Abstract: A system and process for continuous production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from the fatty acid triglycerides of waste oil via transesterification in the presence of a reusable sugar-based catalyst. The system and process incorporates re-cycling and re-use of waste bi-product streams to result in a near-zero emissions, with a 97% product yield mix consisting of almost pure biodiesel and a very small percentage of impurities including glycerol.

Abstract: An impurity removing apparatus is simple in structure for removing impurities from a rare gas and enable to make the rare gas reusable. The impurity removing apparatus includes a first treatment device 21 for removing fluorine and fluorine compound which are mixed with a rare gas discharged from an excimer laser oscillation apparatus 10, a second treatment device 23 for removing oxygen generated by the first treatment device, and a circulation device 25 for circulating the rare gas discharged from the excimer laser oscillation apparatus 10 and returning the rare gas to the excimer laser oscillation apparatus 10.

Abstract: Process and device for regeneration of a used absorbent from a desulfurization zone or from the desulfurization of a gas containing sulfur oxides, comprising regeneration simultaneously with filtering of the absorbent, in a reducing atmosphere, wherein partial combustion of a regeneration gas is also carried out upstream from regeneration, the products of the partial combustion being mixed with the used absorbent prior to the regeneration-filtration stage. The absorbent may be, e.g., solid absorbents based on magnesium oxide. The regeneration gas may be hydrogen sulfide and/or a hydrocarbon. For example, H2S can be partially combusted and the products of the partial combustion, including H2S, H2, SO2 and sulfur, mixed with the used absorbent prior to the regeneration-filtration stage.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a monoolefin production system comprising an extraction-hydrogenation zone for extracting a highly unsaturated hydrocarbon from an olefin stream into a polar solvent and, in situ, hydrogenating the highly unsaturated hydrocarbon to a monoolefin. In other embodiments, monoolefin production systems include an extraction-hydrogenation zone for performing the extraction and hydrogenating steps in situ. In alternative embodiments, the hydrogenation zone is disposed downstream from the extraction zone.

Abstract: A method of reactivating a catalyst, such as a solid catalyst or a liquid catalyst is provided. The method comprises providing a catalyst that is at least partially deactivated by fouling agents. The catalyst is contacted with a fluid reactivating agent that is at or above a critical point of the fluid reactivating agent and is of sufficient density to dissolve impurities. The fluid reactivating agent reacts with at least one fouling agent, releasing the at least one fouling agent from the catalyst. The at least one fouling agent becomes dissolved in the fluid reactivating agent and is subsequently separated or removed from the fluid reactivating agent so that the fluid reactivating agent may be reused. A system for reactivating a catalyst is also disclosed.

Abstract: This invention relates to regeneration of coked catalyst by combustion so that the catalyst can be reused in a hydrocarbon conversion reaction. The completion of coke burn is generally measured with a combination of temperature or change in oxygen concentration. Dropping outlet temperatures require time to wait for increases in inlet temperature to correspondingly move down the regenerator. Faster response times might be expected from increasing oxygen concentration, but a small increase in concentration can lead to a significant increase in peak burn temperature which negatively impacts catalyst life. Controlled peak burning is difficult over the entire bed by merely controlling inlet and outlet oxygen concentrations. The invention accordingly combines a measured lag time for temperature travel with an inlet temperature ramping step to ensure complete coke combustion with high oxygen efficiency, thus providing a rapid regeneration that permits more time for operation at desired reaction conditions.

Abstract: This invention relates to a staged-zone reactor of the axial-flow type that makes it possible to implement strongly endothermic or exothermic reactions. The reactor comprises a constriction of the catalytic bed between an upper zone (3a) and a lower zone (3b), making it possible to house in the reactor a heat exchanger for the intermediate heating or cooling of the effluents. Process of chemical conversion using this reactor for exothermic or endothermic reactions in the gas and/or liquid phase, and in particular for the oligomerization reaction of C2 to C12 fractions for the purpose of producing a diesel fraction.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention includes an apparatus for pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock in a regenerative pyrolysis reactor system, the apparatus comprising a regenerative pyrolysis reactor comprising a stabilized refractory grade zirconia in a reactive region of the reactor system. In another aspect, this invention includes a method for pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock using a reverse flow regenerative pyrolysis reactor comprising the steps of providing a reverse flow regenerative pyrolysis reactor including a stabilized refractory grade zirconia in a heated reaction zone of the reactor; and pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock within the reactive region.

Abstract: A process for cracking hydrocarbon feedstock containing resid comprising: heating the feedstock, mixing the heated feedstock with a fluid and/or a primary dilution steam stream to form a mixture, flashing the mixture to form a vapor phase and a liquid phase which collect as bottoms and removing the liquid phase, separating and cracking the vapor phase, and cooling the product effluent.

Abstract: Systems and methods of improving synthesis gas quality in a fluid catalytic cracking unit are disclosed. In one example, a method comprises reacting a first stage regeneration gas comprising oxygen with spent catalyst from a reactor in a first stage of a regenerator to consume the oxygen in the first stage regeneration gas. This reaction produces a synthesis gas output and partially regenerated catalyst. The method further comprises reacting a second stage regeneration gas comprising oxygen with the partially regenerated catalyst in a second stage of the regenerator to regenerate the partially regenerated catalyst. This reaction produces the first stage regeneration gas for reaction with the spent catalyst in the first stage of the regenerator. Through the first and second stage reactions, the spent catalyst is regenerated and the synthesis gas quality is improved.

Abstract: A method for obtaining a petroleum distillate product is provided, the method includes subjecting a Fischer-Tropsch wax to a process of hydrocraking carried out at a pressure which is substantially lower that the pressure previously used. A catalyst including a noble metal is used in this method. An apparatus for carrying out the method is also provided.

Abstract: A method of regenerating an adsorbent used to remove nickel and/or vanadium impurities from fuel comprise washing the adsorbent with a low boiling solvent, heating the adsorbent in a device to a temperature of about 300° C. to about 700 C wherein the adsorbent comprises nickel and/or vanadium impurities, and fluidly mixing the adsorbent with a carrier gas stream to remove at least a portion of the nickel and/or vanadium impurities from the adsorbent.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for regenerating calcium oxide used in the production of hydrogen gas. The method includes steps of: (a) streaming a solid reactant into an inlet port of a contactor vessel; (b) streaming a purge oxidant into an oxidant port of the contactor vessel to reduce a partial pressure of a gas over the solid reactant; (c) venting the gas from a gas port of the contactor vessel; and (d) removing the solid reactant from a discharge port of the contactor vessel.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for carbonylating a reactant, including sequestering Group VIII catalyst metal from a process stream which generally has a ppb concentration of the catalyst metal. The process stream is treated with a polymer having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic repeat units to sequester the catalyst from the stream, thus allowing valuable catalyst to be recovered and returned to the reaction mixture. An apparatus provides a resin bed downstream of the light ends column in a carbonylation process. Preferably, spent resin is regenerated with a regenerant composition compatible with the carbonylation reaction mixture so that catalyst metal can be directly recycled and the resin re-used.

Abstract: A method for producing hydrogen including the steps of supplying a raw material gas from a gas inlet of a reactor tube; producing a gas mixture containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide by a reforming reaction and a shift reaction; recovering, from a discharge outlet of a separator tube, hydrogen being isolated by passing through a permselective membrane into the separator tube from the gas mixture; and discharging other gas components incapable of passing through the permselective membrane from a gas outlet of the reactor. Hydrogen is produced under conditions where ? defined by the following equation is in the range of 0.4 to 100: ?={(CO2)/(CO)2}/K wherein (CO2) and (CO) denote the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide at the gas outlet and K denotes the equilibrium constant of the disproportionation reaction of carbon monoxide at the internal temperature of the reactor tube.

Abstract: The combustion device according to the invention produces gases containing CO2 and water vapour and comprises a circulating fluidized bed reaction chamber (1, 2), a separator (10, 20), heat recovery means of which a part is situated in a dense fluidized bed (12, 12a, 22), wherein the part located in the bed of the heat recovery system(s) is composed of catalyst tubes (120, 120a, 220) through which a gas mixture flows. The gas mixture is composed of natural gas and/or naphtha or refinery gas or two or more of these gases. The gas undergoes reformation which converts it into a synthesis gas containing hydrogen. The fact of the catalyst tubes being situated in the dense fluidized bed made up of ashes from the combustion allows the catalyst to be reheated in a homogenous manner and the reforming reaction of the natural gas mixture to be stimulated.

Abstract: A storage compartment comprises an enclosure defining a storage space and an air treatment system in fluid communication with the interior space. The air treatment system includes a light source and a catalyst and configured to treat air without the use of ozone.

Abstract: An distributor arrangement introduces spent FCC catalyst more uniformly across the dense bed of the regenerator to provide more even contact with regeneration gas in order to avoid hot spots and zones of incomplete combustion. The invention forms a fluidized hopper to collect spent catalyst and a horizontally extended header with multiple horizontally extended outlet arms to place catalyst into the regenerator. The invention may use an aeration means to fluidize the header to further assist catalyst flow. Furthermore, the spent catalyst delivered to the top of the regenerator dense reduces NOx emissions in the flue gas.

Abstract: An apparatus removes CO from a hydrogen-rich gas stream in a hydrogen fuel cell system. CO fouls costly catalytic particles in the membrane electrode assemblies. Both a catalyst adapted to perform a water gas shift reaction, and a carbon dioxide adsorbent are disposed in a rotating pressure swing adsorber housing. The adsorption of carbon dioxide shifts equilibrium toward carbon monoxide consumption. A second adsorbent may be disposed in the housing for adsorbing carbon monoxide at low temperatures, and is adapted to desorb carbon monoxide at high temperatures. The present invention advantageously eliminates a unit operation from a space-constrained fuel cell vehicle by combining the WGS catalyst and a CO2 adsorbent in a single reactor/housing. The apparatus further eliminates the use of a PROX reactor, by providing an apparatus which incorporates CO2 adsorption and consequent carbon monoxide consumption in the place of the PROX reactor.

Abstract: Fuel is desulfurized with a rapid cycle desulfurization-regeneration method and apparatus. Regeneratable mass separating agents, including metals supported on high surface area materials, are used in a plurality of beds that are rotated into, through, and out of a desulfurization series and a regeneration series by valves and plumbing, which can include a rotary valve apparatus.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for cleaning the upstream surface (14) of a particulate filter (10) of a heat engine exhaust line, the filter (20) being arranged in a casing (12) having an outlet (22) for exhaust gases. The method comprises a step which consists in circulating a liquid flux through the particulate filter (10) from its downstream surface (18) towards its upstream surface (14) viewed from the direction of exhaust gas flow in the filter. The liquid flux circulated through the particulate filter (10) has a flow rate higher than 50 litres/minute and is distributed over the main part of the downstream surface (18) of the particulate filter.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for catalytic dehydrocyclodimerization wherein the reaction mixture contains from about 10 to about 200 wt. ppm water. Providing water in the reaction mixture allows for an extended life of the zeolitic catalyst thereby increasing the efficiency of the catalytic dehydrocyclodimerization process.

Abstract: Solvent extraction is used to remove wax and contaminants from an iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst in a natural circulation continuous-flow system. The wax-free catalyst is then subjected to controlled oxidation to convert the iron to its initial oxidized state, Fe2O3. Reactivation of the oxide catalyst precursor is carried out by addition of synthesis gas.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process of treating semiconductor substrates, including the production of pure water, a method of producing the pure water for semiconductor fabrication, and a water-producing apparatus. Ammonia is catalytically oxidized in a catalytic conversion reactor to form pure water. The water is then supplied to a semiconductor fabrication process. The water-producing apparatus comprises a housing surrounding a catalytic material for adsorbing ammonia, an ammonia and oxidant source, each in communication with the housing, and an outlet for reaction products. The outlet is connected to a semiconductor processing apparatus. According to preferred embodiments of the invention, the apparatus can be a catalytic tube reactor, a fixed bed reactor or a fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: A hydrogen storage tank has an outer cylinder and a cylindrical hydrogen storage module within the outer cylinder spaced apart from an inner peripheral surface of the outer cylinder to provide a hydrogen passage therebetween. The cylindrical hydrogen storage module includes a lamination having a plurality of hydrogen storage units filled with powdery hydrogen absorption material and a hydrogen absorption and desorption surface on an entire outer peripheral surface, while interposing a heating/cooling element between ones of adjacent units. First and second main passages penetrate the lamination in a lamination direction of the units, and permit heating fluid and cooling fluid to flow therethrough. Sub passages branch from the main passages and extend over within each of the heating/cooling elements.

Abstract: An apparatus removes carbon monoxide (CO) from a hydrogen-rich gas stream in a hydrogen fuel cell system. CO fouls costly catalytic particles in the membrane electrode assemblies of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. A vessel houses a carbon monoxide adsorbent. The vessel may be a rotating pressure swing adsorber. A water gas shift reactor is upstream of the rotating pressure swing adsorber. The water gas shift reactor may include a second adsorbent adapted to adsorb carbon monoxide at low temperatures and to desorb carbon monoxide at high temperatures. The apparatus advantageously eliminates the use of a preferential oxidation (PROX) reactor, by providing an apparatus which incorporates CO adsorption in the place of the PROX reactor. This cleans up carbon monoxide without hydrogen consumption and the concomitant, undesirable excess low grade heat generation. The present invention reduces start-up duration, and improves overall fuel processor efficiency during normal operation.

Abstract: A stripper and a stripping process for removing the flue gas carried by regenerated catalyst. A cylindrical stripper mainly comprises a degassing pipe at the longitudinal axis, a horizontal pipe connected with the lower end of the degassing pipe, several sets of inner annular baffles and outer annular baffles arranged in alternative arrangement along the vertical direction. Inner annular baffles are fixed on the degassing pipe, outer annular baffles are fixed on the inner wall of the cylinder. The degassing pipe has holes below each set of the inner annular baffles. The regenerated catalyst enters the stripper from the upper part, comes into a countercurrent and crosscurrent contact with steam from the annular steam conduit, and the stripped regenerated catalyst leaves the stripper from the bottom.

Abstract: An oil phase solution injected into a mixing flow path from an upstream injection inlet forms a flow from an upstream injection inlet to a discharge outlet, and a rotary blade is provided downstream of a mechanical seal. Thus, a reverse flow toward a mechanical seal of a polyvalent isocyanate and a polyol injected from an inlet downstream with respect to the mechanical seal tends not to take place. A separating film member is provided to prevent the chemical solutions flowing in the mixing flow path from coming into contact with a pressing means, which is for pressing a seal ring member of the mechanical seal against a rotation ring member. A reaction product is not adhered to the pressing means of the mechanical seal, which would decrease the pressing force, and leakage of the liquid from the mechanical seal can be effectively prevented.

Abstract: An apparatus for burning coal to produce substantially pure hydrogen for use in fuel cells, together with “sequestration ready” carbon dioxide and a stream of oxygen depleted air for powering gas turbines. The apparatus includes two fluidized bed reactors and a third transfer line reactor. The first reactor is supplied with coal particles or “char” and fluidized with high temperature steam. The second reactor is fluidized with high temperature steam and the third reactor is fluidized by compressed air. Solids circulated among these three reactors include a mixture of materials containing coal, calcium compounds (present as CaO, CaCO3 and mixtures thereof) and iron compounds (present as FeO, Fe2O3 and mixtures thereof).

Abstract: A hydrogen-occlusion alloy regenerating apparatus includes a deterioration detecting means for detecting that a hydrogen-occlusion alloy capable of occluding hydrogen in a reformed gas produced by a reformer and of releasing the hydrogen has been deteriorated due to the deposition of impurities in the reformed gas, and a regenerating section for regenerating the deteriorated hydrogen-occlusion alloy based on a detection signal from the deterioration detecting means.

Abstract: In a fuel reforming apparatus having a reformer for reforming a raw fuel containing a hydrocarbon-containing compound so as to produce a hydrogen-rich fuel gas for use in a fuel cell, a carbon removal process for removing carbon deposited on a reforming catalyst contained in the reformer is executed by controlling the amount of the raw fuel supplied to the reformer and the amount of the oxygen supplied to the reformer so that a ratio of the number of oxygen atoms O supplied to the reformer to the number of carbon atoms supplied to the reformer becomes larger than an appropriate range of the O/C ratio that is to be established during a normal operation of the reformer.

Abstract: A stripper and a stripping process for removing the flue gas carried by regenerated catalyst. A cylindrical stripper mainly comprises a degassing pipe at the longitudinal axis, a horizontal pipe connected with the lower end of the degassing pipe, several sets of inner annular baffles and outer annular baffles arranged in alternative arrangement along the vertical direction. Inner annular baffles are fixed on the degassing pipe, outer annular baffles are fixed on the inner wall of the cylinder. The degassing pipe has holes below each set of the inner annular baffles. The regenerated catalyst enters the stripper from the upper part, comes into a countercurrent and crosscurrent contact with steam from the annular steam conduit, and the stripped regenerated catalyst leaves the stripper from the bottom.

Abstract: A fuel cell power plant (110) has a fuel cell stack assembly (CSA) (16) including an anode (18), and a fuel processing system (FPS) (120) providing a hydrogen-rich reformate/fuel stream (34, 134, 62) for the anode (18) of the CSA (16). A relatively active metal catalyst is associated with one or both of the anode (18) and the FPS (120), and is subject to degradation by the presence of even low levels, e.g. 100 ppb to 5 ppb-wt. reformate, of sulfur in the fuel stream. A guard bed (70) containing a guard material (72) is provided in the FPS (120) for protecting the relatively active metal catalysts by adsorbing, and further reducing the level of, sulfur in the fuel stream. The guard material (72) is a metal or metal oxide capable of forming a stable sulfide in the presence of low levels of H2S in the fuel stream (34), and is preferably selected from the group consisting of: ZnO, CuO on CeO2-based support, NiO on CeO2-based support, and Cu/ZnO.

Abstract: An apparatus for regeneration a reforming or aromatic compound production catalyst comprises a first combustion zone wherein the first combustion zone receives catalyst and an oxygen-containing gas; a successive second combustion zone; and a conduit communicating the first and second combustion zones for transferring catalysts from the first combustion zone to the second combustion zone. The first combustion zone is isolated from the second combustion zone to prevent passage of oxygen-containing gas from the first combustion zone to the second combustion zone and the severity of the operating conditions increases from the first combustion zone to the second combustion zone.

Abstract: The device for removing pollution from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine includes an exhaust box (12) containing, in series, a catalytic purification unit (18) and a particle filter (20). The exhaust box (12) includes means (36; 60) providing access to the upstream face of the particle filter (20). Application to removing pollution from automobile vehicle diesel engines in particular.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system for detoxification of a toxic organic chlorinated compound, the system comprising: a detoxification process unit for decomposing the toxic organic chlorinated compound into a harmless organic compound by adding an additive including hydrogen donor, alkaline substance and precious metal catalyst to the toxic organic chlorinated compound stored in a container or included in a waste device, thereby to obtain harmless products; a reproducing process unit for regenerating the products obtained by the detoxification process unit thereby to provide regenerated products; and a recycle line for supplying the products obtained from the detoxification process unit to the reproducing process unit, and for supplying the regenerated products to the detoxification process unit so that the regenerated products are reused as a material for decomposing the toxic organic chlorinated compound.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing dimethyl ether comprising: a slurry-bed reactor filled with a dimethyl ether synthesis catalyst and a medium oil therefor; a condenser for condensing a gasified medium oil discharged from the reactor; an adsorber for removing a catalyst-deactivation ingredient from the medium oil condensed in the condenser; and recycle means for recycling the medium oil to the slurry-bed reactor.

Abstract: A process for regenerating a spent catalyst having coke deposits thereon in a catalyst regeneration vessel having a dense phase and a dilute phase, wherein the process comprises the steps of: (a) contacting the spent catalyst with a primary oxygen-containing gas in the dense phase, thereby combusting the coke, resulting in the formation of a combustion gas comprising nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide which further reacts, thus reducing a majority of the nitrogen oxides to form elemental nitrogen; and (b) contacting the combustion gas with a secondary oxygen-containing gas, and typically a shield gas, in the dilute phase, thereby oxidizing the remaining CO to CO2 without significant temperature rise in the dilute phase due to the after bum.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for selectively oxidizing carbon monoxide in the presence of hydrogen gas while leaving the hydrogen substantially unoxidized. This method utilizes a catalytic material, such as copper/copper oxide, silver/silver oxide, nickel/nickel oxide, and the higher and lower oxides of cerium, which in a more oxidized state is readily reduced by carbon monoxide and which in a more reduced state is readily oxidized by air. A carbon monoxide/hydrogen gas mixture and air are alternately contacted with the catalytic material, such that the carbon monoxide is selectively oxidized and the catalytic material is regenerated.

Abstract: A vessel for regenerating a catalyst for reforming or for aromatic compound production comprising a support, at least one noble metal and chlorine, the catalyst being in the form of a moving bed, said vessel comprising at least one combustion zone (A) provided with at least one conduit (9) for introducing oxygen gas and at least one conduit (5) for evacuating gasses from the combustion step, at least one oxychlorination zone (B) and at least one calcining zone (C) provided with at least one conduit (18) for introducing an oxygen-containing gas, said vessel also comprising at least one conduit (1) for introducing catalyst into the vessel, at least one conduit (3) for introducing catalyst from the combustion zone into the following oxychlorination zone (B), and at least one conduit (21) for evacuating gases from the oxychlorination zone comprising at least one means (20) for introducing least one chlorinating agent and at least one means (19) for introducing water and at least one means (17) for introducing an

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an apparatus for directing process fluids through regenerative systems using a Multi-Port Valve Assembly. Any number of process fluids can be directed through any number of regenerative devices in a regenerative system by use of the Multi-Port Valve Assembly of the present invention. Further, more than one Multi-Port Valve Assembly can be used in a regenerative system to provide for parallel-flow or counter-flow of the process fluids within the regenerative system. The regenerative systems can be used in environmental applications as Regenerative Thermal Oxidizers, Regenerative Catalytic Oxidizers, VOC Concentrators, and Reversible Chemical Reactors. The regenerative systems can also be used in energy conservation applications as Regenerative Heat-Exchangers.

Abstract: A stripper and a stripping process for removing the flue gas carried by regenerated catalyst. A cylindrical stripper mainly comprises a degassing pipe at the longitudinal axis, a horizontal pipe connected with the lower end of the degassing pipe, several sets of inner annular baffles and outer annular baffles arranged in alternative arrangement along the vertical direction. Inner annular baffles are fixed on the degassing pipe, outer annular baffles are fixed on the inner wall of the cylinder. The degassing pipe has holes below each set of the inner annular baffles. The regenerated catalyst enters the stripper from the upper part, comes into a countercurrent and crosscurrent contact with steam from the annular steam conduit, and the stripped regenerated catalyst leaves the stripper from the bottom.

Abstract: A baffle-style stripper for an FCC process having a complete or nearly complete coverage of stripping openings over the sloped surface of the baffle will provide improved stripping efficiency and catalyst flux through the stripper. The complete distribution of relatively small openings over the entire surface of a sloped baffle has been found to interrupt relatively dense streamers of catalyst that were previously not known to exist and which short-circuited the contact of the stripping fluid with the catalyst. Spreading out the stripping gas across the sloped area of the baffle to a much greater extent than has been practiced in the past has now been found to promote active contacting of the catalyst with the stripping fluid over the entire volume of the stripper between the baffles. As an added benefit, more complete coverage by the stripper openings also prevents choking of stripper flow by the restriction of stripping gas flow to narrow open areas between the sloped baffles.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process and unit for regenerating a catalyst for the production of aromatic compounds, in particular for reforming, the catalyst being in a moving bed, comprising combustion, oxychlorination and calcining steps, in which at least one chlorinating agent, at least one oxygen-containing gas, and water are introduced into the oxychlorination step such that the H2O/HCl molar ratio is 1 to 50, the oxychlorination step being carried out in the presence of an oxychlorination gas containing less than 21% of oxygen and at least 50 ppm by weight of chlorine (based on HCl), and at a temperature of 350-600° C., and in which the combustion step is carried out in at least two combustion zones, each zone being separated from the adjacent zones, and at least one gas charged with oxygen is introduced into each zone, the gases produced being extracted from each zone, and in which the severity of the operating conditions increases in the direction of flow of the catalyst.

Abstract: An improved stripper section design is provided for use in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units. The stripper section contains means for imparting rotational movement to the FCC cracking catalyst as it traverses the stripping section. In one embodiment the stripper section contains at least one rotation vane that is preferably disposed on the surface of a stripper section tray. The rotation vane provides angular, rotational movement to the cracking catalyst as it traverses the stripper section. Vertical movement is imparted to the cracking catalyst due to gravity and radial movement is imparted to the catalyst due to the slanted nature of the tray. Through the use of the rotation vanes the contact between the catalyst particles and the stripping steam is increased, thereby improving the overall efficiency of the FCC operation.

Abstract: An FCC process combines ultra short catalyst and feed contacting with the blending of spent and regenerated catalyst in a disengaging vessel that recovers a primary product and passes the separated catalyst to a riser for controlled cracking of the adsorbed heavier hydrocarbons. The disengaging vessel is used as a separation zone to quickly withdraw lighter products that are initially cracked and the riser is used for the remaining hydrocarbons as a controlled secondary cracking section to further convert heavier feed components that are not quickly displaced from the catalyst in the blending/disengaging vessel zone. A separate feed may be added riser downstream of the blending disengaging vessel for cracking of secondary feeds. The arrangement provides a great deal of flexibility in the operation of ultra short catalyst contact systems.

Abstract: A process and arrangement for contacting a moving bed of compact particulate material, usually catalyst, with a radial flow of fluid maintains an unconfined surface of catalyst particles in place by passing fluid axially into the upper surface of the bed and maintaining radial gas flow across an inlet screen at an elevation that is above the upper most elevation of perforations for withdrawing gas flow from the particulate bed. Two vertical screens confine the bed of catalyst. Perforations cover substantially the entire length of the inlet screen. The outlet portion of the screen has perforations that end below the top of the free surface of the catalyst bed and define an upper bed portion therebetween. The inlet screen directs gas flow radially across the inlet screen into an upper portion of the bed and cause at least partial axial flow of gas through the upper portion of the particle bed.

Abstract: A method of removing harmful gas is performed by a manner that a mixture of photocatalyzer and active carbon with air containing harmful gas and the mixture of photocatalyzer and active carbon are mixed in a chamber so as to drift the mixture in the air, the drifting mixture reacting with the harmful gas in illumination by lighting means, and the mixture catching said harmful gas so as to remove said harmful gas.

Abstract: An improved structural support system for a regenerator used with a regenerative thermal oxidizer, including a perforated and corrugated rigid beam resting on a support surface. The perforated beam supports heat exchange materials either directly, or indirectly using a perforated grid. The beam includes a plurality of perforations permitting upward gas flow from the underside of the beam and through the heat exchange materials. The air distribution plenums under the beam are reduced in height from that of conventional systems. The novel structure results in a more reliable and efficient regenerator.

Abstract: A purge retention chamber is incorporated into an inlet manifold for a two heat exchanger RTO system. A bypass valve is mounted into the purge retention chamber adjacent a downstream end, and a purge face valve is mounted in the inlet manifold between upstream and downstream connection ends of the purge retention chamber. During normal operation, the bypass valve is closed and clean air fills the purge retention chamber. Dirty air to be cleaned passes through the purge face valve and moves to a heat exchanger in an inlet mode. When a purge mode begins, the purge face valve is closed and the purge bypass valve is opened. Now, clean purge gas moves into the inlet manifold and is delivered to a heat exchanger which is beginning to switch from an inlet mode to an outlet mode. The clean purge gas purges the heat exchanger. Once the purging is complete, the heat exchangers are switched between inlet and outlet modes.