Abstract: A composition of thermoplastic polymer and powdered dried carbide lime. The composition may also be a composition comprising (a) 5-60 parts by weight of powdered dried carbide lime; (b) 20 -95 parts by weight of at least one thermoplastic material selected from the group consisting of thermoplastic polymer, thermoplastic elastomer, and thermoplastic rubber; and (c) 0-60 parts by weight of at least one additive selected from lubricants; stabiliser; antioxidants; plasticisers; pigments and dyes; anti-blocking, anti-static, blowing and release agents; flame-retardants; impact modifiers; coupling and wetting agents; other processing aids and fibrous reinforcing agents. Processes for preparing the powdered dried carbide lime for use as fillers in plastics are also disclosed.

Abstract: By eliminating a part of sulfur atoms of the polysulfide segment of the formula: —Sm— (m≧3) of an organic sulfur compound, a carbon polysulfide is synthesized, which comprises carbon and sulfur as constitutive elements and contains at least 67 wt. % of sulfur and at least 95 wt. % of carbon and sulfur in total, and which has a disulfide linkage formed by most of the sulfur atoms in the molecule and also has a highly uniform structure. A nonaqueous electrolytic battery which has a high capacity and shows a small decrease in capacity in association with cyclic charge and discharge is provided using this carbon polysulfide as an active material for the positive electrode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of transition metal carbides from transition metal/magnesium chlorides and perchlorinated organic compounds.

Abstract: A carbon-based material containing an allotrope of carbon, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes, is capable of accepting and intercalated alkali metal. The material exhibits a reversible capacity ranging from approximately 650 mAh/g-1,000 mAh/g. The high capacity of the material makes it attractive for a number of applications, such as a battery electrode material. A method of producing a single-walled carbon nanotube material includes purifying an as-recovered nanotube material, and depositing the purified material onto a conductive substrate. The coated substrate is incorporated into an electrochemical cell, an its ability to accept intercalated materials, such as an alkali metal (e.g.—lithium) is measured.

Abstract: Provided is a method for managing an operation of a producing process for obtaining an iron carbide product having a goal composition in a two-stages reaction process. A first-stage reaction process for partially reducing an iron-containing material for iron making is carried out, and a second-stage reaction process for performing further reduction and carburization is then carried out. A solid sample is taken at an outlet of a reactor for the first-stage reaction process to measure a reduction ratio of the solid sample. By regulating a parameter capable of changing a reduction ratio of the first-stage reaction process, an IC ratio obtained after the second-stage reaction process can be adjusted.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing iron carbide, in which metallic carbide is difficult to be formed on the inside of heating tubes of a tube-shaped heater for heating reducing gas and carburizing gas to be supplied to a reactor. Carburizing gas which is supplied to reactor 1 is heated in tube-shaped heater 6 by combustion gas used for heating reducing gas and circulating gas, and then a mixture comprising carburizing gas, reducing gas and circulating gas is supplied to reactor 1. Iron-containing raw materials are reduced and carburized in reactor 1.

Abstract: Provided is a method for efficiently producing iron carbide depending on a particle size of an iron-containing material or the progress of reaction. In a fluidized bed reactor 7, a coarse iron ore is fluidized in blocks 8a to 8e, a fine iron ore is fluidized in blocks 9a to 9d, and a flow rate of a reaction gas supplied to the blocks for the fine iron ore is regulated by a flow regulating valve 11.

Abstract: A portable electronic system which obtains power from a dry-electrolyte fuel cell. Water which is produced by the fuel cell is atomized by an ultrasonic transducer, to avoid user inconvenience due to reservoirs or dripping.

Abstract: The present invention related to methods of manufacturing oxide, nitride, carbide, and boride powders and other ceramic, organic, metallic, carbon and alloy powders and films and their mixtures having well-controlled size and crystallinity characteristics. This invention relates, more particularly, to a development in the synthesis of the ceramic, metallic, composite, carbon and alloy nanometer-sized particles with precisely controlled specific surface area, or primary particle size, crystallinity and composition. The product made using the process of the present invention and the use of that product are also claimed herein.

Abstract: The invention provides crystalline nanoscale particles and tubes made from a variety of stoichiometries of BxCyNz where x, y, and z indicate a relative amount of each element compared to the others and where no more than one of x, y, or z are zero for a single stoichiometry. The nanotubes and nanoparticles are useful as miniature electronic components, such as wires, coils, schotky barriers, diodes, etc. The nanotubes and nanoparticles are also useful as coating that will protect an item from detection by electromagnetic monitoring techniques like radar. The nanotubes and nanoparticles are additionally useful for their mechanical properties, being comparable in strength and stiffness to the best graphite fibers or carbon nanotubes. The inventive nanoparticles are useful in lubricants and composites.

Abstract: The invention relates to a silicon carbide or metal carbide foam to be used as a catalyst or catalyst support for the chemical or petrochemical industry or for silencers, as well as the process for producing the same. The foam is in the form of a three-dimensional network of interconnected cages, whose edge length is between 50 and 500 micrometres, whose density is between 0.03 and 0.1 g/cm3 and whose BET surface is between 20 and 100 m2/g. The carbide foam contains no more than 0.1% by weight residual metal and the size of the carbide crystallites is between 40 and 400 Angstroms. The production process consists of starting with a carbon foam, increasing its specific surface by an activation treatment using carbon dioxide and then contacting the thus activated foam with a volatile compound of the metal, whose carbide it is wished to obtain.

Abstract: A method for the synthesis of micron- and submicron-sized, nanostructured metal carbide powders, comprising high energy milling of metal oxide and carbon precursors followed by annealing of the as-milled powders. The annealing is preferably carried out under a flow of inert gas or subatmospheric pressure to drive the reaction to completion in one to two hours. The powders thus synthesized comprise high purity particles having a narrow particle size range.

Abstract: A molybdenum carbide compound is formed by reacting a molybdate with a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. By heating the molybdate powder from a temperature below 300° C. to maximum temperature 850° C., a controlled reaction can be conducted wherein molybdenum carbide is formed. A high surface area, nanograin, metastable molybdenum carbide can be formed when the reaction temperature is below 750° C. The metastable molybdenum carbide is particularly suitable for use as a catalyst for the methane dry reforming reaction.

Abstract: A carbon nanotube is contacted with a reactive substance which is a metal or a semiconductor. The reactive substance is heated to diffuse atoms of the reactive substance into the carbon nanotube so that the carbon nanotube is partially transformed or converted into carbide as a reaction product. Thus, a heterojunction of the reaction product and the carbon nanotube is formed. For example, the carbon nanotube (2) is contacted with a silicon substrate (1). The silicon substrate (1) is heated to cause solid-solid diffusion of Si. As a result, SiC (3) is formed as the heterojunction. At least a part of a filament material of a carbon nanotube is irradiated with electromagnetic wave to deform the filament material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing transition metal carbides and/or transition metal carbonitrides and the use thereof together with novel transition metal xerogels.

Abstract: Disposal of halogenated organic hazardous wastes by introducing them as feedstocks in the direct reduction of iron oxide (DRI). (DRI is described in Pat. RE.32247.) The novel hydrocarbons used as reducing feedstocks would normally be destined to become hazardous wastes or else their products of decomposition would be hazardous wastes. Such hydrocarbons are inclusive of but not limited to halogenated hydrocarbons such as PVC, PCBs, various insecticides, dioxin and others. This category of hydrocarbon wastes is otherwise difficult to utilize, incinerate, or otherwise dispose of safely. Polluting byproducts such as dioxin are almost always released. However within a DRI reactor they can be disposed of safely. There is no stack or vent to atmosphere. These hydrocarbons would be used as an alternative to or admixture with the usual hydrocarbon feedstocks of choice, methane or related short chain hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A nanoscale carbide article consisting essentially of covalently bounded elements M1, M2, and C having the molar ratio M1:M2:C::1:y:x, wherein the article has an aspect ratio of between 10 and 1000 and has a shorter axis of between 1 and 40 nanometers.

Abstract: This invention provides a lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, and a negative electrode comprising a carbonaceous material which is capable of absorbing or desorbing lithium ion, wherein the carbonaceous material comprises 1 to 10% by weight of boron and 0.1 to 1% by weight of oxygen, and has an intensity ratio (P.sub.101 /P.sub.100) i.e., a ratio in intensity of a (101) diffraction peak P.sub.101 to a (100) diffraction peak P.sub.100 as measured by means of powder X-ray diffraction, of 2 or more.

Abstract: In a process for producing sponge iron by direct reduction of iron-oxide-containing material, synthesis gas is mixed with top gas forming in the direct reduction of the iron-oxide-containing material and is utilized as a CO- and H.sub.2 -containing reducing gas for direct reduction and for heating the iron-oxide-containing material to a reduction temperature. To be able to save energy in an economically efficient manner when producing steel, especially in the refining process, direct reduction is carried out as follows: (1) in addition to the reducing gas, a carbon-containing gas, such as natural gas, or a gas having higher hydrocarbons is utilized for reduction; (2) the iron-oxide-containing material for a predetermined period of time exceeding the period necessary for complete reduction is exposed to the reducing gas and to the additionally supplied carbon-containing gas, and (3) a CO/CO.sub.2 ratio ranging between 2 and 5, preferably a ratio in excess of 2.5, is adjusted in the reducing gas.

Abstract: The present invention provides a powerful new method for producing, uniform sized and uniformly aligned nanotubes through catalytic pyrolysis of a hydrocarbon within the dense, uniform and parallel pores of alumina nano-templates. The catalyst, Co, Fe, Ni or another suitable substance is deposited electrochemically into the bottom of the channel of the alumina template. The nanotubes with any desired diameter in the range 5-500 nm and lengths up to .about.100 .mu.m, are generated by the pyrolysis of a suitable hydrocarbon inside the pores of the alumina template with at least one end open at the alumina/air interface. The nanotubes may be filled by metals using for example electroless deposition.

Abstract: A process for providing elemental metals or metal oxides distributed on a carbon substrate or self-supported utilizing graphite oxide as a precursor. The graphite oxide is exposed to one or more metal chlorides to form an intermediary product comprising carbon, metal, chloride, and oxygen. This intermediary product can be fiber processed by direct exposure to carbonate solutions to form a second intermediary product comprising carbon, metal carbonate, and oxygen. Either intermediary product may be further processed: a) in air to produce metal oxide; b) in an inert environment to produce metal oxide on carbon substrate; c) in a reducing environment to produce elemental metal distributed on carbon substrate. The product generally takes the shape of the carbon precursor.

Abstract: Metal-carbon composite powders and methods for producing metal-carbon composite powders. The powders have a well-controlled microstructure and morphology and preferably have a small average particle size. The method includes forming the particles from an aerosol of powder precursors. The invention also includes novel devices and products formed from the composite powders.

Abstract: Carbon fluoride particles in which a number-average particle size is 0.01 to 50 .mu.m, a content of particles having such a diameter that the particles size distribution falls with in range of the number-average particle size .+-.20% amounts to at least 50% of the whole, a true specific gravity is 1.7 to 2.5, a F/C as a whole is 0.001 to 0.5, and a F/C at the surface is always larger than the F/C as a whole and is 0.1 to 2. 0. These carbon fluoride partilces are obtainable by reacting carbon particles with fluorine at 350.degree. to 600.degree. C. for one minute to six hours.

Abstract: A process for conversion of iron oxide to iron carbide, including the steps of: providing a fluidized bed reactor having a metallizing zone and a carburizing zone; feeding iron oxide to the reactor; feeding a reducing gas to the reactor so as to provide reduced iron in the metallizing zone; and feeding a carburizing gas to the carburizing zone so as to provide a final iron carbide product in the carburizing zone having between about 2.2% wt. and about 6.5 wt. % carbon and at least about 80% wt. iron.

Abstract: A process for producing phosgene is disclosed which involves contacting a mixture comprising CO and Cl.sub.2 (e.g, at about 300.degree. C. or less) with a silicon carbide catalyst having a surface area of at least 10 m.sup.2.g.sup.-1.

Abstract: Metal carbide-containing refractory materials are prepared by pyrolysing blanks comprising reactive metal sources and carbon-containing precursors under fluid pressure, e.g., using hot isostatic pressing techniques. Refractory composites containing ceramic fillers, reinforcing materials such as carbon fillers, excess carbon or excess metal are readily prepared thereby.

Abstract: A method for producing iron carbide by bringing iron ore into contact with a reducing gas containing hydrogen and a carbon compound at a high reaction temperature and at a reaction pressure of the atmospheric pressure or more to reduce and carburize the iron ore with the participation of a sulfur component, the method includes measuring the reaction temperature, partial pressure P(H.sub.2) of the hydrogen and partial pressure P(H.sub.2 S) of hydrogen sulfide contained in the reducing gas, calculating sulfur activity a.sub.s in the reducing gas from Equation (1) shown below, and adjusting the partial pressure P(H.sub.2 S) of the hydrogen sulfide in the reducing gas to obtain a.sub.s =1.0 to 2.0 at reaction temperatures of 550.degree. C. and above but less than 650.degree. C., a.sub.s =0.7 to 2.0 at 650.degree. C., and a.sub.s =0.05 to 1.0 at over 650.degree. C. and up to 950.degree. C.: (1) a.sub.s =(P(H.sub.2 S)/P(H.sub.2))/(P(H.sub.2 S)/P(H.sub.2)).sub.E where (P(H.sub.2 S)/P(H.sub.

Abstract: A process utilizing a supported metal catalyst, a volatile species source, and a carbon source has been developed to produce carbide nanorods with diameters of less than about 100 nm and aspect ratios of 10 to 1000. The volatile species source, carbon source, and supported metal catalyst can be used to produce carbide nanorods in single run, batch, and continuous reactors under relatively mild conditions. The method employs a simple catalytic process involving readily available starting materials.

Abstract: Powdered ore is fed into fluidized bed reactor 1 after preheating by hot blast in preheating furnace 2. Iron oxide particles are recovered from an exhaust gas of the preheating furnace 2 by dust catcher 3, and the iron oxide particles are reduced to iron in reducing furnace 4. The reduced iron particles are added into the flow path of fluidized bed reactor 1 to catalyze the reaction producing iron carbide.

Abstract: A transition metal carbide (e.g., WC) is prepared by the following steps. A carbon-precursor mixture is formed by mixing a precursor comprised of (i) a transition metal oxide (e.g., WO.sub.x) and (ii) a material selected from the group consisting of: a transition metal (e.g., W); a transition metal carbide (e.g., WC) and a substoichiometric carbide (W.sub.2 C), in the presence of a source of carbon (e.g., carbon black) in an amount sufficient to form a reduced mixture comprised of the transition metal carbide and substoichiometric transition metal carbide, wherein the amount of the transition metal oxide and transition metal is essentially zero in said reduced mixture. The carbon-precursor mixture is heated in a reducing atmosphere (e.g., 5 percent hydrogen in argon) to a reducing temperature and for a time sufficient to produce the reduced mixture.

Abstract: Process of producing power comprising:providing a turbine adapted to generate shaft work, said turbine having a combustor; and a rocket engine having a nozzle and a compressor means;feeding fuel and oxidant to the rocket engine and the rocket engine compressor means;feeding carbonaceous matter and steam into the rocket engine nozzle;processing the output of the rocket engine nozzle into fuel for the turbine;introducing said fuel and oxidant for the turbine to the turbine combustor; andrecycling a substantial portion of the hot exhaust from the turbine to the rocket engine compressor means; andcontrolling the inlet temperature to the turbine.Apparatus for producing power comprising a rocket engine and a turbine adapted to generate shaft work is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of continuously producing a carbide from a moisture-containing organic substance allows for the recycling of the organic substance, which is conventionally thrown away waste. The method includes a dewatering process for removing water from the moisture containing material. A moisture adjustment process removes more water from a dewatered cake. A carbonization process continuously carbonizes the moisture adjusted material. During the moisture adjustment process, a carbide produced during the carbonization process is mixed in the dewatered cake to remove the moisture therefrom.

Abstract: A process for forming a salt, such as sodium tungstate, using a pyrometallurgical operation is provided. A slagging operation is performed in which a metal-containing material is melted in the presence of slag formers such as sodium metasilicate and silica. The metal predominantly reports to a denser metal-containing phase. The denser metal-containing phase may then be subjected to gas sparging with a carbon-containing gas in order to form metal carbide, preferably tungsten carbide.

Abstract: The present in a process for the conversion of iron-containing material into iron carbide. The process includes a first step in which the iron-containing material is contacted with a reducing gas that contains no more than a small amount of reactive carbon to produce metallic iron and a second step in which the metallic iron is contacted with a reducing and carburizing gas to produce iron carbide.The reducing and carburizing gas includes reactive carbon, hydrogen, and methane. The iron carbide product is of high purity.

Abstract: A gas phase process for the production of titanium dioxide powders having well-controlled crystalline and surface area characteristics is disclosed. In this process, which is preferably carried out in a laminar diffusion flame reactor, vapor phase TiCl.sub.4 and oxygen are mixed in a reaction area which is heated externally. The titanium dioxide powder formed is then collected. It is preferred that the heat source used be a hydrocarbon fueled (e.g., methane) flame. Optionally, a vapor phase dopant (such as SiCl.sub.4) may be added to the reaction mixture to desirably affect the physical properties of the titanium dioxide produced. In a particularly preferred embodiment, a corona electric field is positioned across the area where the combustion reaction takes place (i.e., the reaction area). High anatase, high surface area titanium dioxide powders made by this process are excellent photocatalysts. The products of this process and the use of those products as photocatalysts are also disclosed.

Abstract: A continuous process that produces nanoscale powders from different types of precursor material by evaporating the material and quenching the vaporized phase in a converging-diverging expansion nozzle. The precursor material suspended in a carrier gas is continuously vaporized in a thermal reaction chamber under conditions that favor nucleation of the resulting vapor. Immediately after the initial nucleation stages, the vapor stream is rapidly and uniformly quenched at rates of at least 1,000 K/sec, preferably above 1,000,000 K/sec, to block the continued growth of the nucleated particles and produce a nanosize powder suspension of narrow particle-size distribution. The nanopowder is then harvested by filtration from the quenched vapor stream and the carrier medium is purified, compressed and recycled for mixing with new precursor material in the feed stream.

Abstract: A method of making chemically modified carbon-based composite materials for engineering purposes from a precursor containing graphite fluoride by using halocarbons or elemental sulfur as chemical agents that diffuse into the lamellar crystal structure of the graphite fluoride and permit defluoridation at a controlled rate upon heating, to produce a graphite fluoride-free intermediate carbon material and, upon further heating to form a chemically modified carbon that is further heated in the presence of a specified one of several chemical elements to form a composite including a coating of the specified element.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of producing iron carbide of predetermined quality is disclosed. The method of producing iron carbide (Fe.sub.3 C) comprises reducing and carburizing an iron-containing raw material containing iron oxides (e.g., hematite) or iron hydroxides as main components, wherein the raw material is partially reduced to a reduction ratio of 50 to 65% by a gas containing mainly hydrogen in a first stage of the reaction process, then the partially reduced raw material is further reduced and carburized with a gas containing mainly hydrogen and methane in a second stage of the reaction process to provide iron carbide.

Abstract: The use of and methods to use a novel category of hydrocarbon for direct reduction of iron ore. The novel hydrocarbons used as reducing feedstocks would normally be destined to become hazardous wastes or else their products of decomposition would be hazardous wastes. Such hydrocarbons are inclusive of but not limited to organic phosphates, organic sulfates, organic nitrogens, organic mercury or tin, contaminated hydrocarbons, and halogenated hydrocarbons. This category of hydrocarbons is otherwise difficult to utilize, incinerate, or otherwise dispose of safely. Polluting byproducts are almost always released. However a DRI reactor is herin fitted to utilize them productively and safely. These hydrocarbons would be used as an alternative to or admixture with the usual hydrocarbon feedstocks of choice, methane or related short chain hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present invention provides a two-stage method for pretreating an iron oxide-containing feed material prior to conversion of the material into an iron carbide-containing product. The feed material is heated in the first stage in an oxidizing atmosphere to volatilize and/or thermally stabilize sulfide sulfur and evaporate moisture and heated in a reducing atmosphere in the second stage to reduce ferric iron to ferrous iron. The reduced material is then introduced into a system in which the iron oxides are substantially converted to iron carbide.

Abstract: A process for producing iron carbide in a fluid bed reactor in which the pressure is maintained in excess of the pressure at which the mole fraction of hydrogen in the process gas begins to decrease. The hydrogen concentration may also be increased above the equilibrium concentration for hydrogen at the temperature and pressure in the reactor. Further improvements are gained by preheating a iron ore reactor feed in which the iron oxide is primarily in the form of hematite under a reducing atmosphere, and using at least two fluid bed reactors in series.

Abstract: An onion-like graphite 2 is produced by irradiating an electron beam to an amorphous carbon 3 under an active aluminum nanoparticle 1. By further irradiating the electron beam to the onion-like graphite 2 to intercalate aluminum atoms constituting the aluminum nanoparticle 1 in a space between (001) plane and (002) plane of the onion-like graphite 2 having a layer structure, an intercalation compound 4 is produced. Or, after the aluminum nanoparticles were driven and disposed on the onion-like graphite by electron beam, or the like, by irradiating the electron beam to intercalate aluminum atoms in the space between the (001) plane and the (002) plane of the onion-like graphite having a layer structure, the intercalation compound is produced.

Abstract: A process for converting iron oxide to iron carbide using hydrogen as a reducing gas. Water is generated by the reduction of the iron oxides using hydrogen. The amount of water present in the reactor system is controlled and the water is contacted with methane in order to internally generate carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide gas. The carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide is subsequently employed to carburize the iron to iron carbide.

Abstract: Carbon fluoride particles in which a number-average particle size is 0.01 to 50 .mu.m, a content of particles having such a diameter that the particles size distribution falls with in range of the number-average particle size .+-.20% amounts to at least 50% of the whole, a true specific gravity is 1.7 to 2.5, a F/C as a whole is 0.001 to 0.5, and a F/C at the surface is always larger than the F/C as a whole and is 0.1 to 2.0. These carbon fluoride particles are obtainable by reacting carbon particles with fluorine at 350.degree. to 600.degree. C. for one minute to six hours.

Abstract: A process for producing iron carbide in a fluid bed reactor in which the pressure may be maintained in excess of the pressure at which the mole fraction of hydrogen in the process gas begins to decrease. The hydrogen concentration is increased above the equilibrium concentration for hydrogen at the temperature and pressure in the reactor. Further improvements are gained by preheating a iron ore reactor feed in which the iron oxide is primarily in the form of hematite under a reducing atmosphere, and using at least two fluid bed reactors in series.

Abstract: A method for producing iron carbide by bringing iron ore into contact with a reducing gas containing hydrogen and a carbon compound at a specified reaction temperature to reduce and carburize the iron ore with the participation of a sulfur component, the method includes measuring the reaction temperature, partial pressure P(H.sub.2) of the hydrogen and partial pressure P(H.sub.2 S) of hydrogen sulfide contained in the reducing gas, calculating sulfur activity as in the reducing gas from equation (1) shown below, and adjusting the partial pressure P(H.sub.2 S) of the hydrogen sulfide in the reducing gas to obtain as=1.0 to 2.0. at reaction temperatures of 550.degree. C. and above but less than 650.degree. C., as=0.7 to 2.0 at 650.degree. C., and as=0.05 to 1.0 at over 650.degree. C. and up to 950.degree. C.:as=(P(H.sub.2 S)/P(H.sub.2))/(P(H.sub.2 S)/P(H.sub.2))E (1)where (P(H.sub.2 S)/P(H.sub.2)) represents the ratio between the partial pressures of H.sub.2 S and H.sub.2 in the reducing gas and (P(H.sub.

Abstract: A method for producing iron carbide for use as an iron source in steelmaking is provided. The method can use a wide range of feedstocks without depending on natural gas by using other forms of carbon as the carburizing source. The present method accomplishes the production of iron carbide by mixing together finely divided iron oxide containing feedstocks and carbon, pelletizing the mixture, and heating the pellets to a high temperature under reducing conditions. Preferably, the pellets are heated to a temperature of at least 1100.degree. C. Excess levels of carbon should be used in the process to assure maximum production of iron carbide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the storage of hydrogen in layered nanostructures possessing: at least some crystallinity, interstices from about 0.335 nm to 0.67 nm, and chemisorption properties with respect to hydrogen at those surfaces of the nanostructure which define the interstices. Preferred layered nanostructures are carbon nanostructures such as those selected from carbon nanotubes, carbon fibrils, carbon nanoshells, and carbon nanofibers. Hydrogen is chemisorbed into the interstices of the nanostructures.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for forming metal or non-metal carbide fiber from the corresponding metal or non-metal containing material such as a silicon sol or mixtures thereof and silicon, silicon carbide or silicon oxide, or mixtures of silicon carbide and silicon or silicon oxide.

Abstract: Apparatus for the production of iron carbide in a shaft furnace, by reacting a carbon containing reducing gas as the process gas with particulate metal oxide material for an extended residence time at low temperature, including residence time and operating temperature controls. The resulting iron carbide product is also disclosed.