Abstract: Bundling a cross-board Point-to-Point (PPP) Multilink Protocol (MP), according to an example, includes: negotiating with a first device, by a second device, to determine a maximum number of sessions supported by an MP link, when the MP link is established between the first device and the second device, allocating, by the second device, sessions to interfaces board of the second device such that the sessions are distributed among a plurality of interface boards of the second device; when receiving an MP fragment packet from the first device, the second device determines an interface board to which a session is allocated according to a session identification (ID) of the MP fragment packet, and sends the MP fragment packet to that interface board.

Abstract: Systems and methods disclosed herein substantially concurrently transfer a plurality of streams of commands, addresses, and/or data across a corresponding plurality of serialized communication link interfaces (SCLIs) between one or more originating devices or destination devices such as a processor and a switch. At the switch, one or more commands, addresses, or data corresponding to each stream can be transferred to a corresponding destination memory vault controller (MVC) associated with a corresponding memory vault. The destination MVC can perform write operations, read operations, and/or memory vault housekeeping operations independently from concurrent operations associated with other MVCs coupled to a corresponding plurality of memory vaults.

Abstract: A system, method and apparatus for reducing a power consumed by a physical layer device (PHY). A length of a cable connecting the PHY to a link partner is determined. Based on the length, power provided to one or more components of the PHY, or any portion thereof, is reduced. The power provided is reduced while maintaining a level of reliability specified by a protocol governing operation of the PHY. The length can be determined using time-domain reflectometry (TDR) techniques. Any portion of an echo cancellation filter, a crosstalk filter, an equalizer, a precoder, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a forward error correction (FEC) decoder and/or an FEC coder can be powered-down or power-optimized to reduce the overall power consumed by the PHY. The protocol governing operation of the PHY can be IEEE 802.3.

Abstract: A method for temporary storage of data units including receiving a first data unit to store in a hardware linked list queue on a communications adapter, reading a first index value from the first data unit, determining that the first index value does match an existing index value of a first linked list, and storing the first data unit in the hardware linked list queue as a member of the first linked list. The method further includes receiving a second data unit, reading a second index value from the second data unit, determining that the second index value does not match any existing index value, allocating space in the hardware linked list queue for a second linked list, and storing the second data unit in the second linked list.

Abstract: Methods and systems for presence based telephony call signaling are presented. An incoming call is received at a computer, where the computer includes a computer loudspeaker and computer display. A headset donned state or a headset doffed state is identified for a wireless headset, where the wireless headset includes a headset speaker and headset output user interface. A proximity between the wireless headset and the computer is determined. An incoming call notification is output to the headset speaker, the headset output user interface, the computer loudspeaker, or the computer display responsive to identifying the headset donned state or headset doffed state and determining the headset proximity.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for network reentry of a Mobile Station (MS) in a wireless communication system are provided. The method includes receiving allocation of a context search identifier from a network while a network entry procedure is performed, and transmitting a ranging request message including the allocated context search identifier to a Base Station (BS) when a network reentry event occurs.

Abstract: A first set of frames is received in a data flow and tagged with respective serial numbers identifying an ordering of frames in the first set. The tagged first set is forwarded to a general processor for processing prior to being sent to a remote network element. A data flow policy is received from the general processor based on processing of the first set. A second set of frames of the data flow are received subsequent to forwarding the first set to the general processor. It can be verified, based on the assigned serial numbers, that each frame in the first set has been sent to the remote network element prior to sending frames in the second set. The second set is processed and sent to the remote network element by the network processor, bypassing the general processor, based on the data flow policy.

Abstract: A method for providing Law Enforcement Agencies in a telecommunications network with interception and/or retention data related to a target mobile node in a Proxy Mobile Internet Protocol domain connected to the telecommunications network through a Mobile Access Gateway, comprises the steps of configuring at least one of said Mobile Access Gateway and a Local Mobility Anchor to operate as Intercepting Control Elements or Data Retention sources.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for secure and seamless roaming between internal and external networks. Double and triple tunnels may be used to connect a mobile node to a correspondent host. A mobile node may include the ability to connect to two networks simultaneously to enable seamless roaming between networks.

Abstract: Different sequence resources can be allocated to a mobile device where the mobile device can exclusively uses the sequence resource with regard to a base station during a communication session. However, if another mobile device using another base station is assigned a matching sequence resource, then there can be interference if the mobile devices are relatively close enough together. Therefore, randomization of the sequence resources can take place—moreover, a cyclic shift result can be employed in sequence resource allocation to attempt to minimize interference.

Abstract: Routers balance network traffic among multiple paths through a network according to an amount of bandwidth that can be sent on an outgoing interface computed for each of the paths. For example, a router receives a link bandwidth for network links that are positioned between the first router and a second router of the network, and selects a plurality of forwarding paths from the first router to the second router. Upon determining that one of the network links is shared by multiple of the plurality of forwarding paths, the router computes a path bandwidth for each of the plurality of outgoing interfaces so as to account for splitting of link bandwidth of the shared network link across the multiple forwarding paths that share the network link. The router assigns packet flows to the forwarding paths based at least on the computed amount of bandwidth for each of the outgoing interfaces.

Abstract: An Ethernet Digital Storage (EDS) Card and satellite transmission system is provided for receiving, storing, and transmitting files. A data stream is received and may be stored at the receiver or routed as TCP/IP packets. The EDS Card includes an HTTP server. A DHCP on the EDS card provides dynamic configuration of the card's IP address. The EDS card includes a PPP and modem processor. The EDS card includes an event scheduler. A command processor keeps a built-in log of audio spots played. Files may be transmitted from the EDS card via an M&C port, an Ethernet port, or an auxiliary RS-232 port. Files may be received from a data stream from a satellite, an M&C port, an Ethernet port, or an auxiliary RS-232 port. The EDS card also provides time shifting and may be used without a satellite feed as an HTTP-controlled router with storage.

Abstract: A handheld field maintenance bus monitor is provided. The handheld field maintenance bus monitor is coupleable to at least one process communication loop, and is configured to capture and store a selected quantity of digital communication observed on the process communication loop during a capture period. Optionally, the handheld field maintenance bus monitor may be configured to couple to and interact with process communication loops of at least two different process communication protocols, such as HART® and FOUNDATION™. A method of analyzing captured and stored communication data is also provided.

Abstract: A network device 200 for relaying packets includes a network interface 220, a forwarding engine 240, a state change controller 274, a device state controller 276 and a device information table 278. The state change controller 274 and the device state controller 276 cooperatively determine whether a packet receiver port that has received a sleep notification packet among a plurality of ports included in the network interface 220 has setting of link aggregation. When link aggregation is set for the packet receiver port, the state change controller 274 and the device state controller 276 keep the packet receiver port in a power ON state, while all other ports, which belong to an identical link aggregation group are to a power OFF state.

Abstract: A network policy configuration method. The network policy configuration method includes: establishing correlation information between a virtual switch and physical network devices; when an operation event aimed at a virtual machine occurs, sending a first network policy configuration message aimed at the virtual machine to a virtual switch corresponding to the virtual machine, where the first network policy configuration message is used to instruct the virtual switch to perform network policy configuration; and acquiring, according to the correlation information, physical network devices correlated to the virtual switch, and sending second network policy configuration messages aimed at the virtual machine to the physical network devices correlated to the virtual switch, where the second network policy configuration messages are used to instruct the physical network devices to perform network policy configuration.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided. Physical medium dependent (PMD) sublayer logic is configured to communicate with a communications medium. Physical medium attachment (PMA) sublayer logic is coupled to the PMD logic. Forward error correction (FEC) sublayer logic is coupled to the PMA sublayer logic, and physical coding (PCS) sublayer logic is configured to communicate with an interface. A transmit path is coupled to the transmit data in a second clock domain to the FEC sublayer logic. A first read pointer circuit is coupled to transmit path. A write pointer circuit is coupled to the transmit path. A receive path is coupled to receive data in the second clock domain from the FEC sublayer logic. A second read pointer circuit is coupled to the receive path, where the first read pointer circuit, the second read pointer circuit, and the write pointer circuits are each configured to detect gaps between the first and second clock domains.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system and method for implementing auto-configurable default polarity. More specifically, the present invention relates to a transceiver module comprising, for example, a single chip multi-sublayer PHY, where the single chip multi-sublayer PHY is adapted to implement auto-configurable default polarity. In one embodiment, the transceiver module comprises at least one program module adapted to be programmed with at least a default polarity setting. The single-chip multi-sublayer PHY comprises at least one selection register communicating with at least the program module, where the selection register is adapted to store at least the default polarity setting. The single chip multi-sublayer PHY further comprises at least one multiplexer communicating with at least the selection register and adapted to select one polarity from at least two possible polarities based at least in part on the default polarity setting.

Abstract: A vehicle, comprises a vehicle network bus and a mobile router. The mobile router comprises a local area network interface comprising a first wireless transceiver of a first predetermined type to provide a link to first a local area network and a wide area network interface comprising a second wireless transceiver of a second predetermined type to provide a link to a wide area network. One of the wide area network interface and the local area network interface is selectively operable to establish a wireless communication link with a network management system comprising a communication server. The router further comprises an application executable by at least one processor to selectively acquire predetermined data from the vehicle network bus. The communication agent is operable to upload the predetermined data to the network management system.

Abstract: A modular, high-availability network for an industrial control system employs a plurality of base modules having backplane and using network ring topology. Base modules may include I/O base modules for communicating with industrial processes or machines, an adapter base module for communicating with a programmable logic controller (PLC) and/or a bus expansion base module for providing additional I/O base modules. Base modules may be arranged side-by-side, having a backplane in a bank. Another embodiment may include having plurality of banks. The network ring topology used by the base modules is normally opened by a ring supervisor at the ring supervisor location. Upon failure of the network, the ring supervisor reconnects the ring to provide an alternative transmission path around the failure point.

Abstract: A method for communication, includes allocating, in a network interface controller (NIC) a single dynamically-connected (DC) initiator context for serving requests from an initiator process running on the initiator host to transmit data to multiple target processes running on one or more target nodes. The NIC transmits a first connect packet directed to a first target process and referencing the DC initiator context so as to open a first dynamic connection with the first target process. The NIC receives over the packet network, in response to the first connect packet, a first acknowledgment packet containing a first session identifier (ID). Following receipt of the first acknowledgment packet, the NIC transmits one or more first data packets containing the first session ID over the first dynamic connection from the NIC to the first target process. Dynamic connections with other target processes may subsequently be handled in similar fashion.

Abstract: An outlet for a Local Area Network (LAN), containing an integrated adapter that converts VoIP to and from analog telephony, and a standard telephone jack (e.g. RJ-11 in North America) for connecting an ordinary analog (POTS) telephone set. Such an outlet allows using analog telephone sets in a VoIP environment, eliminating the need for an IP telephone set or external adapter. The outlet may also include a hub that allows connecting both an analog telephone set via an adapter, as well as retaining the data network connection, which may be accessed by a network jack. The invention may also be applied to a telephone line-based data networking system. In such an environment, the data networking circuitry as well as the VoIP/POTS adapters are integrated into a telephone outlet, providing for regular analog service, VoIP telephony service using an analog telephone set, and data networking as well. In such a configuration, the outlet requires two standard telephone jacks and a data-networking jack.

Abstract: A common-direction duplexer may include a common port, a first-band port, and a second-band port. The common-direction duplexer may also include a first filter between the common port and the first-band port. The first filter may be configured to pass a first frequency range and filter out a second frequency range and a third frequency range. The first and second frequency ranges may be associated with a first-direction signal transmitted in the first and/or second frequency range. The third frequency range may be spectrally between the first and second frequency ranges and may be associated with a second-direction signal that propagates in a direction opposite that of the first-direction signal. The common-direction duplexer may also include a second filter between the common port and the second-band port. The second filter may be configured to pass the second frequency range and filter out the first and third frequency ranges.

Abstract: An adjunct network device includes several ports, an uplink interface, and an adjunct forwarding engine coupled to the ports and the uplink interface. A first port is configured to receive a packet, which includes a destination address. The adjunct forwarding engine is configured to send the packet to the uplink interface if the destination address is not associated with any of the ports. The packet is sent to one of the ports if the destination address is associated with the one of the ports.

Abstract: A signal line sharing protocol and hardware permit control of a remotely located active device configured to provide different load configurations to an antenna. As an example, the communication system may include a master device. The master device may include a general purpose output and a radio frequency port. The communication system may further include a first duplexer and a second duplexer. The first duplexer may include a first port, a second port, and a third port, where the second port is coupled to the radio frequency port and the third port is coupled to the general purpose output of the master device. The second duplexer may include a first port, a second port, and a third port, where the first port of the second duplexer is in communication with the first port of the first duplexer, wherein the second port is coupled to an antenna, and where the third port is in communication with a slave device. The slave device may be coupled to the antenna.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for a gateway device that can execute applications which can communicate with various devices in one or more home networks as well as one or more wide area networks. The gateway device can possess capabilities to communicate over various types of proprietary and/or standardized networks. Additionally, the gateway device can be equipped with the ability to communicate with home devices that are directly coupled to the gateway device. The gateway device can also include a mass storage component that allows storage of data on behalf of applications executed therein.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for steering network packets. According to one embodiment, a dynamically configurable steering table is stored within a memory of each network interface of a networking routing/switching device. The steering table represents a mapping that logically assigns each of the network interfaces to one of multiple packet processing resources of the network routing/switching device. The steering table has contained therein information indicative of a unique identifier/address of the assigned packet processing resource. Responsive to receiving a packet on a network interface, the network interface performs Layer 1 or Layer 2 steering of the received packet to the assigned packet processing resource by retrieving the information indicative of the unique identifier/address of the assigned packet processing resource from the steering table based on a channel identifier associated with the received packet and the received packet is processed by the assigned packet processing resource.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described that reduce the amount of forwarding table state on components within routers. This is performed by having a router line card generate a prefix-request message to its central processor which contains a full routing table. Line cards only populate their forwarding tables for packets needed to transmit. By being only concerned with information of packets that are traversing each line card, the amount of required memory and processing required may be reduced for a complete forwarding table.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a computationally-networked unified data bus for a multi-processing domain architecture. Specifically, in a typical embodiment, a unified data bus is provided. A first data bus adapter (e.g., a node) is coupled to the unified data bus (e.g., a link), and a first processing domain is coupled to the first data bus adapter. In general, the first data bus adapter encapsulates, translates, and interprets data communicated between the unified data bus and the first processing domain. In addition, a second data bus adapter (e.g., a node) is coupled to the unified data bus and a second processing domain is coupled to the second data bus adapter. Similar to the first data bus adapter, the second data bus adapter encapsulates, translates, and interprets data communicated between the unified data bus and the second processing domain.

Abstract: A data packet router enables a mobile communication device to access a WAN such as the Internet via a PC connected to the WAN. The router comprises bearer plug-in modules which each enable connection between the mobile communication device and the computer over a different bearer. The PC is therefore used as an internet access point for mobile communication devices which can use any conventional bearer to connect to the PC (USB, RS232, Bluetooth wireless etc.). Hence, a mobile telephone could gain web access using conventional WAP or, with the present invention, it could also be connected to a PC using a convenient bearer and hence gain access to the internet via the PC. Because the router uses bearer plug-in modules, it is possible to write new bearer modules as and when new bearers are developed and to readily add them to upgrade existing implementations. This is valuable since new connectivity standards (and enhancements to old standards) are continually under development.

Abstract: A communication apparatus comprises: a memory unit which correlates a label assigned to a packet and an address of a source of the packet, and memorizes them as an entry; a receiving unit which receives a packet from a network; a learning unit which judges whether or not there exists an entry corresponding to the received packet in the memory unit, and in case there exists no entry corresponding to the received packet in the memory unit, stores a label assigned to the received packet and an address of a source of the received packet in the memory unit; and a processing unit which, in case there exists an entry corresponding to the received packet in the memory unit, assigns an address corresponding to the received packet to the received packet.

Abstract: A communication system of a vehicle receives data in wireless vehicle-to-surroundings. The communication system includes multiple control devices. A receiving control device receives data from objects located in the surroundings of the vehicle, and a communication stack is processed during reception. In order for the data to be expediently and effectively acquired, the received data is sorted into at least two classes of relevance and is further processed in the communication stack according to the class of relevance.

Abstract: An intelligent electronic device (IED) configured to supervise a process having a state has at least one of a current, voltage or resistive input configured to monitor the state of the process, a binary status input configured to monitor the state of the process, a binary status input configured to receive a digitally encoded serial communication package for monitoring the state of the process, a control output configured to output a signal to control process protection, control, or automation, or a combination thereof, or a control output configured to output a digitally encoded serial communication package to control protection, control, or automation, or a combination thereof. The IED is also configured to facilitate digital communication between at least two compatible devices by directing communication packets from ports connected to an originating compatible device to ports connected to a destination compatible device.

Abstract: Status of complex system functions is diagnosed and reported by analyzing traffic on a data network of the complex system. The network traffic may be placed on the data network by systems that perform functions for the complex system. A user may make a view selection via a remote user interface. The view selection identifies rules for determining a status of a selected subset of the functions or a status of selected ones of the functions for a selected state of operation, such as during initial power-up. The status of the functions may be determined from the network traffic using the rules and presented to the user via the user interface. The user may interact with the presentation to make different view selections. Multiple different view selections made via multiple different user interfaces may be supported simultaneously.

Abstract: Adaptive packet routing is employed in a multiprocessor network configuration such as an InfiniBand switch architecture. Packets are routed from host to host through one or more switches. Upon receipt of a packet at a switch, the packet header is inspected to determine the destination host. A destination field in the header is used to index into a lookup table or other memory, which produces a route type and an output port grouping. Depending on the route type, one or more primary and secondary output port candidates are identified. An output port arbitration module chooses an output port from which to send a given packet, using congestion sensing inputs for the specified ports. A heuristic may include the congestion information that is provided to the arbitration module. Switching may be performed among minimal or non-minimal routes along each hop in the path, depending upon link and packet injection information.

Abstract: A data interface for transferring digital data between a host and a client over a communication path using packet structures linked together to form a communication protocol for communicating a pre-selected set of digital control and presentation data. The signal protocol is used by link controllers configured to generate, transmit, and receive packets forming the communications protocol, and to form digital data into one or more types of data packets, with at least one residing in the host device and being coupled to the client through the communications path. The interface provides a cost-effective, low power, bi-directional, high-speed data transfer mechanism over a short-range “serial” type data link, which lends itself to implementation with miniature connectors and thin flexible cables which are especially useful in connecting display elements such as wearable micro-displays to portable computers and wireless communication devices.

Abstract: Ingress and egress port packets for a connection between a first node and second node are mirrored to a mirroring port on a network switch. A count of ingress and egress port packets associated with a handshake process is determined. Duplicate mirrored packets associated with the connection are filtered based at least in part on the count.

Abstract: The present invention extends to methods, systems, and computer program products for performing computations in a distributed infrastructure. Embodiments of the invention include a general purpose distributed computation infrastructure that can be used to perform efficient (in-memory), scalable, failure-resilient, atomic, flow-controlled, long-running state-less and state-full distributed computations. Guarantees provided by a distributed computation infrastructure can build upon existent guarantees of an underlying distributed fabric in order to hide the complexities of fault-tolerance, enable large scale highly available processing, allow for efficient resource utilization, and facilitate generic development of stateful and stateless computations. A distributed computation infrastructure can also provide a substrate on which existent distributed computation models can be enhanced to become failure-resilient.

Abstract: A first integrated circuit (IC) includes a first set of M serializer/deserializer (SERDES) modules configured to communicate with a first set of M SERDES modules of a switch IC of a switch, respectively, where M is an integer greater than 1. The first IC includes a first set of N SERDES modules configured to communicate with a first set of N ports of the switch, respectively, where N=(M?1). The first IC includes a first set of N multiplexer modules configured to communicate with (i) the N SERDES modules in the first set of N SERDES modules, respectively, and (ii) the M SERDES modules in the first set of M SERDES modules of the first IC. Each of the N multiplexer modules is configured to communicate with a pair of SERDES modules in the first set of M SERDES modules of the first IC.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for selecting digital (network) interface technology for programming and data delivery over, e.g., a content-based network. In one embodiment, the network comprises an HFC cable or satellite network that includes a server process interfacing with a plurality of customer premises equipment (CPE), and/or associated client devices, each having different capabilities profiles. The server determines the one or more capabilities possessed by the CPE, and evaluates one or more program or content choices for possible delivery to that CPE based on its profile. The server generates a list of programs or content based on this evaluation, and transmits this list to the CPE, which displays the list for viewing by a user. The user is therefore offered a list of available content that is compatible with their specific configuration.

Abstract: A communication apparatus able to maintain and improve the security at the time of retransmission of stored data to a network even in a network environment where multi-home connection can be made. When receiving a job through a network, the communication apparatus identifies the network through which the job is received, adds network information representing the identified network to the job, and stores the network information into a management table when the job is stored into an image forming apparatus. When acquisition of any of data stored in the image forming apparatus is requested by a terminal apparatus, whether a transmission condition is satisfied is determined based the network information for the requested data and transmission destination network information in the management table, and the requested data is transmitted, if the transmission condition is satisfied.

Abstract: The present invention provides systems and methods for providing data transmission speeds at or in excess of 10 gigabits per second between one or more source devices and one or more destination devices. According to one embodiment, the system of the present invention comprises a first and second media access control (MAC) interfaces to facilitate receipt and transmission of packets over an associated set of physical interfaces. The system also contemplates a first and second field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) coupled to the MAC interfaces and an associated first and second memory structures, the first and second FPGAs are configured to perform initial processing of packets received from the first and second MAC interfaces and to schedule the transmission of packets to the first and second MAC interface for transmission to one or more destination devices. The first and second FPGAs are further operative to dispatch and retrieve packets to and from the first and second memory structures.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to providing feedback information for a data stream being sent from a sending endpoint to a receiving endpoint. Both of the endpoints each have multiple physical interfaces connecting each endpoint to multiple networks, respectively. Information as feedback information is gathered regarding a data capacity throughput for each of the multiple physical interfaces connected to the endpoints. The feedback information is split and sent on one or more of the multiple physical interfaces from the receiving endpoint to the sending endpoint. A detection is made, based on the feedback information, whether one or more of the physical interfaces used to send the feedback information have degraded or failed. The feedback information is then reapportioned and sent from the receiving endpoint to the sending endpoint on one or more of the multiple physical interfaces which have not been detected as degraded or failed.

Abstract: In accordance with aspects disclosed herein, impact that a user interface design has on a user's experience is measured. User response to one or more user interface designs is measured. Two or more user interface designs can be compared based on user response to each design. A single user interface design can be evaluated based on one or more measures of user response to the user interface, or two or more user interface designs can be compared using one or more user response measures corresponding to the user interface designs.

Abstract: A regular expression pattern matching circuit based on a pipeline architecture is proposed, which is designed for integration to a data processing system, such as a computer platform, a firewall, or a network intrusion detention system (NIDS), for checking whether an input code sequence (such as a network data packet) is matched to specific patterns predefined by regular expressions. The proposed circuit architecture includes an incremental improvement on an old combination of a comparator circuit module and an NDFA (non-deterministic finite-state automata) circuit module, where the incremental improvement comprises a data signal delay circuit module installed to the comparator circuit module and an enable signal delay circuit module installed to the NDFA circuit module to thereby constitute a multi-sage pipeline architecture that allows a faster processing speed than the prior art.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for traffic flow management within distributed traffic. In one example, among others, a distributed system includes egress ports supported by nodes of the distributed system, cut-through tokens (c-tokens) including an indication of eligibility of the corresponding egress port to handle cut-through traffic, and a cut-through control ring to pass the c-tokens between the nodes. In another example, a method includes determining whether an egress port is available to handle cut-through traffic based upon a corresponding c-token, claiming the egress port for transmission of at least a portion of a packet, and routing it to the claimed egress port for transmission. In another example, a distributed system includes a first node configured to modify an eligibility indication of a c-token before transmission to a second node configured to route at least a portion of a packet based at least in part upon the eligibility indication.

Abstract: The present invention permits an I/O port to be used with a variety of different I/O devices, regardless of their device type implementation. Thus, one set of pins may be used for various different I/O devices.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of packet-oriented protocols. More particularly, the invention concerns a method of operating a protocol parser generated onto a predefined hardware structure. The protocol is packet-oriented and is hierarchically built from different fields in packets. According to the invention, it comprises: —a step of synthesis to define a parser architecture from the hardware structure; —a step of processing parser operations based on the hardware architecture.

Abstract: A Universal Virtual Private Network (VPN) apparatus, and method and system for using universal VPNs. The Universal VPNs include a first Internet Protocol (IP) switch connected to a second IP switch by a public telecommunications medium. Each IP switch has an interswitch port and access ports to which hosts are directly connected. A virtual private line services (VPLS) packet received by the first IP switch from a source host directly connected to an access port of the first IP switch is routed by the first IP switch to destination hosts of a universal VPN attached to access ports of the first and second IP switches via respective transmission paths that use a VPLS transmission protocol throughout each respective transmission path. The VPLS packet includes a header appended to an IP frame including a packet payload including a first message, the header including a VPN label identifying the universal VPN.

Abstract: A rectifier circuit used for weighting pulse disturbances in relation to the influence thereof on digital radio systems, comprising a cascade circuit of an effective value rectifier and a linear average rectifier, wherein a peak value rectifier is arranged upstream from the effective value rectifier.

Abstract: A communication medium determining apparatus determines a communication medium in use for communication between two devices on a network. The apparatus includes a communication performance obtaining unit which obtains values indicating transmission speeds in a given communication path when a device which decreases transmission speed in a specific communication medium when activated, is active and when the device is inactive. The apparatus further includes a communication medium determining unit which determines whether or not the communication through the given communication path is performed using the specific communication medium. This determination is based on a speed decrease value indicating a decrease amount of the transmission speed in the specific communication medium caused by activation of the device, and a speed difference value which is a difference in the transmission speed obtained by the communication performance obtaining unit between when the device is active and when the device is inactive.