Abstract: An improved apparatus and method for the fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) of hydrocarbons. Turbulence generation means disposed on the internal surface of an FCC riser-reactor are utilized to provide for a more uniform catalyst flow pattern within the riser-reactor and to thereby provide for a better conversion and product slate.

Abstract: Quench fluids being charged to a hydroprocessing reactor and liquid flowing downward within the reactor are admixed between the catalyst beds located in the reactor by an apparatus comprising three circular trays (16, 21, 22) and a mixing chamber (20). The mixing chamber receives liquid collected by the top tray and the quench material. The liquid effluent of the mixing chamber then falls upon a first distribution tray (21) while the vapor flows through an annular gap (17) between the first distribution tray (21) and the vessel wall (1). The two phases are then recontacted as they pass through a plurality of mixing caps (13) distributed over the surface of a lower second distribution tray (22).

Abstract: Exhaust gas from combustion equipment such as a boiler is brought into contact with an absorbing liquid to absorb sulfur oxide from the exhaust gas into the absorbing liquid. Limestone particles having larger diameters are selectively retained in a zone wherein the absorbing liquid that has absorbed the sulfur oxide from the exhaust gas is neutralized. The absorbing liquid containing water and the gypsum thereby formed, as main constituents, are selectively drained from the neutralizing zone and recycled for renewed contact with the exhaust gas. Because of the possibility of a large decrease of desulfurizing performance due to a variation in the load on the boiler, etc., at least one of the following is monitored: pressure drop across the neutralizing zone, torque of a stirring device, solids concentration in the absorbing liquid, specific gravity of the absorbing liquid and viscosity of the absorbing liquid. Responsive to the monitored parameters outlet SO.sub.

Abstract: A sulfuric acid-catalyzed alkylation reactor system is provided for alkylating isoparaffins with olefins to produce hydrocarbon alkylates. The reactor vessel has a vertical cylindrical wall, a top, an inverted conical bottom portion, internal perforated baffles and multiple emulsion injection inlet pipes, disposed tangentially to and communicating with the interior of the reactor vessel. The emulsion injection inlet pipes have static mixers incorporated therein and tangential injection of the emulsion imparts a circular motion to the contents of the reactor vessel, resulting in partial phase separation of the reacted products. The reactor vessel communicates with a settling vessel through a transfer pipe having a vertical portion suspended within the central portion of the reactor vessel and a horizontal portion sealably extending through the cylindrical wall of the reactor vessel.

Abstract: A reactor is described for exothermic sludge phase reactions which comprises as the heat exchanger an annular chamber which is covered at the top and the bottom by the reaction mass in the reactor, the annular chamber comprising a plurality of vertical passage ducts having a circular cross-section for the reaction mass, and the coolant flowing through the annular chamber between the passage ducts for the reaction mass.

Abstract: A wet type flue gas desulfurization apparatus in which desulfurization of flue gas is carried out through gas/liquid phase contact of flue gas with an absorbent slurry. More particularly, disclosed in a combined absorption tower comprising an absorbent slurry liquid tank, a thickening tank serving for concentration by settling of a reaction product slurry formed through the reaction of the absorbent and SO.sub.

Abstract: An FCC process mixes spent and regenerated catalyst to obtain thermal equilibrium of a blended catalyst stream before contacting feed with the blended catalyst stream. The spent and regenerated catalyst from the reactor and regenerator catalyst may be mixed in a blending vessel located at the bottom of an FCC riser that can also serve as a hot catalyst stripper.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for partially hydrogenating a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to produce a cycloolefin, comprising reacting a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with hydrogen in the presence of a particulate hydrogenation catalyst comprised mainly of metallic ruthenium, in a reaction system comprising a continuous aqueous phase having the particulate hydrogenation catalyst suspended therein, an oil phase containing the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and a gaseous phase comprising hydrogen gas, while applying a shearing force to the reaction system at a specific maximum shear rate. By the method of the present invention, not only can a cycloolefin be produced at high selectivity and in high yield, but also the catalytic activity can be stably maintained at a high level for a prolonged period of time.

Abstract: In the absorption of acetylene from a crude gas mixture containing mostly C.sub.2 hydrocarbons, a substantially acetylene-free liquid C.sub.2 stream is introduced into a mixing chamber located in the column between the feed points for the crude gas mixture and the absorption agent. The C.sub.2 stream is distributed into fine droplets as it enters into accumulated absorption agent in the mixing chamber, so that foam is not formed in the absorption column. The mixing chamber can be formed of a mixing tank integrated with a plate.

Abstract: In a reactor, granular feedstock having particle sizes in the range from about 0.5 to 15 mm is subjected in a moving bed to a countercurrent extraction at a temperature in the range from 20.degree. to 150.degree. C. and under a pressure in the range from 50 to 400 bars by a continuously supplied solvent which is in a liquid or supercritical state. A mixture of valuable substances and solvent is withdrawn from the upper portion of the reactor. The solvent is separated from the valuable substances by a pressure relief and/or temperature rise and is recycled to the reactor. The extraction residue is withdrawn from the lower end of the reactor. Respective locks are used to charge the feedstock into the reactor and to discharge the extraction residue from the reactor. Solvent and an entrainer are supplied to the reactor at different locations. Outlet ducts having a length of 0.1 to 1 m are preferably used to deliver the feedstock onto a moving bed in the reactor so that a free space is provided over the bed.

Abstract: A process and apparatus of preventing the plugging of the discharge and/or suction line of an internal recycle pump utilized in an expanded bed reactor of the type having a partition transversely extending through the lower portion thereof and defining a plurality of substantially regularly and uniformly disposed perforations and communicating with a reaction zone above the partition and plenum chamber therebelow. The reaction zone contains a mass of particulate catalyst contact matter supported by the partition and placed in randon motion above the partition by a pressurized mixture of a liquid carbon containing material and a hydrogen rich gas flow passing through the perforations from the plenum chamber and by the internal recycle pump having a pump suction line generally concentrically disposed with respect to the reactor and extending through the partition into the reaction zone.

Abstract: Catalyst/oil mixing in a catalytic cracking unit can be effected at approximately right angles by introducing the liquid oil axially into the mouth of the riser and bringing the catalyst radially inwardly into the mouth of the riser from substantially the entire circumference thereof.

Abstract: A multi-stage reactor for the oxidation of alkyl aromatics, e.g. a mixture of p-xylene and methyl p-toluate in a liquid phase reaction mixture with oxygen-containing gases, e.g. air, under elevated pressure and at an elevated temperature in the presence of an oxidation catalyst is in the form of an elongated closed tank with a multiplicity of neighboring reaction chambers arranged successively from one end to the other end of the tank for containing the liquid reaction mixture at predetermined levels in each chamber. The reactor is provided with an oxidizing gas feed system for introducing an oxidizing gas into each chamber, feed means for introducing at least one alkyl aromatic reactant and an oxidation catalyst into at least one of the reaction chambers, a vapor-collecting conduit means in communication with each of said chambers for removing reaction gas from each of said chambers, and a discharge means for removing the oxidized product from the reactor tank.

Abstract: A regeneration equipment for spent activated carbon comprises a regeneration reactor provided vertically through a vertical heating furnace and an integrated body of a longitudinal series of numerous spiral elements fixedly provided almost throughout the length of said regeneration reactor. Steam ducts are provided so that they are inserted in said regeneration reactor at about the middle portion thereof. On the outside surface of the wall of said regeneration reactor, fixedly provided are exhaust chambers, each of which communicates at its bottom portion with the inside of said regeneration reactor through exhaust holes provided in the wall of said reactor, and is filled with heat-resisting balls piled up in three layers so that the balls in the top and bottom layers are larger in diameter than said exhaust holes and those in the middle layer are similar in diameter to activated carbon particles.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing an aromatic dicarboxylic acid by oxidizing a benzene derivative with molecular oxygen in the liquid phase in a lower aliphatic carboxylic acid as a solvent in the presence of an oxidation catalyst, wherein a starting material liquid e.g., a benzene derivative or a solution thereof in the lower aliphatic carboxylic acid, is fed into the liquid-phase reaction system in a uniformly dispersed state by being passed through a porous material causing the pressure of the starting material liquid just after passing through said porous material to drop more than about 1 kg/m.sup.2 in relation to the pressure of the starting material liquid just before passing through said porous material. The resultant aromatic dicarboxylic acid has high purity and has good color.