Abstract: Techniques, systems, apparatus and material are disclosed for generating renewable energy from biomass waste while sequestering carbon. In one aspect, a method performed by a reactor to dissociate raw biomass waste into a renewable source energy or a carbon byproduct or both includes receiving the raw biomass waste that includes carbon, hydrogen and oxygen to be dissociated under an anaerobic reaction. Waste heat is recovered from an external heat source to heat the received raw biomass waste. The heated raw biomass waste is dissociated to produce the renewable fuel, carbon byproduct or both. The dissociating includes compacting the heated raw biomass waste, generating heat from an internal heat source, and applying the generated heat to the compacted biomass waste under pressure.

Abstract: A method includes a first step of, with a CO2.H2S stripper maintained to have a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure, from the ammonia-containing wastewater, discharging CO2 and H2S in a form of gas having a low moisture concentration from a tower top of the CO2.H2S stripper while discharging an ammonia-containing solution from a tower bottom of the CO2.H2S stripper; a second step of introducing the ammonia-containing solution obtained after the first step into an ammonia stripper which is maintained to have a lower pressure than that of the CO2.

Abstract: An ammonia synthesis apparatus includes: a first gas channel; a second gas channel disposed outside the first gas channel; a third gas channel disposed outside the second gas channel; an air supply unit that supplies air to the second or third gas channel; a water supply unit that supplies water to the first gas channel; and a heat supply unit that supplies heat to the first gas channel. A metal or a metal oxide that reduces water to produce hydrogen is placed in the first gas channel. An ammonia synthesis catalyst is placed in the second gas channel located downstream of the downstream end portion of the first gas channel. The second and third gas channels are at least partially partitioned by an oxygen permeation membrane, or a nitrogen permeation membrane, so that oxygen is supplied to the third gas channel, and nitrogen is supplied to the second gas channel.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for efficient synthesis of ammonia. The process includes a water-splitting step in which water is decomposed to obtain a first source gas comprising hydrogen and oxygen, a first oxygen removal step in which the oxygen contained in the first source gas is at least partially separated and removed by an oxygen separating membrane or hydrogen separating membrane to obtain a second source gas having a lower oxygen concentration than the first source gas, a second oxygen removal step in which the oxygen in the second source gas is reacted with hydrogen to produce water for removal, or is adsorbed onto an adsorption medium for removal, to obtain a third source gas having a lower oxygen concentration than the second source gas, and an ammonia synthesis step in which the hydrogen in the third source gas is reacted with nitrogen to synthesize ammonia.

Abstract: A catalyst unit is described comprising a cylinder with a length C and a diameter D, wherein said unit has five holes arranged in a pentagonal pattern extending longitudinally therethrough, with five flutes running along the length of the unit, said flutes positioned equidistant adjacent holes of said pentagonal pattern. The catalyst may be used particularly in steam reforming reactors.

Abstract: A catalyst unit is described in the form of a cylinder having a length C and diameter D, which has one or more holes extending therethrough, wherein said cylinder has domed ends of lengths A and B, such that (A+B+C)/D is in the range 0.50 to 2.00, and (A+B)/C is in the range 0.40 to 5.00. The catalyst or catalyst unit preferably has one or more flutes miming along its length. The catalyst may be used particularly in steam reforming reactors.

Abstract: In a method of storing and releasing gaseous ammonia from solid storage materials a first solid storage material (14) capable of releasing ammonia by desorption in a first container (10) and a second solid storage material (24) capable of ad- or absorbing ammonia reversibly and having a higher affinity for ammonia than the first storage material (14) in a second container (20) smaller than said first container (10) are in fluid communication. The pressure in at least the first container (10) is kept below the equilibrium pressure between ammonia and the storage material contained therein by means of a pump (28).

Abstract: A method for depleting halide ions from liquid ammonia, which comprises bringing the liquid ammonia into contact with a strongly basic ion exchanger, where the basic structure of the strongly basic ion exchanger is a covalently crosslinked polymer matrix and the content of ammonia in the liquid ammonia is more than 98% by weight.

Abstract: A method for producing a catalyst using an additive layer method includes: (i) forming a layer of a powdered catalyst or catalyst support material, (ii) binding or fusing the powder in said layer according to a predetermined pattern, (iii) repeating (i) and (ii) layer upon layer to form a shaped unit, and (iv) optionally applying a catalytic material to said shaped unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recovering volatile components from a solid (10), characterized by the following method steps: drying (12) the solid (10) by means of superheated steam, withdrawing excess steam (14) from a closed circuit (23), and recovering (18) the volatile components from the excess steam (14).

Abstract: A carbon dioxide sequestration process includes the following steps. In a first stage, a slurry of a metal silicate rock is mixed with ammonia so as to produce a ammonia/water/metal silicate slurry. In a second stage, the process includes scrubbing a gas stream containing carbon dioxide with the solution from the first stage to thereby absorb the carbon dioxide into a reactive slurry. In a third stage, the reactive slurry from the second stage is passed through a reactor that is controlled so as to promote the reaction between the carbon dioxide and the metal silicate to thereby produce a metal carbonate.

Abstract: A system for storage and dosing of ammonia, including a solid ammonia storage material capable of binding and releasing ammonia reversibly by adsorption/absorption. The system is able to release ammonia gradually according to a demand that can vary over time with intermediate periods of no ammonia demand. A main storage unit and a start-up storage unit are provided. The storage units hold ammonia storage material. At least one one-way valve is provided via which the one main storage unit is in communication with the start-up storage unit. The one-way valve prevents any back-flow of ammonia from the start-up storage unit to the main storage unit. Heating devices are arranged to heat the main storage unit and the start-up storage unit separately to generate gaseous ammonia by thermal desorption from the solid storage material.

Abstract: Processes for selectively eliminating hydrogen sulfide from liquid ammonia, either anhydrous or aqueous, are described herein. The processes generally include contacting a first liquid stream, anhydrous or aqueous, comprising ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, with a solution comprising sulfur dioxide to convert the hydrogen sulfide to thiosulfate.

Abstract: Amine stabilizing agents containing an azeotrope comprising water, an alcohol, and sodium hydride. Amine stabilizing agents containing water and a liquid silica hydroxide compound. Methods of making of amine stabilizing agents where solid silicon rock and sodium hydroxide are mixed with an ammonium/water solution to produce a green liquid in a first stage of the reaction. Alcohol is added and the alcohol fraction is separated from the non-alcohol fraction to produce an alcohol fraction product and a bottom fraction that is not soluble in alcohol or organics. The agents can be added to amines for stabilizing amines in anime processing of gases, in CO2 capture, in CO2 abatement systems and in other systems where amines are utilized to remove contaminants.

Abstract: A method of determining an average degree of saturation with ammonia (X) of a solid ammonia storage medium porous or not and capable of ad- or absorbing and desorbing ammonia reversibly in a storage container is described. A part of the volume (Vcon) of the container is occupied by gaseous ammonia of a pressure (p) and defines a free volume (Vfree)). Ammonia flows out of the container with a flow (f). n pairs ((fi, pi), (Fi, pi)) of flows (fi), or accumulated flows (Fi), and pressures (pi) are sampled at a sequence of points of time (ti), i=1 . . . n and n?2; an estimate volume value (Vfit) on the basis of the sampled pairs ((fi, pi), (Fi, pi)) is determined; and the degree of saturation with ammonia (X) is determined by applying a predetermined relationship (Rel) between a plurality of estimate volume values (Vfit) and a plurality of values of the average degree of saturation with ammonia (X) to the determined estimate volume value (Vfit).

Abstract: Biomass gasification systems including a reactor adapted to gasify a biomass feedstock to thermally convert the biomass feedstock into producer gas are provided. The reactor includes an enclosure disposed about a biomass gasification chamber. The enclosure includes an inlet, an outlet, and side walls disposed between the inlet and the outlet. The reactor also includes a plurality of fluid injectors disposed along a length of the side walls and adapted to inject fluid into the gasification chamber. The biomass gasification system also includes a control system communicatively coupled to the plurality of fluid injectors and adapted to independently control each fluid injector of the plurality of fluid injectors to independently control a flow of fluid through each fluid injector.

Abstract: A method for saturating or re-saturating ammonia storage material (1) capable of reversibly absorbing and desorbing ammonia in one or more storage containers (2), wherein said material is partly or fully depleted of ammonia, with ammonia to a predetermined saturation degree comprises a. placing the storage container(s) (2) in direct or indirect contact with a thermostatting medium (4) at a temperature level TT? about 65° C.; and b. connecting the storage container(s) (2) to a source of gaseous ammonia wherein at least during a part of the method the gaseous ammonia during saturating or re-saturation of the ammonia storage material (1) is at a pressure PS? about PT, wherein PS is the ammonia pressure during saturating or re-saturating of the ammonia storage material (1) and PT is the equilibrium vapor pressure of liquid ammonia at the temperature level TT.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of biomass to render structural carbohydrates more accessible and/or digestible using concentrated ammonium hydroxide with or without anhydrous ammonia addition, is described. The process preferably uses steam to strip ammonia from the biomass for recycling. The process yields of monosaccharides from the structural carbohydrates are good, particularly as measured by the enzymatic hydrolysis of the structural carbohydrates. The monosaccharides are used as animal feeds and energy sources for ethanol production.

Abstract: Oxidative and reductive methods are described for the cost-effective destruction of an ammonia-bearing gas stream, potentially containing minor but significant quantities of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), in a conventional Claus sulfur recovery tail gas treating unit, using controlled rates and compositions of combustion gases in order to obtain the temperatures necessary for the desired destruction of unwanted combustibles.

Abstract: Particulate compositions are described comprising a carbonaceous material, such as petroleum coke and/or coal, treated or otherwise associated with a gasification catalyst, where the catalyst is at least in part derived from a leachate from a biomass char, for gasification in the presence of steam to yield a plurality of gases including methane and at least one or more of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other higher hydrocarbons are formed. Processes are also provided for the preparation of the particulate compositions and converting the particulate composition into a plurality of gaseous products.

Abstract: Processes for the generation of steam are provided for use in an integrated catalytic gasification process for converting carbonaceous materials to combustible gases, such as methane. Generally, the exhaust gas from a steam generating reactor is provided along with steam, a carbonaceous feedstock, and a gasification catalyst, to a catalytic gasifier, wherein under appropriate temperature and pressure conditions, the carbonaceous feedstock is converted into a plurality of product gases, including, but not limited to, methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. As substantially all the carbon dioxide produced from the steam generation process and the gasification process are subsequently directed though gas purification and separation processes, substantially all the carbon dioxide may be recovered, yielding a process having a near zero carbon footprint.

Abstract: A device and method relating to storage of ammonia in a solid form and the subsequent release of gaseous ammonia for use in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx, is disclosed.

Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment apparatus comprises an ammonia absorption system and an ammonia conversion system. The ammonia absorption receives ammonia-containing tail gas generated by a semiconductor process, and removes dust from the tail gas, absorbs and decomposes ammonia gas from the tail gas, converts the ammonia gas into aqueous ammonia, and emits the tail gas without the dust and the ammonia to an external environment. The ammonia conversion system receives the ammonia solution from the ammonia absorption system, and converts it into gaseous ammonia, and then converts the gaseous ammonia to produce liquid ammonia by vaporization and cooling-pressurized liquefaction. After that, the liquid ammonia is purified by a purification system to formed hi-purity liquid ammonia.

Abstract: Processes are provided for capturing and recycling carbonaceous fines generated during a gasification process. In particular, the recycled fines are processed into a particulate composition which is useable as a carbonaceous feedstock and is conversion into a gas stream comprising methane.

Abstract: A method and equipment for removing ammonia from effluent, flue or waste fluids that include oxygen. The method includes at least the following stages: Part of the fluid (1) is conveyed to a decomposition/oxidation unit (2) and part of the fluid (1) is conveyed to a by-pass unit (3); part of the fluid (1) including ammonia is oxidized in the decomposition/oxidation unit (2) of ammonia; the fluid (1H) that was oxidized in the decomposition/oxidation unit (2) and the fluid (1) that was conveyed to the by-pass unit are mixed in a mixing unit (4) to form a fluid mixture (1S), and the fluid mixture (1S) is conveyed to a selective reduction unit (5).

Abstract: Methods and systems for treating wastewater and process water streams are provided. In some embodiments, the wastewater and/or process water to be treated contains a target chemical (e.g., ammonia and/or ammonium). The methods and systems described herein may include recovering the target chemical from the water stream and/or producing a desired product (e.g., a fertilizer such as an ammonium salt) from the target chemical. In one set of embodiments, a method of treating wastewater and/or process water involves introducing the water stream into a system that includes a combination of two or more of, or all of, a reverse osmosis system, a reaction and separation system (e.g., a vacuum distillation system or other suitable separation system), and a membrane reactor system.

Abstract: In a process for producing ammonia from urea which process comprises: (a) heating a liquid phase reaction medium comprising an aqueous solution of urea, or a mixture of urea, containing biuret or ammonium carbamate on site, in a hydrolysis reactor such that a pressurized gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide-containing product is obtained which is essentially free of urea, biuret, or ammonium carbamate; (b) separating the gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide-containing product from the liquid phase reaction medium at the prevailing pressure; (c) retaining the liquid phase reaction medium in the reactor for further conversion to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide, and/or recycling at least a portion of the said reaction medium back into the reactor, a urea dissolver, or feed solution to the reactor for further conversion; and (d) withdrawing the gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide-containing product separated in step (b) at a controlled rate to meet varying ammonia demand requirements; the improvement wherein th

Abstract: A system for storing ammonia in and releasing ammonia from a storage material capable of binding and releasing ammonia reversibly by adsorption or absorption for a process with a gradual ammonia demand that can vary over the time. The system has a container capable of housing the ammonia-containing storage material; a heating source arranged to supply heat for the desorption of ammonia from the solid storage medium; and a controller arranged to control the heating source to release ammonia. The heating source is arranged inside the container and surrounded by ammonia storage material. A controllable dosing valve is arranged to dose released ammonia according to the ammonia demand. The controller comprises a feed-forward control arranged to control the heat supplied by the heating source, based on the ammonia demand.

Abstract: A catalyst carrier for insertion in a radial tube reactor, said catalyst carrier comprising: an annular container for holding catalyst in use, said container having a perforated inner wall defining a tube, a perforated outer wall, a top surface closing the annular container and a bottom surface closing the annular container; a surface closing the bottom of said tube formed by the inner wall of the annular container; a skirt extending upwardly from the perforated outer wall of the annular container from a position at or near the bottom surface of said container to a position below the location of a seal; and a seal located at or near the top surface and extending from the container by a distance which extends beyond an outer surface of the skirt.

Abstract: Systems and methods of producing chemical compounds are disclosed. An example chemical production system includes an intake chamber having intake ports for entry of a gas mixture. An igniter ignites the gas mixture in the intake chamber. A nozzle restricts exit of the ignited gas mixture from the intake chamber. An expansion chamber cools the ignited gas with a cooling agent. The expansion chamber has an exhaust where the cooled gas exits the expansion chamber. A chemical compound product is formed in the expansion chamber.

Abstract: Processes for selectively eliminating hydrogen sulfide from liquid ammonia, either anhydrous or aqueous, are described herein. The processes generally include contacting a first liquid stream, anhydrous or aqueous, comprising ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, with a solution comprising sulfur dioxide to convert the hydrogen sulfide to thiosulfate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for separating draw solution solutes and product solvent from a draw solution using a plurality of distillation columns is disclosed. In one embodiment, the draw solution is used in a Forward Osmosis (FO) water desalination process. In this embodiment, the draw solution is directed to the plurality of distillation columns in parallel while the energy stream (heat) is directed to the plurality of distillation columns in series such that the efficiency of heat use is improved and in turn the cost of the heat is reduced.

Abstract: Provided is a fixation method of carbon dioxide. The method includes a) grinding waste gypsum to become 200˜300 mesh; b) performing reaction by supplying mixed gas while mixing the ground waste gypsum with aqueous ammonia, and c) separating solid from liquid in the manufactured slurry by centrifugation and drying separated solid and liquid portions with calcite and ammonium sulfate, wherein the mixed gas is formed of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, and the carbon dioxide provides carbon dioxide fixation method containing 5˜25 wt %. When carbon dioxide is fixed by using waste gypsum, reaction efficiency is remarkably high. The fixation method makes more than 95% of supplied carbon dioxide fixed. Also, provided is an economical method that disposes carbon dioxide as a disposal target without its separation, refinement and liquefaction processes, to thereby remarkably reduce the entire process and costs for processes.

Abstract: Particular aspects provide novel devices and methods for accurately measuring total ammonia (NH3 plus NH4+) in a solution (e.g., freshwater and saltwater) by spatially proximate, simultaneous and continuous quantitative measurement of solution pH and ammonia. The devices overcome prior art inaccuracies relating to non-homogeneous sampling, and to spatial, temporal and thermal sampling discontinuities. Particular embodiments provide a combination pH and ammonia measuring device, comprising: a submersible member; a submersible non-bleeding ammonia-sensing portion attached to the submersible member and suitable to provide for a continuous visual indicator of solution ammonia concentration; a submersible non-bleeding pH-sensing portion attached to the submersible member and suitable to provide for a continuous visual indicator of solution pH; visual ammonia and pH indicator comparison means suitable for comparative quantitative determination of solution ammonia concentration and pH.

Abstract: A method of producing NH2(R2), the method comprising reacting a metal hydride with a compound having the general formula: M1X(BH4)y(NH2(R2))n wherein M1 comprises one or more of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, La, Al, Ga and Sc; 0<n?4; R2 comprises —H, alkyl and an aromatic substituent; and x and y are selected so as to maintain electroneutrality.

Abstract: The present invention, in one configuration, is directed to producing a methane-containing gas from a hydrocarbon fuel energy source extracted from an in-situ recovery operation, such as a SAGD or HAGD operation, and subsequently converting at least a portion of the gas into steam, electrical power and diluents for subsequent use in the aforementioned in-situ recovery operation while emitting only controlled amounts of carbon dioxide into the environment.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing a purified synthesis gas stream from a feed synthesis gas stream. The process includes contacting the feed synthesis gas stream with a water gas shift catalyst in a shift reactor and in the presence of water to obtain a shifted synthesis gas stream enriched in H2S and in CO2. H2S and CO2 are removed from the shifted synthesis gas stream by contacting the shifted synthesis gas stream with an absorbing liquid to obtain semi-purified synthesis gas and an absorbing liquid rich in H2S and CO2. At least part of the absorbing liquid rich in H2S and CO2 is heated to obtain heated absorbing liquid rich in H2S and CO2 that is then flashed to obtain a flash gas rich in CO2 and absorbing liquid rich in H2S. That absorbing liquid rich in H2S is contacted at elevated temperature with a stripping gas thereby transferring H2S to the stripping gas to obtain regenerated absorbing liquid and stripping gas rich in H2S.

Abstract: A process for removing carbon dioxide from a fluid comprises the steps of: (a) treating the fluid by bringing it into countercurrent contact with a liquid absorbent in a first absorption zone and thereafter in a second absorption zone to absorb at least part of the carbon dioxide contained in the fluid into the absorbent; (b) depressurizing the loaded absorbent to release a first stream of carbon dioxide and yield a partially regenerated absorbent; (c) recycling a first stream of the partially regenerated absorbent into the first absorption zone; (d) heating a second stream of the partially regenerated absorbent to release a second stream of carbon dioxide and yield a regenerated absorbent; (e) recycling the regenerated absorbent into the second absorption zone; (f) condensing water vapour entrained in the second stream of carbon dioxide by cooling the second stream of carbon dioxide and transferring at least part of the heat recovered to the partially regenerated absorbent by indirect heat exchange.

Abstract: A process for producing a purified synthesis gas stream from a feed synthesis gas stream comprising besides the main constituents carbon monoxide and hydrogen also hydrogen sulphide, HCN and/or COS, the process comprising the steps of: (a) removing HCN and/or COS by contacting the feed synthesis gas stream with a catalyst in a HCN/COS reactor in the presence of steam/water, to obtain a synthesis gas stream depleted in HCN and/or in COS; (b) converting hydrogen sulphide in the synthesis gas stream depleted in HCN and/or in COS to elemental sulphur, by contacting the synthesis gas stream with an aqueous reactant solution containing solubilized Fe(III) chelate of an organic acid, at a temperature below the melting point of sulphur, and at a sufficient solution to gas ratio and conditions effective to convert H2S to sulphur and inhibit sulphur deposition, to obtain a synthesis gas stream depleted in hydrogen sulphide; (c) removing carbon dioxide from the synthesis gas stream depleted in hydrogen sulphide, to obta

Abstract: In a method of storing and releasing gaseous ammonia from solid storage materials a first solid storage material (14) capable of releasing ammonia by desorption in a first container (10) and a second solid storage material (24) capable of ad- or absorbing ammonia reversibly and having a higher affinity for ammonia than the first storage material (14) in a second container (20) smaller than said first container (10) are in fluid communication. The pressure in at least the first container (10) is kept below the equilibrium pressure between ammonia and the storage material contained therein by means of a pump (28).

Abstract: A process for the recovery of ammonia contained in a gaseous stream is described, said process comprising the following phases: (a) subjecting the gaseous stream containing ammonia to a washing (S) with an aqueous washing solution (5a) having a pH lower than 7.0, with the formation of a purified gaseous stream (6) and an aqueous solution (7) containing an ammonium salt; (b) subjecting the aqueous solution containing the ammonium salt coming from phase (a) to a distillation process (MD) with a hydrophobic microporous membrane at a temperature ranging from 50 to 250° C. and a pressure ranging from 50 KPa to 4 MPa absolute with the formation of a regenerated washing solution (16) and a gaseous stream (18) comprising NH3 and H2O; (c) recycling said generated washing solution to phase (a). The equipment for carrying out the above process is also described.

Abstract: A process for saturating a solid material capable of binding ammonia by ad- or absorption and initially free of ammonia or partially saturated with ammonia comprises treating said solid material under a pressure and associated temperature located on the vapor pressure curve of ammonia with an amount of liquid ammonia sufficient to saturate said solid material and an additional amount of a cooling agent selected from liquid ammonia, liquid or solid CO2, hydrocarbons and hydrohalocarbons that have a higher vapour pressure than ammonia, ethyl ether, methyl formate, methyl amine and ethyl amine, such that |Qabs|?|Qevap|+Qext, wherein Qabs is the amount of heat released from said solid material when it absorbs ammonia from the liquid phase thereof to the point where it is saturated with ammonia, Qevap is the amount of heat absorbed by said cooling agent when it evaporates, and Qext is the amount of heat exchanged with the surroundings and is positive, if heat is removed from the process by external cooling, and ne

Abstract: A process for saturating a material capable of binding ammonia by ad- or absorption and initially free of ammonia or partially saturated with ammonia comprises treating said material under a pressure and associated temperature located on the vapor pressure curve of ammonia with an amount of liquid ammonia sufficient to saturate said material and an additional amount of a cooling agent selected from liquid ammonia, liquid or solid CO2, hydrocarbons and hydrohalocarbons that have a higher vapor pressure than ammonia, ethyl ether, methyl formate, methyl amine and ethyl amine, such that |Qabs|?|Qevap|+Qext, wherein Qabs is the amount of heat released from said material when it absorbs ammonia from the liquid phase thereof to the point where it is saturated with ammonia, Qevap is the amount of heat absorbed by said cooling agent when it evaporates, and Qext is the amount of heat exchanged with the surroundings and is positive, if heat is removed from the process by external cooling, and negative, if heat is added

Abstract: Systems and methods of generating power or producing gaseous products generate CO2 as a waste product or as a greenhouse gas. Rather than being discharged into the atmosphere, the CO2 is employed in a bioreactor to enhance the growth of algae. The algae then becomes a commercial product, or it can be consumed as fuel in the generation of power or the production of a gaseous product.

Abstract: A method and system for converting waste using plasma into ammonia. The method uses minimal fossil fuel, and therefore produces a minimal carbon footprint when compared to conventional processes. The method includes the steps of supplying a biomass material to a plasma melter; supplying electrical energy to the plasma melter; supplying steam to the plasma melter; extracting a syngas from the plasma melter; extracting hydrogen from the syngas; and forming ammonia from the hydrogen produced in the step of extracting hydrogen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides using ammonia in exhaust gases of vehicles, whereby solutions of guanidine salts with an ammonia forming potential of between 40 and 850 g/kg, optionally in combination with urea and/or ammonia and/or ammonium salts, are catalytically decomposed in the presence of catalytically active, non-oxidation-active coatings of oxides selected from the group containing titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide or the mixtures thereof, and hydrothermally stable zeolites which are fully or partially metal-exchanged. The guanidine salts according to the invention enable a reduction of the nitrogen oxides by approximately 90%. Furthermore, said guanidine salts can enable an increase in the ammonia forming potential from 0.2 kg, corresponding to prior art, up to 0.4 kg ammonia per litre of guanidine salt, along with freezing resistance (freezing point below ?25° C.).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a composite particle that is microscopically two-dimensional with a third nanoscopic dimension, and to methods of making same. The particle may include a support and a metal layer. The metal layer may be catalytically active such that the particle is adapted to act as a catalyst.

Abstract: To provide a method of production of an exhaust gas purification catalyst support preventing a drop in the heat resistance of alumina or other catalyst support due to the presence of titania and provided with a sulfur poisoning suppression action by titania and an exhaust gas purification catalyst support produced by the same. A method of production of an exhaust gas purification catalyst support comprising, in a basic solution, making alumina particles adsorb ammonium ions and then bringing titania sol into contact with the alumina particle so as to make the alumina particles adsorb the titania particles. An exhaust gas purification catalyst support where at least base points on the alumina particle surfaces adsorb titania particles and the pH does not rise when immersed in an ammonium nitrate solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an integrated synthesis gas refinery plant and a process for the simultaneous production from a single synthesis gas stream X of a hydrogen stream useful for the production of ammonia, a hydrogen rich synthesis gas stream useful for the production of methanol, and a hydrogen depleted synthesis gas stream useful for the production of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method of saturating reversible ammonia storage materials inside a container for the purpose of achieving high volumetric ammonia storage capacity and containers filled with the materials are disclosed.