DHFIB to the first routing component to allow the routing component to route communications.

Abstract: A wireless repeater device and a configuration method for the same are provided. The wireless repeater device is configured to: connect to a target network provided by a DHCP server; send a detection packet to the target network to confirm transmission modes supported by the DHCP server; confirm whether a request for dynamically obtaining an IP address from a client device is received; forward a request packet to the DHCP server, which instructs the DHCP server to respond in a first transmission mode; receive a response to the request from the DHCP server and forward it to the client device; confirm whether the request from the client device is still received, if so, modify the request packet and forward it to the DHCP server, and the request packet is modified to instruct the DHCP server to respond in a second transmission mode.

Abstract: A hybrid dynamic database schema is described. The schema is a hybrid of both horizontal and vertical database schema, in that, while a vertical schema has only one dimension—dimension value pair per table/record, the hybrid schema of the present invention provides for multiple dimension—dimension value pairs per table/record. The schema provides for additional fields, so called “DimSet” fields, with each additional field comprising one and typically multiple dimension—dimension value pairs. Thus, while a vertical database schema can only perform aggregation/segregation using one isolated dimension—dimension pair, the hybrid schema of the present invention is capable of performing multiple aggregations/segregation processes simultaneously (i.e., in parallel) using the multiple dimension fields. The dynamic nature of the database schema is realized by the ability of the schema to support various different additional fields (i.e.

Abstract: A system and method that allows for information relating to data and communication resource usage to be gathered and analyzed such that particular data transactions and usage of network accessible software applications can be classified based on purpose and/or type. Further, the system and method provide reporting based on amount of usage and/or purpose or type of usage so that associated costs and usage can be calculated applied and allocated to particular accounts, divisions, groups or individuals within and outside of a company or entity. Further, the system may disable features of or access to network accessible software applications based on lack or use, limited use or other metrics that fall outside of threshold ranges or values.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture are disclosed herein to enable data aggregation and pattern adaptation in hardware acceleration subsystems. In some examples, a hardware acceleration subsystem includes a first scheduler, a first hardware accelerator coupled to the first scheduler to process at least a first data element and a second data element, and a first load store engine coupled to the first hardware accelerator, the first load store engine configured to communicate with the first scheduler at a superblock level by sending a done signal to the first scheduler in response to determining that a block count is equal to a first BPR value and aggregate the first data element and the second data element based on the first BPR value to generate a first aggregated data element.

Abstract: The method includes: receiving, by a first device, a first packet from a second device, where the first packet includes a primary scheduling identifier, and the primary scheduling identifier is used to identify that the second device has permission to select a path; determining, by the first device, a first path used to transmit the first packet; sending, by the first device, a second packet to the second device by using the first path, where the second packet includes a following identifier, and the following identifier is used to identify that the first device sends the packet by using a transmission path selected by a device other than the first device. This can ensure that a same path is used for bidirectional packet transmission between two communication parties while ensuring service quality, in a complex SD-WAN path selection scenario.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for acquisition of an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)/IPv6 neighbour cache at a user plane function (UPF) entity without performing deep packet inspection for every packet that traverses a network. The ARP broadcast/Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) neighbour solicitation multicast from any Ethernet client (a user equipment (UE) or clients behind the UE or clients in a data network (DN)) is responded to by the UPF entity itself, by looking up the ARP/IPv6 Neighbour cache built in the UPF entity, irrespective of whether the UPF entity acts as the core Ethernet switch or whether the core Ethernet switch is in the DN. The solution is simplified to always intercept ARP at the UPF entity and respond to it based on a local ARP/IPv6 Neighbour cache.

Abstract: A gateway (1), arranged for providing cloud connectivity to a network of communicatively interconnected network nodes. The gateway (1) comprises a backend function (2)and a plurality of physical frontend devices (3), for deployment in the network. The frontend devices (3) communicatively connect(4)to the backend function (2) for exchanging messages between a network node and the backend function (2). The backend function (2) is common to the plurality of frontend devices (3) and arranged in a at least one server of a plurality of operatively connected servers, that may form part of the cloud, thereby providing for ‘cloud processing’ or ‘virtual processing’ of the messages for exchange thereof with the cloud. The physical frontend devices (3) may be designed to comprise transceiver functionality.

Abstract: A method of communicating messages between modules in a system on a vehicle, each module configured as a publisher node and/or subscriber node, the publisher nodes and the subscriber nodes collectively forming a plurality of nodes that communicate in the operation of the vehicle. One method includes communicating, by a subscriber node, with a registry for information to determine if a new message associated with a first topic is available for reading, determining, by each subscriber node, if a new message associated with the first topic is available for reading, in response to determining a new message associated with the first topic is available for reading, reading from the registry location information indicating where the first message is stored in a first message buffer, and reading, by each subscriber node the first message from the first message buffer using the location information.

Abstract: A communications method includes receiving, by a first provider edge (PE) device, a data packet from a second PE device and avoiding, by the first PE device, sending the data packet to the second PE device in response to determining that a source address of the data packet is the same as an address of the second PE device in an entry. The source address of the data packet is the same as the address of the second PE in the entry stored in the first PE device. A customer edge (CE) device is multi-homed to the first PE device and the second PE device in an all-active mode. The CE device is connected to the first PE device through a first connection and the second PE device through a second connection. The first connection and the second connection belonging to a same Ethernet segment.

Abstract: This disclosure describes techniques that include determining, at an egress node in an SRm6 network, how to process a packet that may arrive without a segment routing header and/or a compressed routing header. In one example, this disclosure describes a method that includes receiving, by an egress node of a segment routing network, segment routing advertisements; configuring, by the egress node and based on the segment routing advertisements, information enabling the egress node to recognize encapsulated packets arriving at the egress node without a compressed routing header; receiving, by the egress node, a packet that does not have a compressed routing header; and de-encapsulating, by the egress node and based on the stored information, the packet.

Abstract: A quality of service adjusting method based on application categories is configured to adjust a Quality of Service (QoS) of a communication device. A network session processing step is performed to drive a hardware accelerator to process a plurality of network sessions. A packet receiving step is performed to drive a processing unit to receive a first packet group of each of the network sessions. A packet analyzing step is performed to execute a packet inspecting module to analyze a plurality of packet data of the first packet group of each of the network sessions, and to classify an application corresponding to each of the network sessions. A list establishing step is performed to establish a priority list. A bandwidth distributing step is performed to distribute a network bandwidth to a second packet group of each of the network sessions according to the priority list.

Abstract: A BRAS system-based packet encapsulation method includes obtaining user access information when receiving a user access protocol packet and performing VXLAN GPE encapsulation on the user access protocol packet based on the user access information. The encapsulation structure includes a user information header that is used to store the user access information, and a quantity of bytes occupied by the user information header is less than or equal to 12. In this application, the foregoing encapsulation structure is used to encapsulate a packet.

Abstract: A system of nodes configured to form a network comprising virtual links in an overlay network provisioned over an underlay network including servers of a public network. The system includes virtual routers (VRs) at each node. Each VR is coupled to the network and to a tenant of the node, and configured to form in the network a set of virtual links corresponding to the tenant. One or more VRs includes a feedback control system comprising an objective function that characterizes the network. The VR is configured to receive link state data of the set of virtual links and control routing of a tenant traffic flow of each tenant according to a best route of the network determined by the objective function using the link state data.

Abstract: A virtual network interface controller (NIC) associated with a virtual machine in a cloud computing network is configured to support one or more network containers that encapsulate networking configuration data and policies that are applicable to a specific discrete computing workload to thereby enable the virtual machine to simultaneously belong to multiple virtual networks using the single NIC. The network containers supported by the NIC can be associated with a single tenant to enable additional flexibility such quickly switching between virtual networks and support pre-provisioning of additional computing resources with associated networking policies for rapid deployment. The network containers can also be respectively associated with different tenants so that the single NIC can support multi-tenant services on the same virtual machine.

Abstract: Functionality for creating a bit routing table for use in a bit-indexed explicit replication (“BIER”) environment in disclosed herein. In one embodiment, this functionality includes receiving information from a host, and determining whether the information comprises a MAC address that is a bit-indexed explicit replication (“BIER”) MAC address. In response to determining that the information comprises a BIER MAC address, this functionality creates an entry corresponding to the MAC address in a bit routing table. This functionality also analyzes the information to determine a bit position that is associated with the host, and also determines a port via which the host is reachable. The functionality updates the bit routing table by storing information identifying the bit position and the port in the entry, such that the bit position and the port both correspond to the MAC address. This functionality can be used to route packets in a BIER environment.

Abstract: A fabric for container virtual machines (CM) has cross fabric spine switches coupled to spine switches, each spine switch coupled to has a leaf switches, each leaf switch coupled to servers hosting CVM processes. Each of the leaf switches has an uplink port coupled to a spine switch leaf port configured in a mesh. The spine switches have a plurality of uplink ports for coupling to a plurality of cross fabric spine (CFS) ports into a mesh. The cross fabric spine switches keep a CF-NHCIB table of entries containing capabilities, and also a CF-FIB slice table which maintains entries for assignment of CVMs to new spine switches, such as GTID range, MAC Range, IP range associated with a spine port and spine address (MAC and/or IP) for transferring packets through the fabric.

Abstract: Systems and methods include obtaining a table having a plurality of addresses each having a plurality of attributes and classifications; responsive to a requirement to reduce a size of the table, reducing a number of the plurality of addresses based on one or more reduction approaches that use any of the plurality of attributes and classifications; and obtaining an output table having some or all of the plurality of addresses for a table receiver. The table can be obtained via control plane components including one or more of Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). The requirement to reduce the size is based on a size of the table and a size of memory associated with the table receiver.

Abstract: A network device has an input configured to receive a message relating to a given device attempting to forward one or more packets across a computer network. The message has given device information relating to the given device. In addition, the routing device also has a selector, operatively coupled with the input, configured to select (after receiving the given data) a given group routing policy from a plurality of group routing policies. Preferably, the selector is configured to select the given group routing policy as a function of the given device information. The routing device also has an output operatively coupled with the selector. The output is configured to cause routing of device communication across the network using link-layer routes specified by the given group routing policy.

Abstract: A visibility platform can be used to monitor traffic traversing private cloud infrastructures and/or public cloud infrastructures. In some instances, the traffic is provided to a set of network services that are accessible to the visibility platform. These network services can be provisioned in a serial or parallel fashion. Network service chaining can be used to ensure that traffic streams skip unnecessary network services and receive only those network services that are needed. For example, an email service chain can include virus, spam, and phishing detection, while a video streaming service chain can include traffic shaping policies to satisfy quality of service (QoS) guarantees. When the visibility platform is represented as a graph that makes use of action sets, network service chains can be readily created or destroyed on demand.

Abstract: Techniques for cross-domain routing using a fractionated cross-domain solution (F-CDS) are disclosed. A first intermediate node operating in a first physical device in an assured pipeline of the F-CDS receives a data item originating at a source node in a first security domain. The first intermediate node applies a first data filter to determine that the data item complies with a data security requirement of the F-CDS. The first intermediate node transmits the data item to a second intermediate node operating in a second physical device in the assured pipeline of the F-CDS. The second intermediate node applies a second data filter to redundantly determine that first data item complies with the data security requirement of the F-CDS. The second intermediate node transmits the data item to a recipient node in a second security domain via the assured pipeline.

Abstract: A data writing and reading method and apparatus, and a cloud storage system. The data writing method includes an access node receiving a data write request, identifying domain identification information contained in the data write request when failing to obtain an available management node, and querying a pre-saved index according to the domain identification information, wherein the index includes a correspondence between a resource pool and domain identification information, identifying a target resource pool that matches the domain identification information, each resource pool including at least one storage server, determining, from at least one storage server included in the target resource pool, one of the storage servers as a target storage server, and writing data to be written into the target storage server, to ensure that the cloud storage system operates normally without additional cost when all management nodes are at fault or the management node cluster network is abnormal.

Abstract: Technologies for load balancing a storage network include a system. The system includes circuitry to adjust routing rules in a network interface controller to deliver a packet from one of multiple uplinks to one of any physical functions, circuitry to remap, in response to a failure of a switch, a port from one physical function to another physical function, and circuitry to communicate control data between a software defined network controller and one or more agents in one or more host endpoints with a hierarchical distributed hashing table.

Abstract: Each switch unit in a networking system shares its local state information among other switch units in the networking system, collectively referred to as the shared forwarding state. Each switch unit creates a respective set of output queues that correspond to ports on other switch unites based on the shared forwarding state. A received packet on an ingress switch unit operating in accordance with a first routing protocol instance can be enqueued on an output queue in the ingress switch; the packet is subsequently processed by the egress switch unit, operating in accordance with a second routing protocol instance that corresponds to the output queue.

Abstract: In general, this disclosure describes a cloud exchange (or “cloud exchange”) that offers a cloud-to-cloud interface (CCI) for interconnecting cloud services to tenants within public clouds. As described herein, the cloud exchange may be configured with a cloud-to-cloud interface that enables tenant applications of a public cloud to subscribe to and communicate with cloud services, using an end-to-end layer 3 path, in some cases without requiring a separate routing protocol session with a public edge device for the public cloud. In some examples, the public cloud provides a virtual layer 2 connection from a tenant within a public cloud to a routing instance of the cloud exchange, and the cloud exchange uses the routing instance to route service traffic between the tenant and the cloud services.

Abstract: In a virtual extensible local area network (VXLAN) packet encapsulation and policy execution method, a communications device determines an application identifier for identifying an application type of an Ethernet frame, and places the application identifier in a VXLAN header. Another device may directly execute a corresponding policy based on the application identifier in the VXLAN header and without analyzing a packet.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an output bus configured to store data, a match table, one or more storage devices, and logic. The match table is configured to store a plurality of entries, each entry including a key value, wherein the match table specifies a matching entry in response to being queried by the query data. The one or more storage devices are configured to store operation information for each of the plurality of entries stored in the match table. The operation information specifies one or more instructions associated with each respective entry in the plurality of entries stored in the match table. The logic is configured to receive one or more operands from the output bus, identify one or more instructions from the one or more storage devices, and generate, based on the one or more instructions and the one or more operands, processed data.

Abstract: Methods for tracing a packet in a pipeline comprising a set of tables, in an SDN using OpenFlow. The packet comprises a trace bit, and is provided with a TTL value. A first network node indicates to a second network node to have each flow table decrement the TTL value by 1, based upon the trace bit. The first network node initially sets the TTL to be 1, and then sends the packet to a first table in the second network node. The first network node receives the packet, from another table in the set, and for every remaining table, and one table at a time: a) increments the TTL value by 1, and b) repeats the sending, and the receiving, until a last table is reached or a criterion is met. The first network node then indicates a route followed by the packet.

Abstract: Systems and methods for analyzing available networks and transferring data via a two-way radio transmission are described herein. An example method may commence with collecting, by a data collection device, asset data. The method may continue with preprocessing, by the data collection device, the asset data for transmission. The method may further include dynamically analyzing, by the data collection device, networks available for transmission of the asset data determining a mode for the transmission of the asset data. The method may further include transmitting, by at least one of the data collection device and a two-way radio device communicatively coupled to the data collection device, the asset data to a data server. The asset data may be transmitted based on the mode for the transmission via at least one communication channel and at least one intermediate device.

Abstract: A reception apparatus including reception circuitry and processing circuitry is provided. The reception circuitry is configured to receive control information and content, the control information including resource sharing information indicating whether a resource is shared among a plurality of applications. The processing circuitry is configured to control, based on the resource sharing information, sharing of the resource among the plurality of applications. The resource sharing information includes an identifier that is associated with the plurality of applications among which the resource is shared. The resource includes at least one file associated with at least one of the plurality of applications.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a network emulation application emulates network conditions when testing a software application. In response to a request to emulate a first set of network conditions for a first client device that is executing the software application, causing a kernel to implement a first pipeline and to automatically input network traffic associated with the first client device to the first pipeline instead of a default bridge. In response to a request to emulate a second set of network conditions for a second client device that is executing the software application, causing the kernel to implement a second pipeline and to automatically input network traffic associated with the second client device to the second pipeline instead of the default bridge. Each of the pipelines perform one or more traffic shaping operations on at least a subset of the network traffic input into the pipeline.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a method receives a packet for a flow from a first application in a first workload to a second application in a second workload. The packet includes an inner header that includes layer 4 information for the first application. The method determines if a setting indicates an outer source port in an outer header should be generated using layer 4 information from the inner header. The setting is based on an analysis of packet types in the flow to determine if fragmented packets are sent. When the setting indicates the outer source port in the outer header should be generated using layer 4 information from the inner header, the method generates the outer source port using the layer 4 information for the first application from the inner header. The packet is encapsulated using the outer header, wherein the outer header includes the outer source port.

Abstract: A wireless device receives, from a base station, a radio resource control message comprising at least one packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) configuration parameter indicating Ethernet header compression for a data radio bearer. The wireless device receives, from the base station and based on the at least one PDCP configuration parameter, mapping information between: a source medium access control (MAC) address and a destination MAC address; and a corresponding header compression index. The wireless device receives a compressed Ethernet packet: compressed based on the mapping information; and comprising the corresponding header compression index.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices map an arbitrary number of Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instances to an Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) instance (EVI) of a leaf and spine network. For example, a spine network device executes a primary EVI to provide an EVPN to a plurality of leaf network devices, each leaf network device executing a secondary EVI to provide a plurality of network virtualization overlays to tenants of the network. The primary EVI is associated with a primary VRF instance, and each secondary EVI of the plurality of secondary EVIs is associated with a secondary VRF instance of a plurality of secondary VRF instances. The spine network device defines mappings between routes within the primary VRF instance and routes within each secondary VRF instance. The spine network device translates, based on the one or more mappings, network traffic between the primary EVI and the plurality of secondary EVIs.

Abstract: A network device has an input configured to receive a message relating to a given user attempting to forward one or more packets across a computer network. The message has given user information relating to the given user. In addition, the routing device also has a selector, operatively coupled with the input, configured to select (after receiving the message) a given group routing policy from a plurality of group routing policies. Preferably, the selector is configured to select the given group routing policy as a function of the given user information. The routing device also has an output operatively coupled with the selector. The output is configured to cause routing of user communication across the network using link-layer routes specified by the given group routing policy.

Abstract: The present disclosure involves systems and methods for managing a trie routing table for a networking device of a communication or computer network. In one implementation, the networking device may utilize a dynamic algorithm for associating hashing functions with pivot tiles of the routing table to improve hash utilization and avoid hash collisions. Further, route prefixes may be relocated from pivot tiles in an attempt to free the tiles for reallocation to other prefix base width or may be relocated to other possible pivot tiles or to a general storage space when a hash collision is detected. This provides for even distribution of pivots within tiles which have base widths in range of a pivot route. The above implementations may occur together or separately to improve the operation of the networking device and provide faster route lookup.

Abstract: A communication system includes a central cloud server to determine a primary communication path between a radio access network (RAN) node and one or more user equipment (UEs) via a first set of edge devices of a plurality of edge devices. The central cloud server determines a secondary communication path between the RAN node and the one or more UEs via a second set of edge devices, and causes the first set of edge devices to establish the determined primary communication path to service the one or more UEs for uplink and downlink communication. The central cloud server control switching from the primary communication path to the secondary communication path within a threshold time based on a presence of a signal obstruction in the primary communication path to maintain a continuity in the service to the one or more UEs for the uplink and downlink communication.

Abstract: This application provides a network configuration method, apparatus, and system. The method includes: determining, based on a mapping relationship, that a first data node in a first YANG data model corresponds to a second data node in a second YANG data model, where the first data node and the second data node include a same indication operation, and the mapping relationship includes a correspondence between a data node in the first YANG data model and a data node in the second YANG data model; and generating a first packet based on the second data node.

Abstract: A router includes a memory configured to store a plurality of label spaces for each label space type used in a communication system. The plurality of label spaces store labels that identify virtual links between nodes of the communication system. The router also includes a processor configured to allocate a plurality of label space identifiers to the plurality of label spaces and to route packets based on labels and label space identifiers included in the packets. The router further includes a transceiver configured to transmit or receive the packets including the labels and the label space identifiers.

Abstract: A relay device includes a plurality of ports, a medium access control unit, and a relay processing unit. Each of the plurality of ports provides a physical layer. The medium access control unit is connected to the plurality of ports. The medium access control unit receives a communication frame from one port out of the plurality of ports. The medium access control unit transmits the communication frame to another port out of the plurality of ports. The relay processing unit transmits, in cooperation with the medium access control unit and through the medium access control unit, the communication frame received from the medium access control unit to another port that corresponds to destination information included in the communication frame.

Abstract: A method and corresponding set-up system arrangement are provided for actuating execution units. A communication node is further provided which is suitable for use in the method or in the system arrangement. Also provided is a computer program comprising control commands which implement the proposed method or operate the proposed system arrangement.