Abstract: An internal loop airlift reactor (ILAR) for process intensification integrating reaction and separation includes a riser, a downcomer, a hydrocyclone, internals preventing occurrence of dead zone, a gas guide cone, vent holes, and a gas-liquid integrated distributor. The hydrocyclone is arranged at the bottom of the ILAR downcomer; the gas guide cone and the vent holes in the downcomer prevent the gas from entering the hydrocyclone; after the slurry enters the hydrocyclone, the solid-containing slurry enters the riser again from the hydrocyclone underflow, and the solid-free clean product flows out through the hydrocyclone overflow. The ILAR in the present invention has a simple structure and low cost and requires no special liquid-solid separation device. It can achieve gas-liquid-solid three-phase reaction, interphase mass transfer, and solid-liquid separation simultaneously, and is suitable for a gas-liquid-solid three-phase reaction in which the catalyst is solid particles.

Abstract: This invention relates to a cartridge structure (100, 200, 300) designed for generation of hydrogen gas by means of generating hydrogen using hydride solutions (sodium hydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, ammonium borane, etc.) in presence of a catalyzer. The objective of this invention is to provide a cartridge structure (100, 200, 300) designed for generation of hydrogen gas by means of generating hydrogen using continuously fed hydride solutions in presence of a catalyzer.

Abstract: Reactor vessel and a feed nozzle assembly for feeding a gas and a liquid into such reactor vessel. The feed nozzle assembly comprises an outer tube supplying a first liquid feed, such as oil, an inner tube supplying a dispersion gas, such as steam, a third tube supplying a second liquid feed, such as biomass, and a nozzle end. A catalytic cracking process wherein two or more hydrocarbon liquids are jointly dispersed into a dispersion gas and jetted via the same feed nozzle assembly into a catalytic cracking reactor.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the dehydrogenation of paraffins is presented. The process utilizes a reactor that includes a slower flow of catalyst through the reactor, with a counter current flow of gas through the catalyst bed. The catalyst is regenerated and distributed over the top of the catalyst bed, and travels through the bed with the aid of reactor internals to limit backmixing of the catalyst.

Abstract: Embodiments of apparatuses and risers for reacting a feedstock in the presence of a catalyst and methods for fabricating such risers are provided. In one example, a riser comprises a sidewall that defines a cylindrical housing surrounding an interior. The sidewall has a groove formed therein disposed about the interior. A plurality of baffle sections is disposed in the groove. The baffle sections are configured to be packed together in the groove to define a packed condition and to be moved in the groove so as to spread out the baffle sections from the packed condition to define an expanded condition and form a baffle ring. The baffle ring extends inwardly in the interior.

Abstract: Mechanically fluidized systems and processes allow for efficient, cost-effective production of silicon. Particulate may be provided to a heated tray or pan, which is oscillated or vibrated to provide a reaction surface. The particulate migrates downward in the tray or pan and the reactant product migrates upward in the tray or pan as the reactant product reaches a desired state. Exhausted gases may be recycled.

Abstract: Use of a high shear mechanical device incorporated into a process for the production of chlorobenzene is capable of decreasing mass transfer limitations, thereby enhancing the chlorobenzene production process. A system for the production of chlorobenzene from benzene and chlorine, the system comprising a reactor and an external high shear device, the outlet of which is fluidly connected to the inlet of the reactor; the high shear device capable of providing an emulsion of chlorine gas bubbles within liquid benzene.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for thermal processing of slurry, the slurry is combined with a bio-mass to produce a mixture which is then subjected to a cracking temperature in a receiving tank, thereby liquefying and allowing the mixture to catalytically undergo a cracking reaction. The cracking reaction which the liquefied mixture undergoes is continued in a mixer pump to thereby produce a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is outgased in an intermediate tank to separate an outgased fraction from a non-outgased fraction. Subsequently, the outgased fraction is allowed to cool down, thereby producing fuel, while the non-outgased fraction is returned to the receiving tank and subjected again to the cracking temperature. Residual matter of the non-outgased fraction settles in the intermediate tank and is periodically removed.

Abstract: A chemical reactor comprises a flow channel, a source, and a destination. The flow channel is configured to house at least one catalytic reaction converting at least a portion of a first nanofluid entering the channel into a second nanofluid exiting the channel. The flow channel includes at least one turbulating flow channel element disposed axially along at least a portion of the flow channel. A plurality of catalytic nanoparticles is dispersed in the first nanofluid and configured to catalytically react the at least one first chemical reactant into the at least one second chemical reaction product in the flow channel.

Abstract: A circulating fluid bed reactor such as that used in fluid coking processes has a circular dense bed reaction section above the reactor base where the fluidizing gas is injected and a plurality of frusto-conical baffles in the dense bed reaction section, each of which depends downwardly and radially inwards from the reactor wall to a lower, inner edge defining a central aperture. The baffles are preferably provided with downcomers which permit downward flow of solids and upward flow of gas through the baffles.

Abstract: A multiphase multifunctional reactor, system and method is described which has the capacity to effect extractive oxidation of sulfur and nitrogen compounds and unstable unsaturated compounds that are present in raw hydrocarbon streams, in such a way that the reaction conditions are adjusted and avoid losses of yield of the treated hydrocarbon in the stages of the extraction and/or absorption. The objective is achieved by means of the conception of a reactor which comprises a column divided into five sections which can be classified as two reaction sections (1, 2) two decantation sections (3, 4) and an inert gas section (5) under pressure.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for reacting a natural oil with a short chain alcohol in the presence of alkaline catalyst, in which a mixture of natural oil, short chain alcohol and alkaline catalyst is fed in one direction along a pipe reactor under transitional or turbulent conditions, so that the reactants are mixed in a direction normal to the flow direction to a greater degree than in a direction parallel to the flow direction or so that the reactants are mixed in a direction normal to the flow direction, such that the time taken for 90% of the elements of fluid to pass through the reactor is within 20% of the mean residence time of reactant in the reactor. There is also provided a ship, comprising means for storing a raw material used in the synthesis of biodiesel, a plant for the synthesis of biodiesel and means for storing the biodiesel synthesized.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for upgrading heavy hydrocarbons such as asphaltenes to lighter oil and gas components is disclosed. The process provides a reaction environment that promotes fast and selective cracking of heavy hydrocarbons, while minimizing coke formation and fouling and enhancing product yields.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to an upflow for upgrading heavy oil feed stock and a method for upgrading heavy oil feed stock employing an upflow reactor and with a slurry catalyst. In one embodiment, the upflow reactor is a liquid recirculating reactor, which is operated in manner corresponding to a dispersed bubble flow regime, which requires a high liquid to gas ratio. A dispersed bubble flow regime results in more even flow patterns, increasing the amount of liquid, i.e., heavy oil feed stock that can be upgraded in a single reactor.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a device for distributing a polyphase mixture constituted by at least one gas phase and at least one liquid phase, said mixture being in downflow mode passing through at least one bed of solid particles, and said device comprising at least one tray (1) located above a bed of solid particles, a plurality of mixing channels (2) for said liquid and gas phases, a dispersive system (3) of the jet breaker tray type (3) with a controlled porosity provided with flanges (36) over at least a portion of its perimeter, disposed beneath the mixing channels (2) and above the bed of solid particles, said distribution device being characterized in that the dispersive system (3) comprises at least one separating element (32).

Abstract: A method of processing a fluid and/or a particulate material, the method comprising the steps of: (a) introducing the particulate material into a chamber; (b) providing a flow of fluid into said chamber for entraining the particulate material; and (c) removing processed fluid and/or particulate material from the chamber; wherein the chamber comprises a processing zone having a substantially circular transverse cross-section, the fluid flow being introduced into the processing zone at an angle of between 10° and 75° with respect to a tangent of the substantially circular transverse cross-section of the processing zone to establish a fluid flow following a substantially helical path in the processing chamber.

Abstract: A mercury removal apparatus for a liquid hydrocarbon includes a conversion device which converts a mercury component in a raw liquid hydrocarbon into elemental mercury to obtain a first liquid hydrocarbon containing the elemental mercury. The apparatus also includes a first stripping device which brings the first liquid hydrocarbon into counter-current contact with a first stripping gas, thereby transferring the elemental mercury in the first liquid hydrocarbon to the first stripping gas to obtain (i) a second liquid hydrocarbon in which the amount of the elemental mercury decreases and (ii) a first gaseous hydrocarbon containing the elemental mercury.

Abstract: Catalytic cracking riser reactor extending between an inlet for hydrocarbonaceous feed and catalyst particles and an outlet for discharging cracked products and spent catalyst particles, which riser reactor has been provided with at least one contacting device, wherein the contacting device comprises a composite of refractory material and a metal structure, which metal structure is connected to the outer wall of the riser reactor. If more contacting devices have been provided, they are preferably axially spaced apart and are disposed along the inner surface of the riser reactor.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for thermal processing of catalytically active biomass, the biomass is subjected in a receiving tank to a cracking temperature to undergo a cracking reaction. The biomass is transferred to a mixer pump to produce a reaction mixture which is directed into an outgassing chamber of an intermediate tank to produce an outgassed fraction and a non-outgassed liquid fraction. The outgassed fraction to produce fuel is cooled down, and a first portion of the non-outgassed liquid fraction is returned and subjected again to the cracking temperature in the receiving tank. A second portion of the non-outgassed liquid fraction is conducted in a bypass to the outgassing chamber of the intermediate tank for outgassing while fresh biomass is added. Residual matter settling in the intermediate tank is periodically removed.

Abstract: The invention disclosed relates to catalytic distillation column internals providing improved liquid reaction mixture and catalyst contacting for simultaneous catalytic reaction and separation of the reaction mixture. The invention is an improved catalytic distillation apparatus providing optimum balance of catalytic reaction and mass transfer steps, wherein distribution, mixing and feeding of liquid reaction mixture to the reaction zone and distillation section are better controlled and more uniformly applied. At least one catalyst bed is situated in at least one receiving pan of a distillation tray so that the tray performs the functions of both of the reaction section and the distillation section of the catalytic distillation column simultaneously within a stage.

Abstract: Disclosed is an FCC apparatus and process in which spent catalyst is recycled to the base of the riser to contact fresh feed through a passage disposed within the riser.

Abstract: Aluminum hydroxide aggregated particles which have an average particle diameter of not less than 40 ?m, an average particle diameter as determined after pressing at 1,000 kg/cm2 of not more than 35 ?m, and an L value of slurry obtained by mixing 20 ml of glycerol and 10 g of the aluminum hydroxide aggregated particles of not more than 69, are obtained by a process comprising the steps of: (a) feeding a supersaturated aqueous sodium aluminate solution to a vessel, (b) adding aluminum hydroxide seeds to the supersaturated aqueous sodium aluminate solution, (c) stirring the seed-added solution in the vessel while continuously feeding an additional supersaturated aqueous sodium aluminate solution into the vessel to hydrolyze the supersaturated aqueous sodium aluminate solution, (d) separating the aluminum hydroxide aggregated particles from the aqueous sodium aluminate solution, and (e) continuously discharging the aqueous sodium aluminate solution out of the vessel.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for thermal processing of slurry, slurry is combined with a bio-mass to produce a mixture. The mixture is subjected in a heated mixer pump to a cracking temperature, thereby allowing the mixture to catalytically undergo a cracking reaction to produce a reaction mixture which is directly outgased in the mixer pump to produce an outgased portion and a solid portion. The outgased portion and the solid portion are separately discharged from the mixer pump; with the low boiling fraction of the outgased portion allowed to cool down for further processing, and the solid portion collected in a residual matter container for further processing.

Abstract: Use of a high shear mechanical device incorporated into a process for the production of chlorobenzene is capable of decreasing mass transfer limitations, thereby enhancing the chlorobenzene production process.

Abstract: In a catalytic FCC cracking unit comprising a vertically disposed riser housing a reaction zone, the improvement comprising at least one device for redistribution of catalyst inside said reaction zone, the catalytic cracking unit being equipped at a plane with feedstock injectors, and an upper plane, with mixed temperature control (MTC) injectors, wherein said device has the general shape of a continuous ring adjacent the riser wall and along the inside periphery of said wall, said device creating a restriction in the cross section of the riser ranging between 30% and 45%, having a profile section at least partially rectilinear, and being located a) either in a zone encompassed between the plane of the feedstock injectors and the plane of the MTC injectors, b) or at a height of between 0.1 and 5 meters above the plane of the MTC injectors.

Abstract: A Taylor reactor (1) according to FIG. 1, comprising 1. an annular reaction volume (2) which widens in the flow direction and is defined by an outer reactor wall (3), a rotor (4) which is mounted rotatably at the end (4.1) in the reactor floor (5) and at its other end (4.2) is unmounted, and a reactor floor (5) having a seal (6) for the drive shaft (7), 2. an inlet region (8) above the reactor floor (5), having at least one side feed (8.1) and/or at least one feed (8.1) through the reactor floor (5) for the reactants and/or the process media, 3. an outlet region (9) which is disposed above the annular reaction volume (2), widens further beyond the annular reaction volume (2) in the flow direction, and subsequently tapers toward a product offtake (10), 4. a product offtake (10) which at its greatest diameter opens toward the outlet region (9) and tapers in the other direction, and 5. a pressure maintenance valve (11); and its use for continuous bulk polymerization.

Abstract: A reactor, which is capable of accommodating a reaction in which at least three phases are present and at least one gaseous starting material and at least one liquid starting material are reacted in cocurrent over a fixed-bed catalyst to give one or more product(s), contains at least one first zone in which a catalyst is present as a fixed bed; and at least one second zone whose size corresponds to a reactor cross section and which is separated from the at least one first zone by a distributor plate provided with at least one hole and in which at least one liquid and at least one gaseous starting material enter the reactor. The distributor plate is provided with at least one static mixer which is located in the at least one hole on at least one side of the distributor plate.

Abstract: A catalytic reactor having a mixing section connected to a downstream reaction section containing a catalyst to promote a reaction of oxygen and a hydrocarbon fed to the catalytic reactor. The mixing section is provided with a flame arrestor to prevent a stable flame from propagating should any reaction of oxygen and hydrocarbons occur during mixing. The flame arrestor permits flow in both axial and radial directions to promote mixing. Baffle elements and a downstream static mixer can also be used. The catalyst is preferably in the form of monolithic blocks enclosed by a ceramic tube that is maintained as a unitary catalyst assembly that can be removed for replacement and installation of the catalyst as a single unit.

Abstract: A flow cytometer includes a flow cell for detecting the sample, an oil phase in the flow cell, a water phase in the flow cell, an oil-water interface between the oil phase and the water phase, a detector for detecting the sample at the oil-water interface, and a hydrophobic unit operatively connected to the sample. The hydrophobic unit is attached to the sample. The sample and the hydrophobic unit are placed in an oil and water combination. The sample is detected at the interface between the oil phase and the water phase.

Abstract: Systems and methods of functionalizing particulates are provided. A method of functionalizing particulates includes providing particulates to a reactor, fluidizing the particulates in substantial absence of solvents, providing a silane containing material to the fluidized particulates, and reacting the silane containing material with the fluidized particulates to provide silane-functionalized particulates. The silane-functionalized particulates may be utilized in separation media and other industrial applications.

Abstract: A carbon monoxide oxidizer comprises an oxidant supply unit (4) that supplies an oxidant gas to a reformate gas, a mixing unit (5) that mixes the reformate gas with the oxidant gas, and a preferential oxidation catalyst unit (6) that removes carbon monoxide from a mixed gas using catalytic action. The mixing unit (5) comprises a stacked body (9) of plates (100A-100F). A rotating passage (101) that is formed in the stacked body (9) to rotate the flow of the mixed gas, thereby promoting mixing of the reformate gas with the oxidant gas by a rotating flow formed by the rotating passage (101).

Abstract: A method of processing a fluid and/or a particulate material, the method comprising the steps of: (a) introducing the particulate material into a chamber; (b) providing a flow of fluid into said chamber for entraining the particulate material; and (c) removing processed fluid and/or particulate material from the chamber; wherein the chamber comprises a processing zone having a substantially circular transverse cross-section, the fluid flow being introduced into the processing zone at an angle of between 10° and 75° with respect to a tangent of the substantially circular transverse cross-section of the processing zone to establish a fluid flow following a substantially helical path in the processing chamber.

Abstract: Device for mixing and distributing a dense, generally liquid, fluid and a light, generally gaseous, fluid, placed in a reaction chamber upstream from a granular bed (70) or between two successive granular beds, the said device being characterized by a tubular system (50) for the introduction of dense fluid from outside the reactor, up to a level lower than the level of establishment of the interface between the dense fluid and the light fluid, situated above the plate and preferably more or less next to that of the plate (62). Application of this device to any type of gas/liquid reaction in a fixed bed in particular for hydrotreatment.

Abstract: For mixing and distributing a gas phase and a liquid phase over a granular bed, employing an annular peripheral zone inside a reactor via which liquid is introduced and which acts as a buffer zone against fluctuations in the flow of the liquid phase. The device is applicable to catalytic bed chemical reactors especially for the hydrotreatment of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously producing polybutylene terephthalate, which comprises a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid with a glycol, thereby producing an oligomer, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer, thereby preparing a low polymerization product, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester, where the second reactor is a vertical, cylindrical polymerization vessel having a plurality of concentrical partitioned reaction compartments therein, each of the reaction compartments being provided with stirring blades and a heater, and an outlet for volatile matters being provided at the upper part of the vessel. The second reactor contributes to efficient and continuous production of polybutylene terephthalate having a good quality.

Abstract: A reactor containing a plurality of porous rotors is disclosed. A liquid sprayed in a direction from a rotating axis to the rotors is hit by the porous rotors, creating fine liquid particles, so that a mass transfer takes place between the surfaces of the liquid particles and a gas injected into the reactor, and thus a crystallization reaction is initiated. The crystallization reaction is confined by the amounts of the reactants contained in the liquid particles, and will stop as soon as one of the reactants is consumed, so that the resulting crystals can be controlled in nanometer level. The reactor of the present invention is also suitable for use in a liquid-liquid reaction, wherein two different liquids are separately sprayed in a direction from the rotating axis and hit by the porous rotors, and the resulting fine liquid particles of the two different liquids contact and react with each other, so that ultra fine particles are formed.

Abstract: A Taylor reactor for conducting material conversions, having an external reactor wall (1) located within which there is a concentrically or eccentrically disposed rotor (2), a reactor floor (3) and a reactor lid (4), which together define the annular reactor volume (5), at least one means (6) for metered addition of reactants, and a means (7) for the discharge of product, wherein during the conversion there is a change in the viscosity ? of the reaction medium and the reactor wall (1) and/or the rotor (2) are or is geometrically designed in such a way that the conditions for Taylor vortex flow are met over essentially the entire reactor length in the reactor volume (5).

Abstract: A sample testing apparatus (100) for use in measuring an analyte in a sample (105) is disclosed. The apparatus includes a sample well (104) for receiving the sample. A solid analyte binding agent (160) is disposed in the sample well. The apparatus further includes a mixing device (156) for mixing the sample with the solid analyte binding agent and a valve (129). The valve is configurable between a closed position for impeding flow of the sample from the sample well and an open position for releasing the sample from the sample well. The apparatus additionally includes a membrane (118) for receiving the sample once released from the sample well, the membrane having a capture reagent (164) adapted to interact with at least one of the analyte, the analyte binding agent, or a complex thereof, to aid in determining the amount of the analyte in the sample.

Abstract: A gas siphon type reactor (10) is used to carry out a three phase chemical reaction under pressure, such as the reduction of uranyl nitrate to uranous nitrate by hydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst made up of platinum on a silica carrier. The control of the pressure in the reactor (10) is provided by regulating the liquid and gas flow rates from a high-pressure separator (52), into which the liquid and the gas leaving the reactor (10) are routed. The liquid in the reactor (10) is tapped from a lateral branch pipe (32) fitted with a filter (36) and emerging in the upper area (30), behind a profiled wall (34).

Abstract: A fluidized catalytic cracking system includes a riser for contacting catalyst and hydrocarbon feedstock. The riser has an inner surface that defines a central passage. The central passage acts as a flow path for the catalyst and the hydrocarbon feedstock. A plurality of ribs are disposed on the riser inner surface. The ribs increase the degree of mixing that occurs between the catalyst and the hydrocarbon feedstock within the central passage. In particular, each rib has a contoured inner wall. The contour of the inner wall forces a portion of the catalyst flow inward, toward the hydrocarbon-rich center of the central passage.

Abstract: The invention concerns an up-flow reactor for catalytic treatment of a particle-containing gas comprising a catalytic unit and at least one drain pipe upstream the catalytic unit within a reactor wall.

Abstract: Apparatus comprising a fluidized-bed catalytic cracking plant riser reactor having an axial passageway extending between said inlet end for receiving hydrocarbonaceous feed and catalyst particles and wherein said outlet end discharges effluent and catalyst particles, which reactor riser is provided with a plurality of contacting devices arranged axially spaced apart in said axial passageway, wherein each said contacting device comprises a mixing element having the shape of a segment of arc, wherein the mixing element of each said contacting device is present in a plane perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis of the passageway and wherein the mixing element of a contacting device is arranged staggered with respect to the mixing element of an adjacent contacting device.

Abstract: Trap apparatus and method for removing contaminants from the gaseous effluent flows from chemical vapor deposition chambers and processes by flowing the particle laden gas into an upper chamber of the trap apparatus, imparting additional kinetic energy to the powder particles to enhance separation of the powder particles from the gas, and then flowing the gas, sans the powder particles, out of the trap, while the powder particles fall into and are captured by a lower chamber positioned below the upper chamber and remote from the flowing gas. An impeller positioned in the upper chamber in the inlet path imparts the additional kinetic energy. For some reaction gas systems, an optional reactor with hydrophillic, rotating growth substrates enhance and accelerate growth of solid particles, which are then dislodged from the media, and fed by the flowing gas into the upper chamber for capture as previously described.

Abstract: A slurry feed of a heavy hydrocarbon feedstock and coke-inhibiting additive particles together with a hydrogen-containing gas, are fed upward through a confined hydrocracking zone in a vertical, elongated, cylindrical vessel with a generally dome-shaped bottom head. A mixed effluent is removed from the top containing hydrogen and vaporous hydrocarbons and liquid heavy hydrocarbons. The slurry feed mixture and a portion of the hydrogen-containing gas are fed into the hydrocracking zone through an injector at the bottom of the dome-shaped bottom head and the balance of the hydrogen-containing gas is fed into the hydrocracking zone through injection nozzles arranged within of the hydrocracking zone at a location above the slurry-feed injector. The combined slurry feed and hydrogen-containing gas are injected at a velocity whereby the additive particles are maintained in suspension throughout the vessel and coking reactions are prevented.

Abstract: The upstream portion of a reactor (1), contains, between the feeding area of the catalyst flow and the injection area of the charge to be cracked, at least one solid and attached packing element (6, 6′), that extends over all or part of the cross section of the reactor and consists of a network of cells through which pass the catalyst particles. This network makes it possible to create at least one step of division and recombination of the flow of catalyst particles, so as to redistribute the latter in a homogenous manner over the cross section of the reactor.

Abstract: In the reaction process, at least two educts A, B are divided by a system, assigned to each of them, of slit-like microchannels 1a, 1b into spatially separate fluid lamellae, which then emerge into a common mixing and reaction space 4. The fluid lamellae here have a thickness <1,000 &mgr;m, preferably <100 &mgr;m, at a width thickness ratio of at least 10. It is essential here that educts A, B can emerge as thin fluid lamellae 6a, 6b into the mixing/reaction space 4, each fluid lamella 6a of an educt A being led into the mixing/reaction space 4 in the immediate vicinity of a fluid lamella 6b of another educt B. The adjacent fluid lamellae 6a, 6b then subsequently mix by diffusion and/or turbulence. As a result, the mixing operation is accelerated substantially compared with conventional reactors. In the case of rapid chemical reactions, the formation of undesirable by-products or secondary products is largely prevented in this manner.

Abstract: An dilute phase transport riser for the contacting of particles with a gas uses redistributors along the length of the riser to prevent the formation of localized regions of high particle concentration along the wall of the riser. A series of redistributors extend transversely across the riser to redistribute the particles and the gas. The redistributor can comprise radially extended spokes or simple rectangular grates spaced at regular intervals along the length of the riser. The arrangement is particularly suited for FCC application where the catalyst tends to form pickets or streamers of catalyst that may slip backward along the length of a vertical riser.

Abstract: A wet-type flue gas desulfurization method and plant making use of a solid desulfurizing agent in which exhaust gas exhausted from a combustion apparatus such as a boiler is brought into contact with absorbing liquid to absorb sulfur oxide from the exhaust gas into the absorbing liquid followed by neutralization of the absorbing liquid containing the sulfur oxide thus absorbed. The solid desulfurizing agent is selectively retained in an absorbing liquid neutralizing zone and the absorbing liquid, containing water as a main constituent and solid products formed from the absorbed sulfur oxide, is selectively removed from the neutralizing zone. In the neutralizing zone the upward flow of the absorbing liquid, optionally augmented by an upward flow of air or water, forms a fluidized bed of limestone particles, thereby preventing coating of the limestone by gypsum and thereby retaining reactivity of limestone.

Abstract: A continuous stirred tank reactor is paired with a bubble column reactor to enhance conversion in a continuous process, e.g. hydrogenation, wherein a gaseous reactant is mixed with a liquid. The continuous stirred reactor is fitted with a specialized impeller system to circulate the liquid and enhance contact of the liquid with reactant gas carried over from the bubble column.

Abstract: An apparatus for mixing vapor and liquid reactants within a column. The apparatus forms a first mixing zone into which a first reactant (e.g., vapor) is homogenized by swirl flow and flows vertically downward. The apparatus further forms a second mixing zone into which a second reactant (e.g., liquid) is homogenized by swirl flow and flows vertically downward. Additional amounts of either the first reactant, the second reactant or both may be added into or ahead of the first mixing zone or the second mixing zone as appropriate. The first reactant is directed radially to collide in crossflow with a thin sheet of the second reactant to provide intense mixing of the first and second reactants. Due to separate mixing zones for the two reactants, the mixing conditions for each can be tailored to best mix each reactant while minimizing pressure drop and minimizing the space and volume requirements for this mixing.