Abstract: A chromium additive of the formula: Cr.sub.x C.sub.y O.sub.z where 0.04.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.35, and 0.03.ltoreq.z.ltoreq.0.30 for x=1, said additive having an X ray diffraction peak at d=3.32 .ANG. (2.theta.=26.8.degree.).

Abstract: A method of producing an alloy containing at least one major ingredient selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni) and having low contents of sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen, comprises steps of:(a) holding a molten alloy in a container selected from the group consisting of a lime crucible, a lime crucible furnace, a converter and a ladle lined with a basic refractory consisting of 15-85% of calcium oxide (CaO), and 15-75% of magnesium oxide (MgO), wherein said alloy consists essentially of at least one major ingredient selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co);(b) adding at least one additive, based on the molten alloy, into said molten alloy in an atmosphere selected from the group consisting of a non-oxidizing atmosphere and a vacuum, wherein said additive is selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), aluminum alloys, silicon and silicon alloys;(c) desulphurizing, deoxidizing and denitrifying said molten alloy under an atmosphere

Abstract: A method of making high melting point alloys. The reactive and non-reactive charge materials are separately refined as initial alloys, generally as an alloy of a base element selected from the iron group of the Periodic Table, such as nickel, and at least one metallic element other than the base element. At least one first initial alloy and at least one second initial alloy are provided. The metallic elements other than the base element in the first initial alloys are relatively non-reactive in the molten state, whereas the metallic elements in the second initial alloys are relatively reactive in the molten state. Amounts of the first and second initial alloys are selected to yield a predetermined composition of the high melting point alloy upon melting. The selected amounts are melted to form a molten mixture having the predetermined composition, and then the molten mixture is solidified.

Abstract: A method is taught for the in-situ precipitation of second phase materials, such as ceramic or intermetallic particles, in a substantial volume fraction of solvent metal matrix. The invention involves the propagating reaction of the second phase-forming constituents in a solvent metal medium to provide a porous composite of finely-dispersed second phase particles in the metal matrix. Exemplary materials include titanium carbide or titanium diboride in an aluminum matrix.

Abstract: A soft steel for machine cutting with high machinability performances having a content of C.ltoreq.0.25%, a content of Mn of 0.8 to 1.5%, a content of P of .ltoreq.0.1%, a content of S of 0.15 to 0.40%, and a content of Si of 0.05 to 0.40%, expressed in percentages by weight. After finishing of the metal, the inclusions of manganese sulfide are surrounded by a plastic oxide layer of an average composition SiO.sub.2 : 35 to 45%; Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 : 10 to 20%; CaO: 15 to 25%; MnO: 10 to 20%. In producing this grade, after the addition of silicon and manganese, the liquid metal is agitated in the presence of a slag of a composition CaO: 20 to 55%; SiO.sub.2 : 35 to 65%; Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 : 15 to 40%; with a CaO %/SiO.sub.2 % ratio of about 1.

Abstract: A granular additive alloy designed for addition of calcium to molten steel to obtain maximum calcium effects with minimal additions, especially in steels which cannot tolerate the other elements commonly accompanying calcium additions. An alloy is described which contains a ratio of not more than 2.85:1 nor less than 0.35:1 calcium to aluminum, and can contain other reactive metals such as, but not limited to, rare earths, boron, titanium, and zirconium in amounts up to 40% by weight of the alloy. The preferred embodiment is an alloy with 60% by weight calcium and 40% by weight aluminum. The particles are intended to dissolve in the molten steel and form a boundary layer adjacent their surfaces. The particles are sized such that substantially all of the particle is consumed in the formation of this boundary layer, according to a given relationship based on the concentration of calcium and aluminum in the alloy.

Abstract: A wear-resistant steel comprising carbon, manganese, silicon, sulpur, phosphorus, nitrogen, titanium, and iron, with the following proportions of the components, mass %:______________________________________ Carbon 0.4-1.3 Manganese 3-11.5 Sulphur up to 0.05. Phosphorus up to 0.1 Titanium 0.01-0.15 Nitrogen 0.02-0.9 Iron the balance, ______________________________________and a method of production of such steel are proposed, in which method saturation with nitrogen of an alloying additive being melted is carried out by treating said additive with a low-temperature plasma, formed from a nitrogen-containing gas at a partial pressure of nitrogen in the latter of about 0.08 to about 0.3 MPa. When mixing the melts, first a melted plain steel base is taken to about 0.7 of the melt mass and the entire mass of the nitrogen-saturated molten alloying additive is added, and then the remaining mass of the melted plain steel base is introduced.

Abstract: A method is taught for the in-situ precipitation of second phase materials, such as ceramic or intermetallic particles, in a metallic matrix. By means of the Direct Addition Process, metal-second phase composites having highly superior properties may be obtained. Compacts of second phase-forming constituents and solvent metal are directly added to a molten metal bath to precipitate the second phase in-situ. Exemplary materials include titanium diboride or titanium carbide in an aluminum matrix.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the formation of whisker reinforced metal matrix composites in which complex boride or carbide whiskers are distributed throughout a metal, metal alloy, or intermetallic matrix. Exemplary complex boride whiskers include TiNbB, TiTaB, TiVB, NbHfB, and TiNbMoB. Exemplary complex carbide whiskers include TiNbC, TiVC, TiZrC, TiHfC, and TiTaC. A method for the in-situ formation of complex boride and complex carbide whiskers within metallic matrices is disclosed which involves reacting a mixture of individual complex ceramic-forming constituents in the presence of a metal to precipitate the desired complex ceramic whiskers in a metal matrix.

Abstract: A method is taught for the formation of intermetallic-second phase composite materials. The method involves the formation of a first metal-second phase composite comprising a relatively high loading of discrete, second phase particles distributed throughout a metal matrix, dilution of the first composite into an additional amount of metal to form a second composite comprising a lower loading of second phase particles within an intermediate metal matrix, and introduction of the second composite into another metal which is reactive with the intermediate metal matrix of the composite to form an intermetallic. A final intermetallic-second phase composite is thereby formed comprising a dispersion of discrete second phase particles throughout a final intermetallic matrix. The final intermetallic matrix may comprise a wide variety of intermetallic materials, with particular emphasis drawn to the aluminides and silicides. Exemplary intermetallics include Ti.sub.3 Al, TiAl, TiAl.sub.3, Ni.sub.3 Al, NiAl, Nb.sub.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making in-situ precipitated second phase in an intermetallic matrix, which composite is rapidly solidified to form a product. The invention also relates to a rapidly solidified product comprising a second phase in both a stable particulate form and a metastable flake form dispersed in an intermetallic matrix.

Abstract: In the manufacture of ductile iron it is important to know that the magnesium content is above (or possibly below) a threshold value. It is known that the presence of magnesium prevents tellurium causing solidification of a sample with carbidic eutectic arrest. Accordingly we treat a sample in a receptacle with a known quantity of sulphur (or selenium) such as just to neutralize the threshold quantity of magnesium, then we observe whether, on solidification, the eutectic arrest is graphitic (indicating that more than the threshold quantity of magnesium is present) or carbidic, indicating less magnesium. The observation is most simply done (and can be done semi-automatically) by timing a cooling curve between two predetermined temperatures.

Abstract: An activator mixture for improving utilizable strength steels which consists essentially Ca and/or Na 16 to 30%; Si 13 to 30%; V and/or Mo 2 to 28%, Nb and/or Ta 2 to 14%, Al and/or Ba 1 to 15%; B and/or Be 0,1 to 3.0%, C1 to 5%; Fe 5 to 20% and N 1 to 10%.

Abstract: This invention describes the melting of Fe-Mn-Al Alloys and includes production methods such as non-continuous casting, continuous casting, hot forging, hot rolling, cold rolling, surface finishing, and heat treating. Products produced using one or more of the above said methods include case ingot, billet, bloom, slab, cast piece, hot-rolled plate, hot-rolled coil, bar, rod, cold-rolled strip and sheet, and hot-forged piece. The said alloys consist principally of by weight 10 to 35 percent Mn, 4 to 12 percent Al, 0 to 12 percent Cr, 0.01 to 1.4 percent C, 0.3-1.5 Mo, 0.1-1% S, a small amount of Cu, Nb, V, CO, Ti, B, N, Zr, Hf, Ta, Sc, W, and Ni, and the balanced Fe.

Abstract: A method for preparing cast composite materials of nonmetallic carbide particles in a metallic matrix, wherein the particles are roasted and then mixed into a molten metallic alloy to wet the molten metal to the particles, and the particles and metal are sheared past each other to promote wetting of the particles by the metal. The particles are roasted in air or other source of oxygen to remove the carbon from the near-surface region of the particles and to produce an oxide surface diffusion barrier, resulting in a reduction of carbide formation in the molten matrix. The mixing occurs while minimizing the introduction of gas into the mixture, and while minimizing the retention of gas at the particle-liquid interface. Mixing is done at a maximum temperature whereat the particles do not substantially chemically degrade in the molten metal during the time required for processing, and casting is done at a temperature sufficiently high that there is no solid metal present in the melt.

Abstract: Composite materials and methods for making such materials are disclosed in which dispersed ceramic particles are at chemical equilibrium with a base metal matrix, thereby permitting such materials to be remelted and subsequently cast or otherwise processed to form net weight parts and other finished (or semi-finished) articles while maintaining the microstructure and mechanical properties (e.g. wear resistance or hardness) of the original composite. The composite materials of the present invention are composed of ceramic particles in a base metal matrix. The ceramics are preferably carbides of titanium, zirconium, tungsten, molybdenum or other refractory metals. The base metal can be iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium or other high temperature metal and alloys thereof. For ferrous matrices, alloys suitable for use as the base metal include cast iron, carbon steels, stainless steels and iron-based superalloys.

Abstract: A descending stream of molten metal is directed from a ladle into a bath of molten metal in a tundish. Molten alloying ingredient is added to the molten metal, either directly to the descending stream within a shroud, or it is injected into the bath, through a sidewall of the tundish, at a region of turbulence. The molten alloying ingredient is protected from the atmosphere outside the tundish.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of producing an alloy containing titanium carbide particles, the method comprising thoroughly dispersing carbon powder particles into a metal melt, and causing the dispersed carbon particles to react with titanium within the metal melt so as to produce a dispersion of fine particles comprising titanium carbide within the melt. A preferred use for alloys produced by the invention is as a grain refiner for aluminium-based metals, especially those containing zirconium, chromium and/or manganese, which tend to poison current titanium-boron-aluminium grain refiners.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making in-situ precipitated second phase in a metal matrix which mixture is rapidly solidified to form a product. The invention also relates to a rapidly solidified product.

Abstract: A high-strength steel having improved resistance to hydrogen embrittlement characterized as being essentially free of manganese and having a stable rare earth oxymetalloid dispersion consisting of, e.g., lanthanum oxysulfide and lanthanum phosphate. The steel prepared using rapid solidification processing coupled with late addition of the rare earth.

Abstract: An alloy phase stability index diagram comprising a phase distribution range specified therein by calculating average values Md and Bo of an alloy according to the following formulae with respect to an energy level of "d" orbitals of an alloying element and a bond order between a mother metal and an alloying element:Md=.SIGMA.Xi(Md)i (1)Bo=.SIGMA.Xi(Bo)i (2)where Xi is an atomic fraction of the alloying element (i) and (Md)i and (Bo)i are the Md value and the Bo value, respectively, and by locating alloys with known compositions in the index diagram in which Bo or Md thus defined is taken in an ordinate or an abscissa or Bo and Md are taken in both the coordinates.

Abstract: This invention relates to ceramic-ceramic composites comprising a dispersion of ceramic particles in a ceramic matrix. The production of these composites involves the in-situ precipitation of ceramic particles in a solvent metal matrix and the conversion of the matrix to a ceramic by reacting it with a matrix reactive species. Exemplary ceramic dispersoids include TiB.sub.2, ZrB.sub.2, TiC and TiN. Exemplary ceramic matrices include AlN, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and SiO.sub.2.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for preparing cast composite materials of nonmetallic particles in a metallic matrix, wherein particles are mixed into a molten metallic alloy to wet the molten metal to the particles, and the particles and metal are sheared past each other to promote wetting of the particles by the metal. The mixing occurs while minimizing the introduction of gas into the mixture, and while minimizing the retention of gas at the particle-liquid interface. Mixing is done at a maximum temperature whereat the particles do not substantially chemically degrade in the molten metal during the time required for processing, and casting is done at a temperature sufficiently high that there is no solid metal present in the melt. Mixing is preferably accomplished with a dispersing impeller, or a dispersing impeller used with a sweeping impeller.

Abstract: A method of producing a steel alloy containing lead or bismuth which includes fluorine molten lead or bismuth through a hollomed stopper rod positioned above a nozzle opening in the bottom of a vessel containing molten steel.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composite material comprising an in-situ precipitated second phase in an intermetallic matrix, and to the process for making such a composite.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making composite materials involving the in-situ precipitation of second phase particles in a metal matrix, and the products thereof. The process involves the use of initial compound materials as a source of second phase-forming reactants in the production of metal-second phase composites. The composites produced may comprise distributions of either single or multiple second phase materials. Exemplary initial compound precursors include boron nitride, boron carbide, boron oxide, aluminum nitride, aluminum carbide, aluminum boride, iron oxide and copper oxide.

Abstract: A method of improving the stress corrosion resistance of an alloy comprising heating a martensitic stainless steel to a molten state and incorporating into said molten steel from 0.5 to 2.0 weight percent of an additive selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium or a mixture thereof.

Abstract: Molybdenite is roasted under controlled conditions to provide a polymolybdenum oxide composition having an oxygen content in excess of the stoichiometric oxygen content for MoO.sub.2 and less than that for MoO.sub.3, such that the composition contains MoO.sub.3 equivalent in excess of 5% and ranging up to 15% by weight, preferably, from about 10% to 15% by weight. The polymolybdenum oxide composition can be used to introduce molybdenum into baths of molten steel and the like with high recovery of the molybdenum content in the bath and with quiet addition characteristics as compared to the use of MoO.sub.3 per se. Preferably, a Herreshoff type roaster is used and the production rate of the furnace producing the new product is substantially increased, with an exit gas richer in SO.sub.2, as compared to use of the same roaster in roasting molybdenite to form MoO.sub.3 per se.

Abstract: A method is taught for the introduction of in-situ precipitated second phase materials, such as ceramic or intermetallic particles in a metal matrix, to a host metal. When an initial solvent-assisted reaction is utilized, metal-second phase composites having highly superior properties may be obtained. The invention may utilize the reaction of the second phase-forming constituents in a solvent metal medium to provide an intermediate material of finely-dispersed second phase particles in an intermediate metal matrix, in the form of a porous mass or sponge. Any desired loading of second phase in the final composite may be achieved by the admixture of this preformed intermediate material having a relatively high content of particulate material, with a molten host metal. Exemplary materials include titanium diboride in an aluminum matrix and titanium carbide in an aluminum matrix.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of producing an alloy containing titanium carbide particles, the method comprising thoroughly dispersing carbon powder particles into a metal melt, and causing the dispersed carbon particles to react with titanium within the metal melt so as to produce a dispersion of fine particles comprising titanium carbide within the melt. A preferred use for alloys produced by the invention is as a grain refiner for aluminium-based metals, especially those containing zirconium, chromium and/or manganese, which tend to poison current titanium-boron-aluminium grain refiners.

Abstract: A vertical conduit extends from the bottom of a ladle containing molten metal and terminates at a lower end above a tundish for receiving the molten metal. A vertical shroud encloses the vertical conduit from a location above the conduits's lower end, and the shroud extends into the tundish. A nozzle extends into the interior of the shroud for feeding alloying ingredient, as shot, into a stream of the molten metal, within the shroud. Structure is provided for circulating a cooling fluid through the nozzle. The nozzle is connected to flexible feed lines for transporting shot and cooling fluid to the nozzle. Additional structure is provided for preventing the flexible feed lines from bending, twisting, kinking or the like when the nozzle, shroud and vertical conduit are rotated about a vertical axis spaced from the center line of the vertical conduit.

Abstract: In this method for making an alloy of a first metal and a second metal which has a stronger tendency to form an oxide than the first metal, a powdered solid is prepared comprising at least one of a compound of the first metal with oxygen and the second metal, the compound is mixed with the second metal, and an alloying process is carried out of alloying a melt with the powdered solid, in which the second metal is oxidized by the oxygen of the compound of the first metal with oxygen which is reduced. The compound of the first metal with oxygen may be an oxide, and may be a simple oxide or a compound oxide. As one variation, the powdered solid may contain the compound of the first metal with oxygen, in which case the melt will contain the second metal; or alternatively the powdered solid may contain the second metal, in which case the melt will contain the compound of the first metal with oxygen.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the agitation of base metal on alloy melts, and for the agitation and alloying of base metal melts with at least one alloying metal. A rotatable device is suspended in a melt of base metal and the device is rotated to draw at least a partial vortex in the melt. The device comprises a hollow cylinder having an open top and a closed bottom. An array of openings in the cylinder side wall is adapted to allow melt of the base metal to pass through. In the agitation of a base metal or alloy melt, the amount of dross formed on the melt is reduced. In alloying, the at least one alloying metal may be added directly to the melt or may be added in particulate form into the vortex in the device, the latter being particularly useful when the melting point of the alloying metal is higher than that of the base metal or alloy.

Abstract: High performance metallic alloys which possess desirable characteristics such as high electrical conductivity, high strength, lightness, high thermal stability, etc. may be prepared by admixing three metals or metalloids by mechanical means. The process will result in the formation of a matrix material consisting of one metal and an intermetallic compound comprising the other two metals or metalloids to provide a finished alloy with the desirable characteristics hereinbefore set forth. The intermetallic compound will be present in a uniform dispersion in the matrix material in the form of particles which possess a size in the range of from about 0.001 to about 0.5 microns.

Abstract: The method disclosed herein involves the addition of small quantities of elements appearing for the most part in Groups IA, IIA and IIIB of the Periodic Table to the base alloy composition. These elements, as ions, enter into the protective oxide scale and modify predominantly anion and to a lesser extent cation transport through the oxide scale, greatly reducing the amount of oxidation observed due to elevated temperature exposure.

Abstract: The present invention provides a rapidly dissolving additive for metal melts, wherein it contains or consists of 2 to 50% by weight of a powdered component A, consisting of magnesium and/or a magnesium-containing alloy, and 50 to 98% by weight of a powdered component B, consisting of one or more alloying metals, the components A and B being intimately mixed and being present in pressed or compacted form.

Abstract: A method of producing an alloy containing at least one major ingredient selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni) and having low contents of sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen, comprises steps of:(a) holding a molten alloy in a container selected from the group consisting of a lime crucible, a lime crucible furnace, a converter and a ladle lined with a basic refractory consisting of 15-85% of calcium oxide (CaO), and 15-75% of magnesium oxide (MgO), wherein said alloy consists essentially of at least one major ingredient selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co);(b) adding at least one additive, based on the molten alloy, into said molten alloy in an atmosphere selected from the group consisting of a non-oxidizing atmosphere and a vacuum, wherein said additive is selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), aluminum alloys, silicon and silicon alloys;(c) desulphurizing, deoxidizing and denitrifying said molten alloy under an atmosphere

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the production of materials such as steel, in which the different components are "interwoven" in such a manner that solid state materials are fed into a matrix, which is still in a liquid state for casting and that the mix, respectively, the conglomerate, formed in this manner, is made to freeze or stabilize and, afterwards, the cast structure is processed by conversion and/or heat treatment. In this manner, it is possible to, for example, store particularly hard, i.e., extremely hard ingredients as those used, for example, in the hardest armoured steel, in the form of particles, that is solid bodies in a softer, tougher matrix. In this manner, on the one hand, the welding ability of the composite can be substantially improved and, on the other hand, it is possible to exclude the otherwise common cracking sensitivity of particularly hard special steels because the softer, tougher matrix prevents the expansion of the crack in the structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for continuous injection under low pressure of a powdered additive into a stream of molten metal.It comprises, in succession from top to bottom:a top compartment 5 for the admission of the molten metal,a treatment chamber 7 connected to the top compartment by a calibrated inlet orifice 8 and in which there opens, on the one hand, a tube 9 connected to a device for injection of powdered additive under gas pressure and, on the other hand, at least one conduit 11 for evacuation of gases, fumes and possible sullage,at least one buffer compartment 6 cooperating with a means for adjusting the discharge rate of the treated metal,a means for collecting the treated metal, for example a mould or a ladle.

Abstract: A process for forming a metallic alloy having improved material strength and resistance to wear and impact includes precarburizing master alloys to form fine metallic carbides dispersed in a metallic matrix. The metallic carbides are added as precarburized master alloys to a melt and are dissolved to provide a homogeneous distribution of stable carbide particles in the metallic matrix.

Abstract: A rotatable device is suspended in a melt of zinc and the device is rotated to draw a vortex in the melt. The device comprises a hollow cylinder having an open top and a closed bottom. An array of openings in the cylinder side wall is adapted to allow zinc melt to pass through. Nickel is added in particulate form into the vortex in the device. The openings in the cylindrical wall are adapted to retain the nickel particulates in the device to be washed with molten zinc until the particulates are substantially dissolved. The temperature is kept at a minimal value, i.e., no superheat is required to dissolve the nickel homogeneously throughout the zinc melt. After the nickel is dissolved, the nickel-zinc melt is solidified in zinc slabs. The zinc slabs containing nickel have narrow standard deviations from their specification.

Abstract: Process for the continuous forming of a metal tube filled with powdered elements, such as ferroalloys and other materials, utilizable in the treatment of liquid metals in ladle at same time of its forming, consisting in making advance a metal sheet (2) unrolling from a roll (1), in sending it into a filling matrix or chamber (5), then in depositing on the same sheet a metered and weighted amount of processing powders fed from separate hoppers, in subsequently bending said loaded sheet so as to let it assume a substantially U-shaped channel shape, and in making it then assume the shape of a closed tube with compacted powder inside it, due to partial overlapping of the side flanges of U-shaped channel and, finally, in dipping the so-formed tube into a ladle (16).

Abstract: A method is taught for the in-situ precipitation of ceramic materials in a metal matrix. By means of the solvent assisted reaction, metal-ceramic composites having highly superior properties may be obtained. The invention involves the reaction of the ceramic forming constituents in a metal solvent medium to provide very finely-dispersed ceramic particles in the metal matrix. Exemplary materials include titanium diboride in an aluminum matrix.

Abstract: An amorphous metal body is produced from an intermediate product formed by compacting at least two usually crystalline components of the alloy in powder form. The alloying components in the intermediate product extend in at least one dimension at most 1 um. The intermediate product is converted into the amorphous metallic body by means of a diffusion reaction at a predetermined elevated temperature. In order to produce bodies of larger size on a large technical scale, a mixture powder comprising particles is produced from the alloying components in powder form by a milling process which is terminated at a predetermined time in such a manner that the particles produced by milling have at least a predominantly layer-like structure of the alloying components. This mixture powder is then compacted into the intermediate product with the desired shape and dimensions. The intermediate product is optionally deformed.

Abstract: An alloy is made of a first material and a second material which has a substantially lower melting point than the first material, by (a) forming from the first material a body which has multiple fine interstices; (b) pouring the second material in the molten state around the body formed from the first material; and (c) allowing the resultant mass to cool. Thus, in the parts of the resultant mass in which the body formed from the first material was originally present, an alloy mass comprising the first metal and the second material alloyed together is made. Optionally, the body made from the first material may be preheated, desirably to a temperature higher than the melting point of the second material; and optionally the molten second material may be pressurized so as to enter into the interstices of the body.

Abstract: A process for producing an internal-oxidized alloy, which comprises allowing a plasma generated in the presence of oxygen, a gas of an oxygen atom-containing compound or a mixture of oxygen and a gas of an oxygen atom-containing compound to act on an alloy consisting of at least two metal elements, thereby selectively oxidizing at least one metal element other than the matrix metal in said alloy. Particles of the internal-oxidized alloy thus obtained can, if necessary, be molded into a desired shape and sintered. Said process enables one to produce an internal-oxidized alloy at a high speed at a temperature of not more than 0.9 Tm (Tm: the melting point of the starting alloy) and does not require the step of separating an internal-oxidizing agent which step is required in the conventional process.

Abstract: A lanthanide-containing alloy is produced by retaining the melt of this alloy by the use of a container having the inner surface formed of a calcia-based refractory possessing a CaO content of not less than 90% by weight in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.

Abstract: Cobalt, nickel and/or radioactive cobalt are separated from an alloy containing elements belonging to the iron group or family in such a manner that the alloy is melted in a molten bath of tin, lead and/or an alloy thereof whose weight is more than ten times as heavy as the alloy and then silicon is added to the molten bath so that a Fe-Si phase floats up and is separated, concentrating the cobalt and nickel in said bath.

Abstract: A method of making cobalt-boron and/or nickel-boron alloys in a low-shaft electrical furnace wherein the burden or charge has a height of at least 500 mm and at least a portion of its carbon carrier consists of wood chips which are carbonized to wood charcoal during the process so that the wood charcoal which is produced can adsorb volatilized boron compounds and tap them so that they do not escape. The volatilized boron compounds thus tapped are carried to the reduction zone by the wood charcoal so that a high yield is obtained and the product has a low aluminum content.

Abstract: The metal composition and the process for producing same relate to the art of alloy metallurgy.The metal composition based on metals of VIII Group and nitrides of metals of III-VII Groups is characterized in that at least one alloy containing at least one metal of VIII Group and at least one metal of III-VII Groups are disintegrated to powder, placed into a nitrogen-containing atmosphere with an excess of nitrogen, burning is initiated by way of a local ignition of the mixture at any point thereof and the excess of nitrogen is maintained till completion of the reaction.The metal composition and process for producing same according to the present invention are useful in the manufacture of hard alloys based on refractory or high-melting compounds.