Abstract: A machine used for digital counting which can provide multiple output counts. The machine is particularly useful in analog-to-digital (A/D) converters and in digital-to-analog (D/A) converters. The multiple output counts can change in different directions or in the same direction, and are generated using shared circuitry. The invention exploits properties of counting systems to allow A/D and D/A conversions in convenient digital number formats or in multiple different formats. The invention can be used in integrating converters to help eliminate errors such as comparator offset and dielectric absorption while converting and to increase the conversion rate.

Abstract: A method for post-fabrication modification of the snap actuation properties of a thermally responsive bimetallic actuator by exposing a pre-formed bimetallic actuator to laser energy, thereby permanently altering the thermal response properties of the bimetallic actuator, and a thermally responsive bimetallic actuator having snap actuation properties developed according to the method.