Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a controlled rate, the methods comprising directing air through a layered bed to produce a gas. The layered bed comprises alternating layers of a layer of dry particles comprising a precursor and a layer of dry particles comprising a proton-generating species. The gas is produced at a rate that is controlled by controlling the presence or absence of air flowing though the layered bed, the amount of time the air flows through the layered bed, the total number of layers in the layered bed, the average thickness of each of the layers of dry particles comprising the precursor in the layered bed, the average thickness of each of the layers of dry particles comprising the proton-generating species in the layered bed, the temperature the method is performed at, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: The methods disclosed generally relate to treatment of process water using chlorine dioxide. Specifically, reactants may be fed asynchronously into a diluent line or a tank where the reactants may mix and react to form chlorine dioxide. The chlorine dioxide levels may fluctuate in the diluent line or the tank thereby inhibiting or reducing the growth of microbes.

Abstract: Methodologies, systems, and devices are disclosed for generating a chemical compound. A reaction chamber holds an amount of a precursor chemical, an activator chamber holds an amount of an activator chemical, and a quenching and neutralizer chamber holds an amount of quenching and neutralizing chemicals. A pump transfers the activator chemical from the activator chamber to the reaction chamber, where the activator chemical reacts with the precursor chemical to form the desired chemical compound. The desired chemical compound is allowed to exit the reaction chamber. Subsequently, the pump transfers the quenching and neutralizing chemicals from the quenching and neutralizer chamber to the reaction chamber, resulting in a quenched and neutralized solution.

Abstract: A catalyst including gold, or a compound thereof, and sulphur, a compound of sulphur, trichloroisocyanuric acid or a metal dichloroisocyanurate on a support, together with a process for manufacturing the catalyst and its use in a chemical process are described.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for generation of dual biocides are provided. The electrolytic generation of chlorine as a biocide is employed for further generation of additional biocides within a single system or generator, including bromine, iodine, chlorine dioxide, fluorine, or chloramines from their respective salts and/or precursors. A single on-site generating system produces a combination of biocides for applications of use providing cost, safety and efficacy improvements. Methods of using the disinfecting biocides provide a synergistic effect through simultaneous or sequential applications.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating volatile organic compounds produced during a fermentation process is provided. The apparatus includes a ClO2 generator exhausting a ClO2 gas stream, a batch tank fluidly connected to the ClO2 generator outlet and receiving the ClO2 gas stream from the ClO2 generator outlet, the batch tank comprising an inlet for introducing a water stream and an outlet for exhausting an aqueous ClO2 solution from the batch tank, the aqueous ClO2 solution having a concentration of about 3000 mg/L, and a yeast product fermentation vessel configured to receive yeast product and the aqueous ClO2 solution from the batch tank and to ferment the yeast product and the aqueous ClO2 solution. Fermenting the quantity of yeast product and aqueous ClO2 solution reduces concentration of volatile organic compounds produced.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the safe and efficient generation of chlorine dioxide while achieving a variable chlorine dioxide mass flow rate with a turn-down to turn-up ratio of at least 1 to 200. The process allows for a single chlorine dioxide generating system to safely provide variable mass flow rate of chlorine dioxide to applications that have wide ranging chlorine dioxide demand, like those experienced in oil and gas applications.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing an ultrapure, aqueous, long-term- and storage-stable, and thus transportable chlorine dioxide solution, comprising the steps of providing chlorite, providing peroxodisulfate, and combining chlorite and peroxodisulfate in an aqueous system and in a molar ratio of peroxodisulfate to chlorite [S2O82?]/[ClO2?] of greater than 1, forming the aqueous chlorine dioxide solution, wherein no additional buffer is added to produce the aqueous chlorine dioxide solution. The invention further relates to a corresponding chlorine dioxide solution, to the use of said chlorine dioxide solution, and to a device for producing the chlorine dioxide solution.

Abstract: Methods, kits, cartridges and compounds related to generating chlorine dioxide by exposing ClO2? to at least one of a manganese porphyrin catalyst or a manganese porphyrazine catalyst are described.

Abstract: An arrangement for addition of chlorine dioxide to flowing water in a pipeline is provided. The reactants are reacted in a reaction chamber located in the flow of water and the chlorine dioxide is passed from the reaction chamber directly into the flowing water.

Abstract: A high capacity filtration media, method of preparing the media, and method of treating a fluid stream with the media are provided. The media contain a porous substrate impregnated with high concentrations of a permanganate. Preferably, the media includes a porous substrate impregnated with at least about 8% permanganate by weight. The media can optionally contain sodium bicarbonate. Improved capacity for the removal of undesirable compounds such as ethylene, formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan are achieved.

Abstract: An apparatus for on-site production of disinfectant/oxidizing products, arranged directly in the fluid to be processed, and a method for oxidation/disinfection of the affected water in order to avoid microbiological proliferation phenomena, which can cause hygienic and sanitary problems or problems of failed efficiency of systems. The apparatus for disinfecting water with on-site production of oxidizing/disinfecting products at the desired concentrations includes storage tanks for chemical reagents, pumps and pipes for connection, and a source of disinfectant and oxidizing products that is immersed in the water to be disinfected.

Abstract: An apparatus for preparing aqueous chlorine dioxide solutions is described, comprising (a) a reactor (1), (b) a first reservoir unit (8) comprising a first reactant for preparation of chlorine dioxide, the first reactant being in solid form, having an inlet (15) for water and a separate outlet (21), the first reservoir unit (8) being exchangeable, (c) a second reservoir unit (4) for storing a second reactant for preparation of chlorine dioxide. Additionally described are an exchangeable reservoir unit for such an apparatus, a kit comprising or consisting of one or more exchangeable reservoir units and a process for preparing a chlorine dioxide-containing solution usable directly for water treatment.

Abstract: A novel method of making chlorine dioxide is provided. The method includes the steps of combining a hypochlorite salt and trichloroisocyanuric acid reactants in solid state in an aqueous reaction medium; and mixing the reaction medium with a gaseous carrier under conditions suitable to generate chlorine dioxide. A novel apparatus for use in generating chlorine dioxide is also provided.

Abstract: Chlorine dioxide generation systems and methods are disclosed. One or more reactants, such as sodium hypochlorite, may be electrolytically generated on-site for delivery to a reaction column. Low concentration reactants may be used to generate chlorine dioxide as part of a mixed oxy-chloro product stream containing free available chlorine. In at least one embodiment, an optical analyzer may be positioned along a reactant feed line to measure a concentration of reactant supplied to a reaction column. A controller may adjust a flow rate of the reactant in response to information provided by the optical analyzer. The controller may also perform pH control within the system. In some embodiments, the chlorine dioxide generator may be incorporated in an all-liquid water disinfection system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a safely handleable and transportable composition including an alpha-cyclodextrin-chlorine dioxide complex and an inert substance, and also a method for production thereof.

Abstract: Chlorous acid is generated from a chlorite salt precursor, a chlorate salt precursor, or a combination of both by ion exchange. The ion exchange material facilitates the generation of chlorous acid by simultaneously removing unwanted cations from solution and adding hydrogen ion to solution. Chlorine dioxide is generated in a controlled manner from chlorous acid by catalysis. Chlorine dioxide can be generated either subsequent to the generation of chlorous acid or simultaneously with the generation of chlorous acid. For catalysis of chlorous acid to chlorine dioxide, the chlorous acid may be generated by ion exchange or in a conventional manner. Ion exchange materials are also used to purify the chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide solutions, without causing degradation of said solutions, to exchange undesirable ions in the chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide solutions with desirable ions, such as stabilizing ions, and to adjust the pH of chlorous acid and Chlorine dioxide solutions.

Abstract: A two-part system, method and device for producing a gaseous or aqueous chlorine dioxide solution is disclosed. The system includes a two part system where part one utilizes sodium chlorite in a dry chemical form (e.g., granulated, powder, and/or flake) securely contained within a device. Part two is a liquid acid solution that, when placed in contact with part one, will activate part one to produce chlorine dioxide gas or aqueous chlorine dioxide when water is added after part one is activated when exposed to part two which is a premade liquid acid solution.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a mixture for producing chlorine dioxide gas provided in an enclosure comprising an impregnate comprising a chlorine dioxide precursor impregnated in a porous carrier and a proton-generating species, wherein the impregnate and proton-generating species are intermixed to produce a stable mixture and the mixture is provided in an enclosure. The present disclosure also relates to methods for producing chlorine dioxide gas.

Abstract: Provided is a chlorine dioxide-generating product comprising an inorganic porous carrier carrying a chlorite and an alkali agent. In the product, the alkali agent is carried in an amount of more than 0.7 molar equivalent and not more than 2 molar equivalents relative to the amount of the chlorite carried, and the product has a water content of 10% by weight or less. The chlorine dioxide-generating product can stably generate chlorine dioxide gas in an amount that sufficiently achieves deodorization, sterilization, virus removal, mold prevention, antisepsis, or the like of spatial environments, foods, or others but exerts no harmful effect on humans, over a long period of time.

Abstract: Chlorine dioxide generation systems and methods are disclosed. In some embodiments, an optical analyzer may be positioned along a reactant feed line to measure a reactant concentration. A controller may adjust a flow rate of the reactant in response to information provided by the optical analyzer.

Abstract: A chlorine dioxide generator includes a container body deformable in response to application of a force from the outside. The container body contains therein a solid acidic composition and an aqueous chlorite solution under a non-contact state from each other. The solid acidic composition comprises a porous material containing an acidic substance. The aqueous chlorite solution is sealed within an easily breakable enclosure. In operation, when the container body is deformed, the enclosure contained therein is broken to bring the aqueous chlorite solution into contact with the solid acidic composition, whereby chlorine dioxide gas is generated. This generated chlorine dioxide gas is discharged via a gas discharge port to the outside of the container body.

Abstract: A method of simultaneously cleaning and disinfecting an industrial water system is described and claimed. The method involves the addition to the water of the industrial water system of a Compound selected from the group consisting of the alkali salts of chlorite and chlorate and mixtures thereof; and an acid, followed by allowing the water in the industrial water system to circulate for several hours. The reaction of the alkali salts of chlorite and chlorate and acid produces chlorine dioxide in-situ in the water of the industrial water system. The chlorine dioxide kills microorganisms and the acid acts to remove deposits upon the water-contact surfaces of the equipment. This cleaning and disinfecting method works in a variety of industrial water systems including cooling water systems.

Abstract: A method of treating water with chlorine dioxide (ClO2), by: surrounding a reaction chamber, in which the ClO2 is generated, with water, wherein the water surrounding the reaction chamber is simultaneously the water to be treated; and passing a reaction solution comprising the ClO2 formed in the reaction chamber out of the reaction chamber through an outlet directly into the water, thus treating the water.

Abstract: Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is produced by apparatus and methods wherein a ClO2 gas produced in the apparatus is quickly introduced into a fluid stream to be treated with said gas. To this end, the apparatus has an interior chemical reaction chamber which houses an internal fluid flow tube having a fluid impervious upper section and a porous lower section that respectively define two zones within the interior chemical reaction chamber.

Abstract: A storage and mixing device is illustrated and described. The device can include first and second separate containers each defining a distinct internal cavity. The first container can be movable (e.g., rotatable) relative to the second container between a first position and a second position. In the first position, the cavities can be substantially sealed from one another. In the second position, a first gas forming ingredient in one of the cavities can mix with a second gas forming ingredient in the other cavity to form a gas, such as chlorine dioxide gas. The device can have one or more filtered openings to allow gas generated by mixing the first and second gas forming ingredients to escape into the ambient environment.

Abstract: An allergen inactivating agent for preventing allergic manifestations or alleviating symptoms by reducing antigenicity of an allergen through contact with the allergen includes dissolved chlorine dioxide as an active ingredient.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process and composition for teeth bleaching and color maintenance made up of a solution added to beverages (coffee, tea, wine, sodas). The method and composition offers and option to start breaking down stains prior to penetration in o the tooth enamel. The purpose of this invention is to provide a way to eliminate or reduce the staining effect from beverages such as coffee, tea, wine, juices and sodas. The mixture will include an oxygen releasing agent which may include infusion of oxygen gas, and/or solutions of sodium perborate, carbamide peroxide, chlorine dioxide, or hydrogen peroxide. The mixture is dispensed into drinks that can stain teeth.

Abstract: Method to prepare fluids (liquids and gases) containing pure chlorine dioxide which is not contaminated by the starting materials or the byproducts of the chlorine dioxide synthesis or to deliver pure chlorine dioxide into any medium capable of dissolving chlorine dioxide, wherein the chlorine dioxide generated in the process is transported across a pore free polymeric membrane via selective permeation into the target medium.

Abstract: Methods, kits, cartridges and compounds related to generating chlorine dioxide by exposing ClO2? to at least one of a manganese porphyrin catalyst or a manganese porphyrazine catalyst are described.

Abstract: The instant application provides apparatus and methods for the generation of gas, preferably chlorine dioxide. The methods and apparatus of the invention use a removable reaction chamber for the reaction of precursor chemicals, e.g., chlorite salt and an acid. The methods and compositions of the invention provide gas for a number of personal and commercial applications.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating water and an aqueous system, situated in a pipe, with chlorine dioxide (ClO2), the method including generating ClO2 in a reaction space such that the generated ClO2 is completely surrounded by a system to be treated, and delivering the ClO2 generated in the reaction space to the system to be treated which is situated in the pipe, wherein the system surrounding the reaction space is the system to be treated, the reaction space is a component of a mobile device and the mobile device can be introduced into the pipe, in which the system to be treated is situated, and removed again independently of the pressure state of the pipe containing the system to be treated, and the reaction space is situated in the pipe containing the system to be treated.

Abstract: A method for making a slow releasing device for slowing releasing chlorine dioxide includes sending gaseous chlorine dioxide into a receiving container containing a plurality of particulate carriers. Each particulate carrier has a plurality of pores in a surface thereof. The receiving container is placed in a low-temperature environment below 30° C. The gaseous chlorine dioxide is absorbed by the particulate carriers. The particulate carries is packaged in at least one container that is subsequently sealed. The gaseous chloride dioxide can be purified before entering the receiving container. Superfluous chloride dioxide can be dissolved or absorbed in water in an absorbing tank on a circulating pipeline connected to the receiving container via an outlet pipe.

Abstract: The present invention provides a safe, disposable and biodegradable chlorine dioxide micro generator that uses water soluble paper and hydrogel or compressed cellulose encased in filter paper pouch. The chemicals are kept in a stabilize form until activated by the addition of water. Multiple levels of protection against early exposure to water such as a foil pouch and an impermeable outer container allow for the safe transportation and storage in small, ready for deployment amounts of the chemicals. Wicking materials packaged around the chemicals provide for the ready introduction of water to the chemicals at the proper time. Water dissolves the paper walls of the chemical pack housings and then the water facilitates the reaction between the acid and the sodium chlorite to form chlorine dioxide gas as will be described further hereunder.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the production of chlorine dioxide comprising formation of chlorine dioxide in a reaction medium in at least one reaction vessel and withdrawing chlorine dioxide from said at least one reaction vessel, the process further comprising a step of treating reaction medium or at least one process stream originating directly or indirectly from said at least one reaction vessel with an adsorbent efficient for removing chlorinated organic compounds from said at least one process stream.

Abstract: A method for electrolytically generating a biocide having an electron deficient carrier fluid and chlorine dioxide, including providing a carrier fluid; providing a pair of electrodes interposed by a semi-permeable membrane within a vessel for creating a first passageway and a second passageway, an anode electrode of the pair of electrodes disposed in the first passageway, cathode electrode of the pair of electrodes disposed in the second passageway; flowing the carrier fluid through the vessel; applying an electric potential to the pair of electrodes to produce an oxidative acidic fluid, a reductive alkaline fluid, and anodic gases in the container; removing the fluids and gases from the vessel; mixing a portion of the anodic gases with the reductive alkaline fluid to produce a hypochlorite solution; and mixing a chlorite brine with the hypochlorite solution, followed by the introduction of additional oxidative acidic fluid to release the biocide.

Abstract: An on-demand portable chlorine dioxide generator has a reagent bound medium in a first enclosed volume; a complementary reagent solution in a second enclosed volume, and a structure for selecting between a first position where the complementary reagent solution is forced through the reagent bound medium and a second position where said complementary reagent solution remains isolated from the reagent bound ion exchange medium, where a ClO2 solution is generated only during periods when the structure for forcing is actuated. The ClO2 solution can be discharged for use as a portable sprayer that can be used to treat surfaces infected by anthrax or other biological contaminants. When the bound reagent is chlorite, the complementary reagent is an acid or an oxidant. When the bound reagent is an acid or an oxidant, the complementary reagent solution is a chlorite solution.

Abstract: The instant application provides apparatus and methods for the generation of gas, preferably chlorine dioxide. The methods and apparatus of the invention use a removable reaction chamber for the reaction of precursor chemicals, e.g., chlorite salt and an acid. The methods and compositions of the invention provide gas for a number of personal and commercial applications.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the invention, a method of converting an oxy halide salt into a halide dioxide in a reaction zone under certain conditions is provided. More specifically, the method includes generating chlorine dioxide from a stable composition comprising an oxy halide salt by introducing said composition to a reducing agent and minimum temperature within the reaction zone. According to another aspect of the invention, a composition for a stable chlorine dioxide precursor comprising an oxy halide salt is provided.

Abstract: A massive body, e.g., a tablet, for producing a thickened solution of chlorine dioxide when the massive body is added to liquid water is disclosed. The massive body comprises a metal chlorite, an acid source and a thickener (incorporated directly into the massive body or added as a component separate from the massive body) and optionally a source of free halogen. The concentration of free chlorine in the solution will be: (a) less than the concentration of chlorine dioxide in said solution on a weight basis and the ratio of the concentration of chlorine dioxide to the sum of the concentrations of chlorine dioxide and chlorite anion in said solution is at least 0.25:1 by weight; or (b) equal to or greater than the concentration of chlorine dioxide in said solution on a weight basis and the ratio of the concentration of chlorine dioxide to the sum of the concentrations of chlorine dioxide and chlorite anion in said solution is at least 0.50:1 by weight.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an improved method for generating chlorine dioxide that involves reacting a diluted, chilled aqueous solution of sulfuric acid with an aqueous solution of sodium chlorite.

Abstract: Process for the continuous production of chlorine dioxide comprising generating chlorine dioxide in an aqueous reaction medium in a reaction vessel (1) maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure, bringing gaseous chlorine dioxide from said reaction vessel to an absorption tower (7) and contacting it therein with a flow of water to form an aqueous solution containing chlorine dioxide, bringing said aqueous solution containing chlorine dioxide to a stripper (12), blowing a gas through said aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide in the stripper to strip off from 10 to 100% of the chlorine dioxide entering the stripper and form a gaseous chlorine dioxide product.

Abstract: Aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide are disclosed. The solutions are substantially free of transition metal ions, transition metal oxides, particulate contaminants. The solutions are uniquely stable with respect to their chlorine dioxide concentration. The solutions can contain chlorine dioxide in the concentration range of about 100 ppm or more to about 10,000 ppm, more preferably about 1,000 ppm or more to about 5,000 ppm and even more preferably about 2,000 ppm or more to about 4,000 ppm, and most preferably about 3,000 ppm. Preferably the solutions are substantially free of organic carbon and metal ions.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the production of chlorine dioxide comprising generating chlorine dioxide in an aqueous reaction medium in a reaction vessel maintained at super-atmospheric pressure, withdrawing gaseous chlorine dioxide from said reaction medium, bringing withdrawn gaseous chlorine dioxide to an aqueous absorption medium and withdrawing gaseous chlorine dioxide from said absorption medium.

Abstract: Steam stripper off gas from chemical pulp mills, for example kraft or sulphite pulp mills is rich in methanol and totally reduced sulphur (TRS) compounds. This gaseous stream is usually burned to avoid further handling of this TRS-rich, odorous stream. We found that once this gaseous stream is condensed, it can be used as a reducing agent in the chlorine dioxide generator, in place of purchased methanol. Surprisingly, we found that, in addition to the methanol component, the TRS components act as reducing agents during the production of chlorine dioxide or, at the very least, do not consume chlorine dioxide. The use of this stream in the ClO2 generator will allow pulp mills to reduce or eliminate the consumption of purchased methanol while providing a new approach to deal with TRS compounds in the chlorine dioxide generator rather than employing a dedicated TRS incinerator or any other combustion device.

Abstract: A reactor for production of a fluid reaction product includes a reaction chamber, a plurality of fluid connections to supply fluid reactants to the reaction chamber, a reception chamber located directly below the reaction chamber, a transfer device providing a fluid connection between the reaction chamber and the reception chamber so that the reception chamber receives a fluid reaction product produced in the reaction chamber, a control unit and a first device, arranged in the reaction chamber to be in direct contact with the supplied fluids to determine a filling level. The first device includes at least one switching point which is operatively coupled with the control unit such that the supply of the fluid reactants into the reaction chamber is controlled and carried out sequentially.

Abstract: An on-demand portable chlorine dioxide generator has a reagent bound medium in a first enclosed volume; a complementary reagent solution in a second enclosed volume, and a structure for selecting between a first position where the complementary reagent solution is forced through the reagent bound medium and a second position where said complementary reagent solution remains isolated from the reagent bound ion exchange medium, where a ClO2 solution is generated only during periods when the structure for forcing is actuated. The ClO2 solution can be discharged for use as a portable sprayer that can be used to treat surfaces infected by anthrax or other biological contaminants. When the bound reagent is chlorite, the complementary reagent is an acid or an oxidant. When the bound reagent is an acid or an oxidant, the complementary reagent solution is a chlorite solution.

Abstract: The halogen dioxide, chlorine dioxide is produced from its chlorite reactant using ion exchange media in a stable reactant form, and then passing a known concentration of counter ions through the ion exchange media in a moist environment so that there is an exchange of ions, and the reactants that are released form activated chlorine dioxide within the ion exchange material. The ion exchange media both contributes reactants to and extracts contaminants from the moist environment via its ion exchange mechanism. The counter ions may be derived from one or more stable precursor solutions which themselves may contain reactants and/or soluble catalysts. The reactants of the precursor solutions cannot act as the counter ion, or ions, in the ion exchange mechanism, but the soluble catalysts can. The ion exchange media can be mixed or layered with one or more insoluble catalysts, to enhance the formation of the activated halogen dioxide, chlorine dioxide within the ion exchange material.

Abstract: An article for generating chlorine dioxide includes a canister containing a chlorine-dioxide generating composition. The articles in accordance with the invention are able to generate chlorine-dioxide gas, chlorine-dioxide solution, and chlorine-dioxide solution with surfactants. The canister includes at least one porous region that places an exterior of the canister in fluidic communication with an interior of the canister. The porous region, which in some embodiments, is realized as a mesh, is characterized by a size in a range of about 20 mesh to about 325 mesh.

Abstract: An on-demand portable chlorine dioxide generator has a reagent bound medium in a first enclosed volume; a complementary reagent solution in a second enclosed volume, and a structure for selecting between a first position where the complementary reagent solution is forced through the reagent bound medium and a second position where said complementary reagent solution remains isolated from the reagent bound ion exchange medium, where a ClO2 solution is generated only during periods when the structure for forcing is actuated. The ClO2 solution can be discharged for use as a portable sprayer that can be used to treat surfaces infected by anthrax or other biological contaminants. When the bound reagent is chlorite, the complementary reagent is an acid or an oxidant. When the bound reagent is an acid or an oxidant, the complementary reagent solution is a chlorite solution.