Abstract: A method for transmitting data in messages on a bus system where the messages are transmitted in transmission time slots at a certain transmission rate, the transmission rate within a transmission time slot being changeable in such a way that the message, allocated to this transmission time slot, may be transmitted repeatedly within this transmission time slot.

Abstract: In accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention, a method is disclosed that comprises deciding at a user equipment (UE) an outage period during which the UE has limited communications with the serving base station; and sending to the serving base station a signaling message indicating the outage period.

Abstract: Transmission and reception of data can be performed between first terminal communicating by transmission signal and second terminal communicating by superimposition signal superimposed on transmission signal. When detecting interrupt signal generated by first monitoring terminal, in interrupt segment of transmission signal, transmission unit makes response requesting unit transmit response requesting data to first monitoring terminal in transmission segment. Response receiving unit receives response data that is transmitted in reply segment, in response to response requesting data, by first monitoring terminal that has generated interrupt signal. Segment securing unit transmits, in transmission segment, securing data for securing reply segment for superimposition of superimposition signal, by prohibiting transmission of response data in reply segment, with specific response data as trigger.

Abstract: A method, a device, and a system for duplex communications. Uplink and downlink frequencies are allocated in an orthogonal manner such that at one time instant a certain carrier frequency is used for uplink (downlink) transmission and at some other time instant for downlink (uplink) transmission. Correspondingly, at said one time instant a second carrier frequency is used for downlink (uplink) transmission and at said some other time instant optionally for uplink (downlink) transmission.

Abstract: A method of adaptive uplink/downlink timeslot assignment includes determining at least one of a potentially interfering cell which potentially interferes with a particular cell. A timeslot for uplink communication is eliminated, if a first one of the potentially interfering cells uses that timeslot for downlink communications. A timeslot for downlink communication is eliminated if a dynamic interference measurement in that timeslot as measured by most users exceeds a predetermined threshold and if a dynamic interference measurement in that timeslot does not exceed the predetermined threshold for most users but exceeds the predetermined threshold for at least one user. A timeslot is assigned to an uplink communication of the particular cell using non-uplink eliminated timeslots, and a timeslot is assigned to a downlink communication of the particular cell to each user using non-downlink eliminated timeslots with respect to that user.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an intermediate node in a contention-based shared-media computer network determines a scheduled window within which a packet (with an assigned priority) should be transmitted by the intermediate node. In particular, the intermediate node may specifically determine whether an actual transmission time is prior to, during, or after the window, and sets a priority of the packet as either i) a reduced priority when the actual transmission time is prior to the window, ii) the assigned priority when the actual transmission time is during the window, or iii) an augmented priority when the actual transmission time is after the window. As such, the intermediate node may then transmit the packet from the intermediate node with the set priority at the actual transmission time.

Abstract: A communication apparatus performs communication of data using assigned time slots within a frame. In a case where data cannot be transmitted in a transmission time slot that has been assigned in order to transmit data, a time slot later than this transmission time slot is reserved as a time slot used to transmit the data, this later time slot being reserved within the frame having the transmission time slot in which the data cannot be transmitted.

Abstract: An data transmission adjustment system that comprises a server and a plurality of data transmission devices within a sensing region. The server adapts to receive a sensed data from at least one data transmission device, define a timeline, divide the timeline into a plurality of monitoring periods, calculate a ratio of the number of the monitoring periods that have received the sensing data from the data transmission device within the sensing region or not to the number of all the monitoring periods, and broadcast at least one message to the data transmission devices within the sensing region according to said ratio.

Abstract: Embodiments of various methods, devices and systems are described herein that correspond to an encoding scheme that can be used with various communication protocols for increased bandwidth over a single wire bus or a wireless single transmission channel. For example, a method of encoding a series of data bits to increase bandwidth may comprise selecting a data bit in the series of data bits, generating an inverted version of the selected data bit, positioning the inverted version of the selected data bit in a consecutive fashion with respect to the selected data bit to signify an edge of a clock signal, and transmitting the inverted version of the selected data bit and the series of data bits with each bit being transmitted in a single unique time slot.

Abstract: A method for arbitration in an arbitration domain. The method includes: receiving, by each node of a plurality of nodes in the arbitration domain, an arbitration request from each sending node of the plurality of nodes in the arbitration domain, where the plurality of nodes in the arbitration domain each use a shared data channel to send data to a set of receiving nodes; assigning, by each node in the arbitration domain, consecutive time slots to each sending node based on a plurality of priorities assigned to the plurality of nodes in the arbitration domain; for each time slot: sending, from the arbitration domain, a switch request to a receiving node designated by the sending node, where the receiving node is in the set of receiving nodes; and sending, by the sending node, data to the receiving node via the shared data channel during the time slot.

Abstract: A system and method of reserving bandwidth for disjoint time intervals in a wireless network. Parameters for a disjoint network allocation vector (NAV) define a reservation of a plurality of disjoint time durations during which transmissions by devices other than a target device are deferred. Parameters are sent as a control or data packet over a network and received by the devices associated with the network.

Abstract: A method of improving a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) procedure in the transition of transmission time interval (TTI) bundling for a MAC layer of a user equipment in a wireless communication system, the method including activating TTI bundling upon receiving a bundling activation command, and using a first number of unused HARQ processes in the first round trip time after TTI bundling is activated to continue the first number of unfinished HARQ processes before TTI bundling is activated.

Abstract: A method for performing data access via software according to communication protocol handling includes: calculating a time slot period and an upper limit of a processing time for performing a predetermined data processing according to time slot information defined in a communication protocol, a critical period and a time slot number; defining a clock frequency of a processor according to the upper limit of the processing time; and performing data access according to the slot time by the processor operating at the clock frequency. Accordingly, design inflexibility arising from performing data access via hardware is addressed, and a non-real-time issue caused by performing data access via software is also prevented.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for transmitting multiple services are provided, and which belong to the field of optical transmission technologies. The method includes: receiving bandwidth information of TCONTs of all nodes; dividing a payload area of a GTH frame into a preset number n of arrays, where each array includes a specified number of timeslots and the interval between any two neighboring timeslots in each array is n and n is a natural number; calculating, according to the bandwidth information of the TCONTs of all the nodes, timeslot positions of arrays occupied by the TCONTs of each node in the payload area; interleaving, according to the timeslot positions of the arrays occupied by the TCONTs of a local node in the payload area, the TCONTs of the local node into corresponding timeslots starting from a specified frame, obtaining a GTH frame, and transmitting the GTH frame.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for preventing a plurality of stations in a wireless local area network (WLAN) from colliding with each other when accessing a medium are provided. In the method, an access point (AP) determines the transmission capabilities of a plurality of stations in a basic service set (BSS) of the AP, determines the format of control frames or data frames which have a high throughput (HT) format to be used in the BSS of the AP, and notifies the stations of the result of the determination. Therefore, it is possible to adaptively choose and use an optimum method of preventing a plurality of stations in a WLAN from colliding with each other when accessing a medium according to the circumstances in a WLAN by referencing the transmission capabilities of a plurality of stations in the WLAN.

Abstract: In one embodiment, conflicts are identified by sending and announcement message from the first node to neighboring nodes from among the plurality of second nodes indicating that the first node intends to participate in a first communication with a first terminal during the current frame, and receiving a report message from any conflicting nodes at the first node, each conflicting node being a node from among the neighboring nodes which intends to participate in a different communication. Conflicts are resolved by selecting one of (1) maintaining a state of the first node as a clear state and (2) changing the state of the first node to a blocked state based on the received report messages. The first communication is scheduled for the current time frame, if the state of the first node is the clear state after the resolving conflicts step.

Abstract: One embodiment comprises a network that includes a plurality of bi-directional links and a plurality of nodes. Each node is communicatively coupled to two neighbor nodes and to two skip nodes using the plurality of bi-directional links. Three neighboring nodes of the plurality of nodes form a triple modular redundant (TMR) set having a first end node, a second end node, and a center node, the first end node configured to transmit output data in a first direction and the second end node configured to transmit output data in a second direction.

Abstract: Data communications are effected in a network having a plurality of different network devices, at least two of the network devices connected to a common wired network link and in which each network device is assigned to communicate during different time slots within a communication cycle. Stored communication protocol data is used to evaluate received configuration data specifying a communication schedule. An output indicative of a non-compliant communication is generated if the evaluation indicates that the communication schedule fails to comply with the protocol data. If the communication schedule complies with the stored communication protocol data, the communication schedule is stored and used to communicate data between the network devices, via a central communication circuit according to time slots specified in the evaluated communication schedule.

Abstract: An invention for generating a slot table entry address for a communications device of a communications network includes a method that involves processing a slot counter value according to a configuration setting value to produce a processed slot counter value, the slot counter value identifying a time slot of data communications of the communications network, masking a cycle counter value according to the configuration setting value to generate a masked cycle counter value, where the cycle counter value identifies a communications cycle containing the time slot, and processing the processed slot counter value and the masked cycle counter value to generate a slot table entry address such that a corresponding slot table entry of the time slot of the communications cycle in a slot table is accessed by the communications device at the slot table entry address.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure propose techniques for utilizing synchronization shift (SS) bits in Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) based uplink communications. The SS bits can be used for various purposes different from indicating timing of transmissions from a Node B to a user equipment.

Abstract: A modular optical switch includes a set of optical switch modules connected in a mesh, a master controller for the whole optical node and a switch-module controller for each of the optical switch modules. The optical switch modules receive optical signals from, and transmit optical signals to, edge nodes based on connection requests received from the edge nodes. The master controller acts to select a path, using a simple or compound time-slot matching process, through the mesh of switch modules for each optical signal related to a connection request. Advantageously, the optical switch modules are fast switching, enabling the use of time-sharing schemes such as TDM, and the modular optical core node is made practical by efficient path selection at the master controller. A hybrid modular switch may include both optical and electronic switch modules, a master controller, and a switch-module controller for each of the switch modules.

Abstract: Methods for reserving a data channel and apparatuses supporting the same are disclosed. A method for reserving a data channel in a wireless access system includes transmitting a request frame for reserving the data channel by a sending node, and receiving a notify frame in response to the request frame during a first time period or a second time period by the sending node. If the notify frame is received during the first time period, the sending node determines that the request frame has been collided, and if the notify frame is received during the second time period, the sending node determines that the data channel has been reserved successfully.

Abstract: A method of TDM in-device coexistence (IDC) interference avoidance is proposed. In a wireless communication device, a first radio module is co-located with a second radio module in the same device platform. The first radio module obtains traffic and scheduling information of the second radio module. The first radio module then determines a desired TDM pattern based on the traffic and scheduling information to prevent IDC interference with the second radio module. The first radio module also transmits TDM coexistence pattern information based on the desired TDM pattern to a base station. In one embodiment, the TDM coexistence pattern information comprises a recommended TDM pattern periodicity and a scheduling period to maximize IDC efficiency subject to limited level of IDC interference possibility. In one specific example, the TDM coexistence pattern information comprises a set of discontinuous reception (DRX) configuration parameters defined in long-term evolution (LTE) 3GPP standards.

Abstract: Provided is an on-vehicle network which can improve the network use efficiency and reduce the controller processor overhead even when the same communication cycle as the frame cannot be set in the filtering condition of a communication control device. A reference signal transmission controller is arranged in a network so as to generate and transmit a reference signal in accordance with the communication cycle. A reference signal reception controller receives the reference signal and compares the reference signals to a predetermined filtering condition table. If the signal is matched with the table, the controller executes a data reception process and a data transmission process.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for performing fiber node splits in DOCSIS cable systems by performing remote modulation and/or demodulation in the fiber node. In the downstream direction, a high-speed digital fiber optic interface can be used to send data from the CMTS to the fiber node, which then modulates the data onto separate downstream interfaces for subsequent distribution of the downstream data to CMs and/or STBs. In the upstream direction, different upstream interfaces from the CMs and/or STBs may be demodulated into digital streams which can then be combined into a single, time division multiplexed digital stream that is transmitted to the CMTS. As such, the modulation and demodulation functions are performed remotely in the fiber node instead of at the CMTS.

Abstract: A method for transferring data among devices in a body area network (BAN). The method comprises dividing an access time to a wireless medium of the BAN into at least a contention-based period (510) and a contention-free reservation period (520); allowing devices to transfer data during the contention-based period using a local prioritized contention access (LPCA) mechanism; and allowing only devices having reserved time slots to transfer data during the contention-free reservation period (520).

Abstract: A method and apparatus to enable configuring of a management frame priority and security type. The method and the apparatus may set a priority level and a transmission data rate of a management frame. The apparatus includes a memory including a priority queue for each management frame and a transmitter to transmit said management frame according to the priority queue of said frame.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described including identifying a channel that a decentralized network is using for communications and identifying a station that is a member of the decentralized network to monitor data transmission activity over the identified channel. Also described are a method and apparatus for a station to transmit data over a communication medium of a decentralized network including monitoring the communication medium, determining if the communication medium is idle, transmitting data if the communication medium is idle and if the station has a data to transmit and adjusting a slot count and a service ring configuration if the medium is busy. Further described are a method and apparatus including monitoring a communication channel used by a decentralized network, determining a number of available idle time slots between two successive frame transmissions initiated by different stations, updating a service ring, adjusting a number of stations and adjusting a slot count.

Abstract: A network terminal including a communication unit for communicating with a device with which the network terminal communicates through a communication path, and a control unit for causing the communication unit, by controlling the communication unit, to transmit to the device a communication packet for maintaining the communication path at a transmission timing in every predetermined interval, wherein by controlling the communication unit, the control unit further causes the communication unit to transmit, if a terminal state of the network terminal is changed, to the device an information packet obtained by including terminal state information indicative of the terminal state in the communication packet, through the communication path even at a time different from the transmission timing.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for gaining access to a communication medium in a contention-based network, including determining a slot count based on a number of stations in the contention-based network, adjusting the slot count, initiating a frame transmission when the slot count reaches a predetermined value and wherein said number of stations and an address queue are adjusted to reflect one of a priority and traffic patterns. Further, a method and apparatus are described for gaining access to a communication medium in a contention-based network, including receiving a slot count based on a number of stations in the contention-based network, adjusting the slot count, initiating a frame transmission when the slot count reaches a predetermined value and wherein said number of stations and an address queue are adjusted to reflect a priority.

Abstract: A wireless base station for performing wireless communication with a wireless terminal using a frequency bandwidth different from another adjacent wireless base station in a first time period and performing wireless communication with a wireless terminal using a frequency bandwidth shared with another adjacent wireless base station in a second time period and including a control unit that does not change a burst profile to be applied to an uplink transmission or assigns a burst profile corresponding to a wireless transmission rate equal to or less than a wireless transmission rate corresponding to an applied burst profile with respect to a wireless terminal used for wireless communication in the first time period.

Abstract: Message formats and apparatus are described that serve to reserve access to a communication medium in a multi-cast system. A first message, a multicast request-to-send message, includes a duration field having information representing the reserved time for a communication medium, a multicast receiver address field, a multicast transmitter address field, a field that identifies the number of slots for a clear-to-send response, and a field that identifies the number slots for a not-clear-to-send response. A second message includes a duration field, and a multicast receive address field. The second message has a format that can be used as one of a clear-to-send message in response to a multicast request-to-send message, a cancel-clear-to-send message that cancels a data transmission after the clear-to-send message is sent, and a not-clear-to-send message in response to the multicast request-to-send message.

Abstract: A system and method of transmitting packets from a wireless device is provided. According to a broad aspect, the wireless device is to transmit a packet on a communication channel during a time window based on whether or not the communication channel is expected to be torn down during the time window. If the communication channel is not expected to be torn down during the time window, then the wireless device transmits the packet late in the time window. However, if the communication channel is expected to be torn down during the time window, then the wireless device transmits the packet during the time window just prior to when the communication channel is expected to be torn down. This prevents having to re-establish the communication channel merely to transmit the packet if the communication channel is torn down.

Abstract: A system and a method for transmitting network packets are provided. The system includes an information module, a scheduling module, and a forwarding module. The information module receives and records media information of a plurality of multimedia streams. The scheduling module calculates a guaranteed bit rate of each multimedia stream according to the media information provided by the information module, and rearranges isochronous packets of the multimedia streams in the first time slots of a plurality of clock cycles according to the guaranteed bit rates so that the transmission of the isochronous packets satisfies the guaranteed bit rates. The length of each clock cycle is a predetermined length. The length of the first time slot and the predetermined length are in a predetermined ratio. The forwarding module transmits all the packets of a clock cycle to a network at every a time interval of the predetermined length.

Abstract: A transmission of information within a wireless cellular network may include a first and second group of samples. A first group of samples is created comprising at least a first and a last subgroup, wherein the last subgroup is same as the first subgroup. A second group of samples created. A transformed set of samples produced by jointly transforming the created first and second group with a discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The transformed set of samples is expanded to produce an expanded set, and the expanded set is transformed with an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) to produce an OFDM symbol with a fractional payload. The first group of samples is a reference signal (RS), which is known to the receiver before the transmission occurs, while the second group of samples is information data.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses to multiplex logic data pseudo synchronously are described. A representation of a multiplexer logic is generated to transmit data items asynchronously relative to a design clock. The data items may be transmitted under control of a transmission clock from a first integrated circuit to a second integrated circuit. A representation of a counter logic may be generated to couple with the multiplexer logic for transmitting the data asynchronously. Additionally, a representation of reset logic may be generated for a configuration to repeatedly reset the counter logic. Synchronization signals may be generated for a design clock cycle of a design clock driving the data items. The synchronization signals may be transmitted via the transmission clock asynchronous with the design clock.

Abstract: The embodiments described herein include systems and methods for synchronized execution of macrocycles of similar duration across communications segments of a control system. Such synchronized execution approach enables a reduced control system response time by increasing the predictability of execution timing of one segment with regards to alternative segments.

Abstract: A method in a converter station for communication within a DC power transmission system including two or more interconnected converter stations includes receiving, in the converter station, a synchronization signal for synchronizing the two or more converter stations; obtaining, in the converter station, an allocation of a communication time slot; changing, in the converter station, a set-point DC voltage level during the communication time slot; and measuring, in the converter station, a change of DC current in timeslots other than the communication time slot. A communication method utilizing the DC power transmission system itself is thus provided.

Abstract: Disclosed are a passive RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system and method capable of recognizing a great deal of tags at a high speed. A reader of a passive RFID system, including: a processor dividing slots and subchannels to configure a round, recognizing subchannels that are not involved in a collision and interference by the slots, and changing the subchannels that are not involved in a collision and interference, into a sleep state; a transmission unit encoding a command generated through the processor, performing an amplitude jitter modulation on the encoded command, and transmitting the modulated command; and a reception unit acquiring and demodulating tag signals received through a plurality of subchannels by the slots, and providing the demodulated tag signals to the processor.

Abstract: In communication method for communicating via a transmission channel to which first communication apparatuses communicating based on a first communication system, second communication apparatuses communicating based on a second communication system, and third communication apparatuses communicating based on a third communication system are connected, a data transmission domain and a notification domain for notifying a data transmission within the data transmission domain are allocated to the first communication apparatuses, the second communication apparatuses, and the third communication apparatuses, respectively. In the communication method, notices of the data transmission for each of the first communication apparatuses, the second communication apparatuses and the third communication apparatuses are transmitted within the notification domain, and the data transmission domain is reallocated in accordance with the notices transmitted from the first, second and third communication apparatuses.

Abstract: A network device may be operable to receive an indication from a cable modem termination system (CMTS) that media access control (MAC) management messages will be transmitted by the CMTS at fixed intervals. Subsequent to receiving the indication, the network device may be operable to power down one or more components of the network device and set a sleep timer to a value equal to an integer multiple of the fixed interval minus a transition period. The network device may power up the one or more components of the network device upon expiration of the sleep timer. The network device may power up the one or more components of the network device upon an amount of traffic in a buffer of the network device reaching a threshold.

Abstract: A request is received to install control rules before having received a corresponding QoS Authorization, especially where the QoS Authorization requires a prior reservation of resources. The request for a bearer resource is pre-authorized before having received a QoS authorization for said request, by receiving a request for a bearer resource; determining that a QoS authorization has not been received yet; pre-authorizing said request for the bearer resource by installing initial control rules; and updating the previously installed initial control rules with final control rules upon receipt of the QoS authorization. This pre-authorization and the submission of initial control rules are carried out from a PCRF server towards a PCEF device, before having received the QoS authorization. In particular, the pre-authorization may be triggered from a P-CSCF at the originating or destination side, or at both.

Abstract: A radio frequency identification (RFID) tag access method and a circuit applied to an RFID tag to determine whether to respond to a command sent by a reader are provided. According to the access method, an extra reference value is used for adjusting a parameter or a count value, so as to increase or decrease the probability of generating a condition matching with a command sent by the reader. Therefore, the probability of the tag being accessed is adjusted, and the tag carrying urgent information shall be accessed prior to the tag without urgent information.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a transmitter in a communication network receives an indication of active transmission times of a receiver to which the transmitter attempts to reach with first transmissions, the active transmission times indicating respective times of second transmissions initiated by the receiver. Based on determining when the first transmissions occur, the transmitter may then compute a link reliability metric for a link from the transmitter to the receiver by excluding one or more of the first transmissions from the indicated active transmission times of the second transmissions. In one embodiment, the active transmission times are in the past and the reliability metric excludes any first transmissions in the past during those times, while in another embodiment the active transmission times are scheduled in the future and the reliability metric does not include any first transmissions since the first transmissions may be scheduled to avoid the active transmission times.

Abstract: The invention relates to a technique for mobile assisted handover in mobile communications networks, e.g. Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, in a situation of an ongoing data reception or data transmission of a mobile terminal which hinders reception of system information from a candidate cell for handover. A method embodiment of such technique is performed in a mobile terminal and comprises the steps of accepting information related to an ongoing data reception/transmission from at least one data reception/transmission component of the mobile terminal; establishing if the ongoing data reception/transmission enables a reception of a unique cell identifier indicating a candidate cell for handover; selectively halting the ongoing data reception/transmission, receiving the unique cell identifier of the candidate cell, and resuming afterwards the data reception/transmission.

Abstract: Data transmitted over different channels may be updated by receiving one or more input data streams containing data for one or more digital data services, wherein the data is in the form of a plurality of packets, wherein each packet includes information identifying a channel and a number of related downstream packets; determining from the plurality of packets a time that an update packet containing data for one of the digital data services will be transmitted as part of the signal; and generating a schedule packet containing the time that the update packet will be transmitted as part of a signal.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a logical link identifier (LLID) registration method, device, and system. The method includes: receiving, by a coax media converter (CMC), a first registration request sent by at least one coaxial network unit (CNU) that is connected to the CMC, where the first registration request carries the media access control (MAC) address of the CNU; and sending, by the CMC, in a first data window allocated to the CMC by an optical line terminal (OLT), a second registration request to the OLT, where the second registration request carries a first level LLID identifier allocated to the CMC by the OLT and the MAC address of the CNU, and the first data window is used for data exchange between the CMC and the OLT.

Abstract: A wireless communication device may contain a plurality of physical layer radios that communicate using a set of communication protocols. In a first wireless communication device, the transmissions by a first physical layer radio using a first communication protocol may be divided into a series of time slots. Some of the time slots may be partially unoccupied allowing negotiation and use of a second communication protocol during the unoccupied portion of the time slot and succeeding time slots.

Abstract: A system for managing voice and data communications for at least one user is coupled to at least one wide area telecommunications network and includes at least a processor and data storage resources. A first bus is adapted to couple video data between the system and a video unit coupled to the system under control of the processor. A second bus is adapted to couple audio data between the system and a microphone unit coupled to the system under control of the processor, and audio data are coupled to a TDM bus in the system operating under control of the processor. A digital transmission link of the wide area telecommunications network couples the video and audio data from the system, under control of the processor. A user participates in a video call with the video data, while concurrently the user participates in a telephone call with the audio data.

Abstract: Systems and methods for designing, using, and/or implementing slotted channel access techniques in network communications are described. In some embodiments, a method may include selecting one of a plurality of time slots within a contention access period (CAP), each of the plurality of time slots having a predetermined duration, and transmitting a packet during the selected time slot. For example, the time slot may be selected randomly or based on a round-robin algorithm. In some implementations, the duration of each of the plurality of time slots may correspond and/or be equal to: (a) a duration of a data packet of maximum size, (b) a sum of durations of a request-to-send packet, an interframe space, and a clear-to-send packet, and/or (c) a duration of a guaranteed time slot (GTS) or contention free period (CFP) request packet, as prescribed by a given communication protocol or standard.