Abstract: A thermal waste recycling system and method and to the application thereof in the treatment of high-water-content waste includes: a column for thermal waste pyrolysis, a thermal pyrolysis gas combustion chamber, a thermal purification and molecular cracking device, a heat exchange device comprising a condensation device and an element-concentration device, a device for the condensation of carbonic gas CO2, a device for cooling the hot parts of the system, and a cogeneration installation.

Abstract: Hydrogen is generated in a reactor, of a hydrogen generating apparatus, in which a catalyst is installed and the catalyst and a borohydride fuel are reacted. The hydrogen generating apparatus comprises a rotating disk to which the catalyst is fixed, a motor for rotating the rotating disk, and a fuel injector for flowing out the borohydride fuel against the catalyst. A compound generated from the borohydride is prevented from adhering to the catalyst.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a method and an apparatus for generating a gaseous chemical precursor for a processing system. In one embodiment, an apparatus for generating the gaseous chemical precursor used in a vapor deposition processing system is provided and includes a canister having a sidewall, a top, and a bottom encompassing an interior volume therein, an inlet port and an outlet port in fluid communication with the interior volume, and an inlet tube extending from the inlet port into the canister, wherein the inlet tube contains an outlet positioned to direct a gas flow away from the outlet port and towards the sidewall of the canister.

Abstract: A support system for catalyst gauzes in an ammonia oxidation burner and a method of reducing movement of particulate ceramic material due to thermal dilatation includes the catalyst gauzes (1) and possibly support screens (2) being supported by ceramic fillings contained in a burner basket with metal walls and a perforated bottom plate. A “wave breaker” (9, 11) is fixed to the metal wall (4) and/or the outer part/periphery of the bottom plate (5).

Abstract: A system for converting fuel and air into reformate with a reformer which has a reaction space, a nozzle for supplying a fuel/air mixture to the reaction space, and a fuel feed for supplying fuel to the nozzle. In the reaction space, there is a breaker body for a fuel/air mixture supplied through the nozzle.

Abstract: In a microreactor in which a plurality of fluids L1 and L2 are led through their respective feed channels to merge in one reaction channel and react with each other while circulating, a spiral reaction channel is formed by cutting a spiral screw thread on either the outer surface of a round-bar-shaped core member or the inner surface having a circular cross section of an outer cylindrical member and engaging the outer surface of the core member in close contact with the inner surface of the outer cylindrical member.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process and apparatus for improving the catalyst life and efficiency in a gas flow catalyst bed reactor assembly. The reactor comprises an outer reaction vessel, an inner displacement cylinder, and an annular catalyst bed surrounding the displacement cylinder having a top half and a bottom half. Fluid flow improvement is achieved by adding at least one baffle to the top half of the displacement cylinder to improve uniformity of fluid flow in the reaction vessel and across the catalyst bed. Also disclosed is a process for improving fluid flow uniformity in a gas phase reactor comprising an outer reaction vessel, an inner displacement vessel having a top half and a bottom half and a reaction outer surface and an inert inner space, and an annular catalyst bed. The process comprises conducting fluid flow simulations using actual reactor conditions. During simulation, baffles are added on the outer reaction surface of the displacement reactor to improve simulated fluid flow.

Abstract: A microchannel polymerization reactor comprising: (a) a first microchannel adapted to carry a reactant stream; (b) a fluid conduit adapted to carry a fluid in thermal communication with the first microchannel; and (c) a static mixer in fluid communication with the first microchannel adapted to provide a mixing zone operative to change the cross-sectional fluid flow profile at a predetermined point along the first microchannel without changing the primary direction of the reactant stream through the first microchannel.

Abstract: In embodiments of the present invention, systems for producing a biodiesel product from multiple feedstocks may include a biodiesel reactor, a decanter, a flash evaporator and a distillation column. In other embodiments of the present invention, a process for producing a biodiesel comprises distilling a biodiesel reaction product to remove tocopherols and sterol glucosides and, optionally, adding biodiesel stabilizers to the resultant biodiesel to enhance thermal stability. The components of the system are interrelated so that parameters may be regulated to allow production of a custom biodiesel product.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an apparatus for generating a gaseous chemical precursor used in a vapor deposition processing system is provided which includes a canister comprising a sidewall, a top, and a bottom encompassing an interior volume therein, an inlet port and an outlet port in fluid communication with the interior volume, and an inlet tube extending from the inlet port into the canister. The apparatus further may contain a plurality of baffles within the interior volume extending between the top and the bottom of the canister, and a precursor slurry contained within the interior volume, wherein the precursor slurry contains a solid precursor material and a thermally conductive material that is unreactive towards the solid precursor material. In one example, the solid precursor material solid precursor material is pentakis(dimethylamino) tantalum.

Abstract: A system, process, and apparatus are provided for the efficient continuous production of hydrates. Gas separated from a well fluid is fed into a hydrate reactor that is submerged under the sea at a predetermined depth. The hydrates generated in the hydrate reactor are then transferred to a marine vessel for shipping.

Abstract: A reformate clean-up reactor. The reactor takes a reformate stream and passes it through multiple subreactors that are integrated into a common reactor housing to reduce reformate stream by-product concentration prior to use of the reformate in a fuel cell. The reactor includes a gas shift subreactor to promote the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, a gaseous diffusion membrane subreactor to provide a hydrogen-rich portion of the reformate stream, and a methanation subreactor to convert carbon monoxide into methane and water. In applications where space for a fuel cell system is limited, the integration of the clean—up devices into a common housing provides significant improvements in structural and volumetric efficiency. Moreover, in at least one embodiment of the present invention, the juxtaposition of the gaseous diffusion membrane and the gas shift reactor improves membrane robustness.

Abstract: An apparatus for contacting a bed of particulate material with a cross flowing fluid, which maintains the bed of particulate material within a retention volume. The apparatus includes partitions for retaining particles, with apertures disposed within the partitions. The apertures are covered by louvers that extend above the edges of the apertures to prevent solid particles from spilling through inlet apertures.

Abstract: An apparatus having a baffle device and used for treating an exhaust gas, the apparatus comprising: (a) an inlet duct through which the exhaust gas is flowed in, (b) a bend portion, and (c) a catalyst duct connected to the inlet duct through the bend portion and having a catalyst disposed therein and used for purifying the exhaust gas and, the baffle device being a baffle lattice having a height of A and disposed at the inlet of the catalyst duct in the direction of the cross section of the catalyst duct, wherein the baffle lattice is provided, for supporting the lattice, with an outer frame having a height of B and disposed so that the upper ends of the outer frame become the same level with the upper ends of the baffle lattice; the outer frame is provided, on its lower ends for supporting the frame, with beams; and the relation between the height A and the height B satisfies the following equation: A<B, in which apparatus, occurrence of channeling (nonuniform flow distribution) of an exhaust gas at

Abstract: A tubular reactor characterized by having short static mixing elements separated by coalescing zones is used to conduct multiphase liquid/liquid reactions. Small droplets of one of the phases are dispersed into the other phase by the static mixing elements. These droplets coalesce and at least partially phase separate as the mixture passes through the subsequent coalescing zone. The tubular reactor is particularly suitable for nitrating organic compounds while forming low levels of improperly nitrated by-products and low levels of nitrophenolics.

Abstract: An agitation type powder dissolving apparatus comprises a dissolving tank into which powder of spent nuclear fuel is to be supplied, an agitating member rotatably disposed in the dissolving tank, and rise inhibiting structure, disposed in the dissolving tank above the agitating member, for inhibiting the powder from swirling and rising due to rotation of the agitating member. The rise inhibiting structure is composed of a plurality of fixed blades for causing powder, which would otherwise swirl and rise due to rotation of the agitating member, to move downward. Each fixed blade has a descending slope with respect to a swirling direction during swirling and rising. This dissolving apparatus prevents non-dissolved particles from overflowing.

Abstract: The CO remover of this invention includes an air mixer for mixing air with hydrogen-rich gas including carbon monoxide and a selective oxidative catalytic device in which a selective oxidative catalyst bed is formed by filling selective oxidative catalyst into a gas passing tube. The selective oxidative catalytic device includes a gas blending unit for blending gas passing through the central part of the gas passing tube with gas passing through the peripheral part at a point in the selective oxidative catalyst bed in the direction of gas flow. As a result, the reaction apparatus and the CO remover have simple structures. In addition, gas passing through the central part upstream is blended with gas passing through the peripheral part upstream to uniformize the temperature of gas in the gas blending unit, so that high CO selectivity is obtained.

Abstract: A safe, reduced pressure apparatus for generating water vapor from hydrogen and oxygen and feeding high purity moisture to processes such as semiconductor production. The apparatus eliminates the possibility of the gas igniting by maintaining the internal pressure of the catalytic reactor for generating moisture at a high level while supplying moisture gas from the reactor under reduced pressure. A heat dissipation reactor improvement substantially increases moisture generation without being an enlargement in size by efficient cooling of the reactor alumite-treated fins.

Abstract: A system and method for abating a simultaneous flow of silane and arsine contained in an exhaust gas of DRAM processing chamber (12). The system includes a CVD abatement apparatus (20) and a resin-type absorber (22). The CVD abatement apparatus comprises an enclosure (24) that defines a chamber (26) for receiving the exhaust gas. The enclosure contains a plurality of removable substrates (32) arranged as a series of baffles inside the enclosure. As the exhaust gas flows through the CVD abatement apparatus, the silicon within the silane is deposited as a film upon the substrates by chemical vapor deposition. The arsine continues to flow through the CVD apparatus to the absorber where it is adsorbed by the resin contained therein. After the film has reached a particular thickness, the substrates can be removed from the enclosure, cleaned of the film and returned to the enclosure for further use.

Abstract: A process for the dehydrogenation of a C2 or C3 alkyl aromatic compound to a corresponding vinyl aromatic compound in a tubular reactor incorporating a spiral flow path. Preferred embodiments of the invention provide processes for the production of styrene or divinylbenzene by the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene or diethylbenzene, respectively. A feedstock containing a C2 or C3 alkyl aromatic and steam is supplied into the inlet of a tubular reactor containing a dehydrogenation catalyst and comprising a hydrogen permeable outer wall. The alkyl aromatic compound is dehydrogenated to a corresponding vinyl aromatic compound with the attendant production of hydrogen. The feedstock and products of the dehydrogenation reactor are flowed along a longitudinal spiral flow path providing for an outward radial flow of hydrogen to provide a pressure gradient through the hydrogen permeable outer wall of the reactor with the flow of hydrogen therethrough. Hydrogen is removed from the outer wall of the reactor.

Abstract: A reaction chamber (4) elongated along an essentially vertical axis in which at least one reaction fluid is circulated from top to bottom of said chamber (4) through at least one catalyst bed (5), whereby downstream from catalyst bed (5) in the direction of circulation of the reaction fluid, the chamber contains at least one inlet (1) for introducing at least one quenching fluid into contact with the reaction fluid, and downstream from inlet (1) the chamber contains at least one box (8) for further contact, mixing and quenching of said fluids. The box (8) has at least one passage section (9) for entry of the fluids into the box (8). Downstream from the passage section (9) the box (8) contains elements (11) that puts fluids into vortex motion in the box (8) in a direction essentially non-radial and non-parallel to the axis of the chamber.

Abstract: A baffle-style stripper for an FCC process comprising sloped baffles in which a greater volumetric flow rate of stripping medium permeates openings in a bottom section of the baffle than through a top section of the baffle for low catalyst flux stripping operations. When low catalyst flux is used, the catalyst runs from baffle to baffle closer to the bottom edge of the baffle. Hence, more fluidization from stripping medium is concentrated near the lower edge of the baffle. The greater fluidization at the bottom section of the baffle is accomplished by providing greater opening area per baffle area in the lower section of the baffle than in the top section of the baffle.

Abstract: Hydrogen is produced in a compact methanol-steam reformer, which integrates an inner cylindrical heating chamber; and a reactant vaporizer and heating zone, and an outer Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst bed in concentric annuli around the heating chamber. Tubular, palladium-silver alloy membranes in the catalyst bed separate hydrogen from retentate gas, which is separately discharged from the apparatus through a manifold.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mixing apparatus and a method for mixing gas in a closed mixing reactor, which uses gas as a process chemical with a high efficiency and where the content of pulverous solids in the solution is great. The aim is to obtain a flow in the reactor which sucks gas from above the surface of the liquid using rotating mixing devices in the centre of the reactor, and to mix said gas throughout the reactor capacity. The mixing apparatus of the invention comprises at least two mixers located at different heights, and on the same shaft. The upper mixer is equipped with a central plate attached to the shaft, with essentially vertical inner blades rising upwards and downwards and outer vanes directed outwards from the central plate, which are inclined from the horizontal. The lower mixer is equipped with a central plate attached to the shaft with vertical blades located on the outer edge.

Abstract: The Oxidative Tritium Decontamination System, OTDS, provides a method and apparatus for reduction of tritium surface contamination on various items. The OTDS employs ozone gas as oxidizing agent to convert elemental tritium to tritium oxide. Tritium oxide vapor and excess ozone gas is purged from the OTDS, for discharge to atmosphere or transport to further process. An effluent stream is subjected to a catalytic process for the decomposition of excess ozone to diatomic oxygen. One of two configurations of the OTDS is employed: dynamic apparatus equipped with agitation mechanism and large volumetric capacity for decontamination of light items, or static apparatus equipped with pressurization and evacuation capability for decontamination of heavier, delicate, and/or valuable items.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a mixer for mixing flows of a papermaking process. In the invention, a first flow is conveyed through a tube, and turbulence is generated in it by means of form parts located on the inner periphery of the tube. The mixing zone of the mixer comprises feed openings on the inner periphery of the tube for feeding a second flow from a feed channel outside the tube into the first flow, whereby the flows are mixed as a result of the turbulence generated by the form parts. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one form part comprises a feed opening.

Abstract: A quench zone mixing apparatus that occupies a low vertical height and has an improved mixing efficiency and fluid distribution across the catalyst surface includes a swirl chamber, a rough distribution network, and a distribution apparatus. In the swirl chamber, reactant fluid from a catalyst bed above is thoroughly mixed with a quench fluid by a swirling action. The mixed fluids exit the swirl chamber through an aperture to the rough distribution system where the fluids are radially distributed outward across the vessel to the distribution apparatus. The distribution apparatus includes a plate with a number of bubble caps and associated drip trays that multiply the liquid drip stream from the bubble caps to further symmetrically distribute the fluids across the catalyst surface. Alternatively, deflector baffles may be associated with the bubble caps to provide a wider and more uniform liquid distribution below the plate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a treatment compartment (1) for treating histological samples with treating agents (2, 2?, 2?). The treatment compartment (1) comprises a housing (3) with an inlet and outlet (4, 4?) for the treating agents (2, 2?, 2?), a rotatable retaining device (5) which receives the samples and a closable access opening (6) on the front (7). The aim of the invention is to improve a treatment compartment (1) of the above kind in such a way that it has a compact design and is easily accessible without the risk of the treating agents (2, 2?, 2?) emerging.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for analyzing a blood or other biological fluid sample in a quiescent state, whereby particulate constituents of biological samples that contain sparse populations of interesting cellular species can be enumerated and inspected using an optical scanning instrument. Specifically, this invention relates to a method and apparatus for obtaining increased cellular or particulate concentrations within the use of said optical scanning method.

Abstract: A gas siphon type reactor (10) is used to carry out a three phase chemical reaction under pressure, such as the reduction of uranyl nitrate to uranous nitrate by hydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst made up of platinum on a silica carrier. The control of the pressure in the reactor (10) is provided by regulating the liquid and gas flow rates from a high-pressure separator (52), into which the liquid and the gas leaving the reactor (10) are routed. The liquid in the reactor (10) is tapped from a lateral branch pipe (32) fitted with a filter (36) and emerging in the upper area (30), behind a profiled wall (34).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of polyurethane block foam, wherein a polyurethane reactive mixture containing carbon dioxide is suddenly relieved from a pressure above the pressure breaking the equilibrium of the carbon dioxide to a normal pressure, wherein the liquid polyurethane reactive mixture is foamed by releasing dissolved carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a mixing system that provides improved mixing of quench gas and process fluids in a height constrained interbed space while not increasing pressure drop. In particular, the device improves the effectiveness of an existing mixing volume in mixing the gas phase of two-phase systems. The mixing system includes a horizontal collection tray, a mixing chamber positioned below the collection tray, at least one passageway extending through the collection tray into the mixing chamber, and a vapor slipstream passageway extending through the collection tray into the mixing chamber for directing a vapor slipstream from above the collection tray into the mixing chamber. The mixing chamber and the collection tray define a two-phase mixing volume. The passageway conducts fluid containing at least some vapor from above the collection tray into the mixing chamber. The mixing chamber preferably includes at least one outlet opening for the downward passage of fluid.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel means to provide more effective mixing of quench gas and process fluids in a height constrained interbed space of a catalytic reactor without increasing pressure drop. In particular, the device improves the effectiveness of an existing mixing volume in mixing the gas phase of two-phase systems. According to the present invention, the quench zone hardware contained within the reactor includes a substantially vertical continuous perimeter solid baffle attached to the underside of the collection tray.

Abstract: In a vertical reactor vessel through which vapor and liquid flow concurrently, the fluids pass vertically through a horizontal mixing box having internal flow baffles that form at least one mixing orifice through which the process stream flows at high velocity. In the mixing orifices the liquid is dispersed to obtain a large area for interphase heat and mass transfer. Each mixing orifice is followed by structure that divides the process stream into two lower velocity streams, whereby turbulent flow conditions are generated, and wherein hold-up time is provided to allow for heat and mass transfer. The fluids exit the mixing box through an outlet opening in a bottom wall of the mixing box. An impingement plate is located below this outlet opening to spread the liquid and decrease the velocity of the exiting jet. The outlet stream from the mixer is equilibrated regarding temperature and chemical composition.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and apparatus for mixing a plurality of gases. The preferred embodiments of the invention comprise forming bubbles of at least two gases injected separately into a liquid, and passing said bubbles through a gas-induced turbulent liquid region to enhance gas transfer between bubbles and to thereby mix the at least two gases. Creating the gas-induced turbulent liquid region preferably includes using a high gas superficial velocity, and may further include using powered mechanical devices, static internal structures, fluid recirculation, or combinations thereof. The gas mixture is preferably supplied to a reaction zone. In one embodiment a bubble tank mixer supplies a gas mixture comprising oxygen and a hydrocarbon gas to an oxidation reaction zone disposed above said mixer. In alternative embodiments the reaction zone and mixer may be integrated into the same vessel.

Abstract: An arrangement for a fluid distributor-contactor-type reactor uses perforated plates to circulate two reactants in alternate channels defined by spaces between parallel stacked plates to perform controlled distribution and mixing simultaneously with optional indirect heat transfer. One reactant enters one set of channels that serve as reaction channels. A set of second channels interleaved with the reaction channels serve as distribution channels that also provide a heat exchange function. Finely dispersed openings in the perforated plates distribute the reactant at low concentration from the distribution channels into the reaction channels. Dispersal of the reactant through the perforations will enhance the turbulence that is primarily introduced by the corrugated plates to insure good mixing of the reactants in the reaction channels.

Abstract: A process is described for producing foam materials from two-component reactive plastics using carbon dioxide as blowing agent by mixing at least one of the reactive components with carbon dioxide under pressure, mixing the components, at least one of which contains carbon dioxide under pressure, expanding the reactive mixture containing carbon dioxide obtained by mixing, and hardening, wherein the expansion takes place suddenly with the production of high rates of shear. Preferably the rate of flow of the reaction mixture is reduced after expansion.

Abstract: Disclosed is a batch-type polyester polymerization apparatus, which is manufactured by assembling a conventional batch-type apparatus with a thin film tower. The batch-type polyester polymerization apparatus is advantageous in that oligomer is polymerized while forming a polyester thin film on each inclined plate of a thin film tower, and a polycondensation reaction is conducted in a polycondensation reactor as well as the thin film tower, thus greatly reducing polymerization time.

Abstract: An improved process, such as a microbiological or enzymatic process, and apparatus, such as an apparatus for producing a cellular product, comprising introducing a gaseous feed stream of at least one gas of low solubility into an aqueous medium containing a microorganism capable of converting said gaseous feed stream to a cellular product, entraining the gas in the aqueous medium, stirring the gas-entrained aqueous medium so that the gas is retained within the reactor for a time sufficient for the microorganism to convert the majority of the gas to product.

Abstract: This invention relates to apparatus particularly a monolith catalytic reactor in a stirred tank reactor.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for producing nitrogen trifluoride. The invention involves passing a working fluid through a heat engine cycle and using the mechanical energy generated by the working fluid to produce sufficient mixing intensity within a nitrogen trifluoride reactor. The method utilizes a working fluid vapor jet, such as a hydrogen fluoride vapor jet, to impart sufficient energy to the mixing zone of a reactor in order to disperse gaseous fluorine within a liquid ammonium acid fluoride melt. A gaseous reaction product stream is removed from the reactor, the reaction product stream comprising nitrogen trifluoride and a working fluid vapor. The working fluid is then separated from the nitrogen trifluoride and recycled for reuse in the process, thereby completing a heat engine cycle.

Abstract: Reaction mixtures which form polyurethane foamed material, with production conditions which are varied during production, e.g. variation of the proportion of foaming agent, variation of the ratio of reaction components, variation of the throughput, or fine adjustment, can be produced by employing an improved apparatus which comprises a depressurisation element (creamer) (10), wherein a perforated plate or sieve plate constructed as a first throttle plate (24), and a second perforated or sieve plate, which is constructed as a throttle plate (26, 27, 28) and which is disposed downstream thereof, are disposed in the creamer (10), wherein the spacing a between these two throttle plates (24, 26) can be varied during operation in accordance with the variable production conditions, and wherein a calming element (29) is disposed after the second throttle plate (26) in the direction of flow.

Abstract: A reaction vessel for the production of synthesis gas that contains four subassemblies: (1) a first heat exchanger that transfers heat between two low pressure streams (an oxygen containing stream and an oxygen depleted stream); (2) a second heat exchanger that transfers heat between two high pressure fluid streams (a hydrocarbon-containing reactant stream and a synthesis gas product stream); (3) mixed conductor ceramic membranes; and (4) a catalyst bed. Each of these subassemblies are configured so that they freely expand or contract independently from each other, and to thus avoid inducing high mechanical loads and damaging material stresses.

Abstract: Arrangement for understoichiometric gasification of spent liquor from chemical pulp production, comprising an upper reactor part (2), which upper reactor part is provided with a burner (5) for the spent liquor and with an internally clad reactor jacket (4), and lower separating part (8) for separating a phase of solid and/or molten material, formed on gasification, from a phase of combustible gaseous material. According to the invention, at least the upper reactor part (2), with its clad reactor jacket, is surrounded by an outer vessel (1), with a gap (13) being present between the reactor jacket (4) and the outer vessel (1). Connected to the said gap (13) there are one or more inlets (14) and at least one outlet (21) for a coolant medium.

Abstract: A catalytic process and apparatus therefor for the manufacture of hydrogen cyanide. In the process an oxygen rich oxidant stream and at least one oxidant-free feed stream containing methane and ammonia are separately preheated and rapidly mixed to form a detonable mixed stream at a temperature which is at least 50° C. below the autoignition temperature of the mixed stream. The mixed stream is then conveyed to a catalyst capable of catalyzing the formation of hydrogen cyanide at such a velocity that detonation is avoided. The process is more energy efficient and gives rise to an effluent stream containing more hydrogen than the conventional Andrussow process.

Abstract: A fluid contactor is taught for mixing and reacting of fluids. Mixing is enhanced by providing a suitable residence time and suitable surface area contact by forming eddy flow within the fluid and thereby the formation of vortexes. Such a contactor does not require the use of mechanical mixers. The contact chamber of the present invention can enhance chemical modification by use of chemical modifiers such as ultraviolet lamps, by allowing the positioning of such modifiers adjacent the vortexes.

Abstract: A process for purifying a gas stream containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide consisting of one or more catalysed reactions for the selective removal of carbon monoxide from the gas stream wherein a controlled amount of liquid water is introduced into the gas stream prior to some of the catalysed reactions so as to lower the temperature of the gas stream to a predetermined value at which preferential removal of carbon monoxide takes place in the associated catalysed reaction. The catalysed reactions may be selective oxidation, selective methanation or combination thereof. The process of the invention may be operated in combination with a water-gas shift reaction for the reduction of carbon monoxide in the hydrogen-containing gas stream.

Abstract: Process for the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene in which a feedstock containing ethylbenzene and steam is supplied into the inlet of a tubular reactor containing a dehydrogehation catalyst. Within the reactor, the feedstock flows through at least a portion of the reactor along a spiral flow path extending longitudinally of the reactor. The resulting styrene product is then recovered from a downstream or outlet section of the reactor. The spiral flow path through which the feedstock is passed is located at least adjacent the inlet side of the reactor and at least a portion of the spiral flow path contains a particulate dehydrogenation catalyst. The spiral flow path may extend throughout a major portion of the elongated tubular reactor and may contain a particulate dehydrogenation catalyst in a substantial portion there.

Abstract: A tubular reactor passes a flowing stream of reactants through a plurality of mixing devices that simultaneously provide indirect heat exchange of the reactants to improve the uniformity of reactant temperatures and concentrations. The mixing devices provide intimate mixing by passing the reactants through a plurality of narrow channels defined by parallel plate elements that channel a heat exchange fluid on their opposite side to provide the simultaneous indirect heat exchange. The heat exchange channels can have any desired degree of mixing intensity by providing irregularities in the channel walls or flow path that supply the desired degree of fluid shear. Preferably the mixing reactor provides a series of mixing devices with heat exchange along the length of the conduit flow path with space between the devices for remixing of the fluid reactants.

Abstract: A safety apparatus has been found for recovering an airborne hydrogen fluoride release in a hydrocarbon alkylation process. The safety apparatus comprising containment baffles and hydrogen fluoride detectors. Hydrogen fluoride detectors activate water flood means which discharge into the containment baffles. The water flood containing essentially all of the hydrogen fluoride release is recovered for disposal. Recoveries of 90 wt % have been demonstrated.