Abstract: A step (1) of heating a fluoronickel compound to release a fluorine gas, a step (2) of allowing a fluorine gas to be occluded into a fluorinated compound, and a step (3) of heating the fluoronickel compound and reducing an inner pressure are conducted in a container, respectively, at least once, and thereafter a high-purity fluorine gas is obtained in the step (1). Also, a step (5) of heating a fluoronickel compound and reducing an inner pressure and a step (6) of allowing a fluorine gas reduced in a hydrogen fluoride content to be occluded into the fluoronickel compound are conducted in a container having a fluorinated layer formed on its surface, respectively, at least once, the step (5) is further conducted, and thereafter a fluorine gas containing impurity gases is contacted with the fluoronickel compound to fix and remove the fluorine gas, and the impurities are analyzed by gas chromatography.

Abstract: A process for producing vinyl chloride monomer from ethylene and ethane having input of significant quantities of both ethane and ethylene in input streams to the affiliated reactor where hydrogen chloride in the reactor effluent is only partially recovered from the reactor effluent in the first unit operation after the ethane/ethylene-to-vinyl reaction step or stage. Steps are presented of oxydehydro-chlorination catalytic reaction of ethane, ethylene, hydrogen chloride, oxygen, and chlorine; cooling and condensing the reactor effluent stream; and separating the condensed raw product stream into vinyl chloride monomer and a reactor recycle stream.

Abstract: Process for the production of ZnCl2 from a Zn bearing primary and/or secondary material comprising the steps of reacting the Zn bearing material with a chlorinating agent such as Cl2 to convert metals into chlorides and vaporising the volatile components of the reaction product at a temperature between the melting point of said reaction product and the boiling point of ZnCl2, thereby recovering a Zn rich chlorinated melt, and thereafter distilling ZnCl2 from this Zn rich chlorinated melt, thereby recovering purified ZnCl2 and a Zn-depleted chlorinated melt.

Abstract: Process for the purification and concentration of isotopes which isotopes are dissolved in a dilute acidic solution and adsorbed on an (optionally) activated surface of a d10-metal whereby the isotopes are selectively desorbed by elution whereby in situ reduction of oxidation products is achieved and an apparatus for performing said process.

Abstract: A system for generating a molecular halogen gas using gas generation modules can provide a flexible platform for scaling to meet increasing demands within a facility. During normal operation, the system may be designed to have one gas generation module in standby mode while the others are in active mode. Adding or removing gas generation cells is relatively straightforward and does not require redesigning the system. The system can be designed with a level of redundancy that best fits the user's needs to allow for continuous uninterruptible operations. The system can be safer to use compared to other systems due to any one or more of electrolytic cell-rectifier pairs, individually exhausted cabinets, organization fluid flow paths and pressures, and the like.

Abstract: The specification discloses a process for recovering chlorine from a chlorinator waste. The process involves treating the chlorinator waste with oxygen in a fluidised bed under conditions which promote the conversion of metal chlorides to metal oxides and discourage the oxidation of carbon contained in the waste. Suitable conditions include a bed temperature in a range from 400 to 700° C., a superficial velocity in a range from 0.2 to 1 metre/second and stoichiometric ratio, R, in a range from 0.2 to 1.2.

Abstract: The invention relates to apparatus and methods for generating and recycling fluorine. The applicants recognized that a fluorine separator, used either alone or in combination with a plasma generator can produce sufficient quantities of fluorine at its point of use for thin film processing. The fluorine separator can take the form of a condenser, a membrane separation device, a fluorine ion conductor comprising a solid electrolyte, or a combination of the foregoing. In some embodiments, reaction products comprising fluorine are passed to the fluorine separator. In other embodiments, separated fluorine is passed, either alone or in conjunction with additional feed stock comprising fluorine, to a plasma generator. The fluorine separator allows fluorine to be recycled and waste products to be eliminated from the system.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for manufacturing halogen gas using a plasma chemical reaction, with the features of having simplicity, practicality, and maintaining safety in handling source materials and of being able to manufacture halogen gas in the same facility where halogen gas is used, and also provides a halogen gas circulatory and recovery system capable of circulating and using halogen gas efficiently. After the gas expressed in the chemical formula AiXj (A represents metallic element or semiconductor element, X represents halogen element, and i and j represent integers) is introduced into a reaction container in vacuum, plasmas are generated in the reaction container to produce a plasma chemical reaction. Fine particles produced by the plasma chemical reaction and containing an element other than halogen element as the major constituent are removed from the reaction container so as to generate halogen gas in the reaction container.

Abstract: A system and method for on-site generation and distribution of a process gas are disclose, one embodiment of the system comprising a process gas generation cabinet, wherein the process gas generation cabinet comprises a housing, encompassing a process gas generator, and an exhaust and abatement system. The cabinet housing can further comprise one or more input vents to direct air to the process gas generator; a normal exhaust output port; and, an emergency exhaust output port.

Abstract: A step (1) of heating a fluoronickel compound to release a fluorine gas, a step (2) of allowing a fluorine gas to be occluded into a fluorinated compound, and a step (3) of heating the fluoronickel compound and reducing an inner pressure are conducted in a container, respectively, at least once, and thereafter a high-purity fluorine gas is obtained in the step (1). Also, a step (5) of heating a fluoronickel compound and reducing an inner pressure and a step (6) of allowing a fluorine gas reduced in a hydrogen fluoride content to be occluded into the fluoronickel compound are conducted in a container having a fluorinated layer formed on its surface, respectively, at least once, the step (5) is further conducted, and thereafter a fluorine gas containing impurity gases is contacted with the fluoronickel compound to fix and remove the fluorine gas, and the impurities are analyzed by gas chromatography.

Abstract: Stabilized bromine solutions are prepared by combining a bromine source and a stabilizer to form a mixture, and then adding an oxidizer to the mixture.

Abstract: A process for producing chlorine and iron oxide from iron chloride (which may be generated as a by-product of the direct chlorination of titaniferous ores) comprises the steps of converting ferrous chloride to ferric chloride by reaction with chlorine, separating the solids from the gaseous products, reacting the gaseous ferric chloride with oxygen, condensing unreacted ferric chloride onto iron oxide particles, separating the gaseous products from the iron oxide particles and recycling the iron oxide particles to the oxidation or condensation step.

Abstract: A method of preparing sulfuryl fluoride by disproportionation of sulfuryl chloride fluoride in the gas phase on activated carbon.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods for chlorine dioxide generation. The chlorine dioxide apparatus may comprise a plurality of metering pumps for delivering a plurality of reactant chemicals. The reactant chemicals are preferably delivered to a reaction column through inlet ports where the reactants are mixed to form the desired reactants. A synchronizer may control the metering pump action to provide synchronized delivery of the plurality of reactant chemicals to the reaction column.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for recovering the chlorine value from a particulate feed stream of metal chlorides wherein the total energy and reactant mass flow are managed to minimize the build up of deposits of solids on the reactor walls and maximize the conversion of the metal chlorides to metal oxides and chlorine.

Abstract: Stabilized bromine solutions are prepared by combining a bromine source and a stabilizer to form a mixture, adding an oxidizer to the mixture, and then adding, an alkaline source to adjust the pH of the mixture to at least 13.

Abstract: A treating method of recovering zinc in the metal state from a waste containing the zinc in the oxide state, lead, chlorine, fluorine, and water comprising a mixing process 90 of obtaining a to-be-treated mixed material 70 by mixing a steel dust 7 and a reducing material 8 together; a chlorine recovery process 91 of recovering the chlorine and the water by heating the to-be-treated mixed material 70; a lead recovery process 92 of recovering fluorine and lead by heating the to-be-treated mixed material 70 under vacuum; a zinc recovery process 93 of recovering metallic zinc by heating the to-be-treated mixed material 70 at a temperature higher than that in the lead recovery process 92 with the vacuum state maintained so as to reduce and vaporize zinc; and a residue recovery process 94 of recovering a residue 79 of the to-be-treated mixed material 70. This construction allows the metallic zinc to be recovered at a high purity from a zinc oxide-containing waste and an on-site treatment to be accomplished.

Abstract: A comprehensive energy system is provided in which a fossil fuel-burning electric utility plant is operated in conjunction with a hydrogen production and utility load leveling unit, a CO.sub.2 recovery and methanol synthesis unit, and a Bunsen reactor which reacts Br.sub.2 and SO.sub.2 to from HBr and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4, while cleaning a utility stack gas.

Abstract: A method of liberating or producing chlorine from hexachloroethane, the method comprising the steps of providing a body comprised of solid hexachloroethane and heating the body to a temperature sufficient to cause the solid hexachloroethane to produce hexachloroethane vapors. Thereafter, the hexachloroethane vapors are exposed to a heated surface and the hexachloroethane vapor decomposed utilizing heat from the heated surface to liberate chlorine from the hexachloroethane vapor.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell, fuel cell and solar reactor or conventional furnace are operated in conjunction with one another for providing hydrogen as a product, from electrolysis of hydrogen bromide.

Abstract: A composition, method, and test device for determining the total available chlorine concentration of a test sample are disclosed. The test device includes a test pad having a suitable carrier matrix incorporating an indicator reagent composition capable of converting combined available chlorine to free available chlorine and of interacting with free available chlorine to produce a detectable and measurable response for total available chlorine over a range of 0 to over 5000 ppm total available chlorine in the test sample. An indicator reagent composition contains: (a) an indicator dye that is responsive to free available chlorine, such as tetramethylbenzidine, (b) a buffer, (c) a surfactant, (d) an optional catalyst, and (e) an optional polymer. An indicator reagent composition is incorporated into a carrier matrix, like filter paper, to provide a test pad useful in a dry phase total available chlorine assay of a test sample, such as a sanitizing solution for a hemodialysis unit.

Abstract: Oxidizing compositions particularly for use in automated oligonucleotide synthesis containing a mixture of KI and I.sub.2 in solution, in equilibrium with KI.sub.3. One preferred composition contains 1.75% KI.sub.3 (providing 0.69% KI and 1.06% I.sub.2) in tetrahydrofuran/pyridine/water (93/5/2, v/v). These formulations enable synthesis of oligonucleotides of significantly higher quality than the currently employed formulation comprising 3% I.sub.2 in tetrahydrofuran/pyridine/water (74/21/2, v/v).

Abstract: A method of liberating or producing chlorine from hexachloroethane, the method comprising the steps of providing a body comprised of solid hexachloroethane and heating the body to a temperature sufficient to cause the solid hexachloroethane to produce hexachloroethane vapors. Thereafter, the hexachloroethane vapors are exposed to a heated surface and the hexachloroethane vapor decomposed utilizing heat from the heated surface to liberate chlorine from the hexachloroethane vapor.

Abstract: A process for recovering valuable components of a residue from a stream of used catalyst, discharged from a plant for the liquid-phase, homogeneously catalyzed oxidation of alkylaromatic compounds under pressure, to produce polycarboxylic aromatic acids. The residue containing mainly cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) compounds is injected into a molten metal bath in combination with enough oxygen gas to convert essentially all carbon in the residue mainly to CO. The residue may also be sludge from a pond in which the residue is stored. The Co content of the molten metal is determined by how much of the Mn in the residue is to be rejected from the molten metal. The Mn rejected is distributed between a slag overlying the molten metal and the effluent which leaves the bath. In the slag, the Mn is trapped as manganese oxide (MnO); in the effluent Mn leaves as manganese dibromide (MnBr.sub.2).

Abstract: A method relates to treating a halogenated organic waste to produce halogen gas and carbon oxide gas streams. The method includes directing a halogenated organic waste, having a halogen-to-hydrogen atomic ratio of less than about one, into a molten metal bath. The molten metal bath is inert to the halogen and has a free energy of oxidation greater than that of the formation of carbon monoxide from atomic carbon. The halogenated organic feed is converted into halogen gas and atomic carbon, whereby the halogen gas is released from the molten metal bath. An oxidant is directed into the molten metal bath, whereby the atomic carbon is oxidized to form a carbon oxide gas, which is released from the molten metal bath.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for purifying a halogen-containing gas (halogen gas such as chlorine, fluorine alone or diluted with an inert gas) which comprises bringing the halogen-containing gas into contact with a purifying agent comprising a hydroxide of an alkaline earth metal such as strontium hydroxide and an iron oxide such as triiron tetraoxide to efficiently remove hydrogen halogenides such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride along with moisture that are contained as impurities in the halogen-containing gas. The above process enables the formation of a non-corrosive halogen-containing gas having an extremely high purity and capable of being favorably used as etching gas for silicon films, aluminum alloy films, etc. in a semiconductor manufacturing process.

Abstract: A method of removing iodine from an environment which had been previously treated with a composition containing iodine and an iodide salt is disclosed. The method involves the addition to the environment of at least one reagent which is a metal sulfite salt or a hydroxide-producing compound, in an amount sufficient to water-solubilize substantially all of the iodine, followed by recovery of the iodine. This technique is particularly useful for recovering iodine from extractant solutions used in the removal of mercury from contaminated materials.

Abstract: A method is provided for removing iodide from aqueous solutions in which the iodide is converted to iodine. The porous granules of the polyvalent metal chelating resin containing zirconium peroxide bound to the chelating groups thereof is contacted with the aqueous iodide solution. The iodine is formed within the granules and retained therein, permitting the aqueous solution to be separated to create iodine. This iodine can be recovered by organic solvent elution. The oxidative capacity of the resin granules has been reduced, it can be regenerated after removal of the obtained iodine by contacting the resin granules with aqueous hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: A process for disposing of bromofluorocarbons, bromochlorofluorocarbons, or mixtures of any of bromofluorocarbons, bromochlorofluorocarbons, fluorocarbons, or chlorofluorocarbons. The process comprises thermally cleaving halons, halon-containing fluorocarbons, or halon containing chlorofluorocarbons, cooling the resulting gas stream, oxidizing the resulting hydrogen bromide to bromine by feeding excess elemental chlorine into the gas stream, absorbing the resulting HF or HCl from the gas stream with recovery of hydrofluoric acid or hydrochloric acid, and finally separating elemental bromine and chlorine from each other by distillation or reducing both to give the salts.

Abstract: A method for the production of spherically shaped granules of low melting point, corrosive, subliming substances which comprises melting the substance and discharging the melt through a perforated bottom receiver and into a prilling tower in the form of a plurality of streams having diameters of 0.5 to 4.0 mm which form droplets as they fall through the tower. The prilling tower has 10 to 20 mm diameter lateral perforations through each of which a mixture of air and an atomized liquid, with a lower boiling point than the melting point of the subliming substance, is introduced to form a mist. The mist is cooled below the atmospheric temperature and transformed into a low temperature fog which minimizes sublimination. The droplets are solidified as they pass through the fog during their fall through the tower and form granules having a diameter of 0.5 to 4.0 mm which are received on a curved screen to prevent breakage.

Abstract: A novel composition of matter comprises a stable solution of elemental bromine and urea in water.

Abstract: A process for recovering bromine from an acidic solution containing bromide ion. Electric current is passed through the acidic solution between an anode and a cathode, thereby generating bromine by electrolysis at the anode to produce an electrolyzate containing bromine. Bromine is separated from the electrolyzate as a vapor under negative pressure. The bromide ion solution may be contaminated with organic material. An electrolytic process for producing a hypobromous acid solution. An electrolytic cell.

Abstract: A method for recovering iodine from a composition containing iodine and/or iodide in which any iodine present is first reduced to iodide, the iodide is then separated from solution by selective anion exchange absorption, the separated iodide is eluted from the exchanger, the iodide-containing eluate solution is treated with a cation exchanger, H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 are then added to the remaining solution, and the resulting iodine is precipitated and may be separated out in crystalline form. The method is also particularly suitable for separating iodine from solutions which contain organic constituents such as nitrogen-containing organic compounds.

Abstract: Hydrogen bromide can be oxidized to bromine more effectively using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant if a strong acid (e.g., sulfuric or phosphoric acid) is also present to increase the percent conversion of bromide to bromine.

Abstract: A compound MF.sub.n, where M is a metal and n is the valency of the metal and has a value between 1 and 6, is subjected to a thermal plasma at a temperature in excess of 3000 K to dissociate it into the metal and fluorine. Also present in the reactor is an added reactant that will react with the metal or the fluorine to prevent their recombination so that there is formed fluorine gas or a fluoride other than the fluoride of the metal M.

Abstract: A coated cation exchanged fabric having as its base a fluorinated cation exchange resin, oriented at least 1x, in alkali metal salt form and as its coating an unoriented or oriented melt-fabricable precursor of the same salt-form fluorinated cation exchange resin. The invention also includes various processes for making the coated fabric.

Abstract: A process for recovering elemental chlorine from ferrous chloride produced during chlorination of a titaniferous ore or ore beneficiate by oxidizing ferrous chloride in a fluidized bed of particulate material which is inert, e.g., sand, continuously oxidizing first to ferric chloride and then to ferric oxide as one stage.

Abstract: A fluorinated cation exchange membrane made using reinforcement of oriented, hydrolyzed fabric of a cation exchange copolymer, the fabric having a coating of a melt-processible precursor or derivative of a fluorinated cation exchange resin on at least one surface or throughout.

Abstract: A process comprising preparation of an alkanol and elemental iodine by contacting an iodoalkane containing 1 to 20 carbons, water and molecular oxygen at a temperature in the range of about 50.degree. to about 200.degree. C. and recovering the elemental iodine.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of iodine, in the presence of a catalyst selected from copper, gold, a transition metal or a compound thereof, characterized in that an aqueous solution of an alkali metal iodide is oxidized--with oxygen, air or other oxygen containing gase--in the presence of carbon dioxide (an alkali metal carbonate and/or bicarbonate being thus formed).Iodine is generally obtained by oxidation of alkali metal iodides comping from a natural source, such as those contained in Chilean nitrates or in other salt deposits (sea-water included), or having an industrial origin; in the latter case the alkali metal iodide is generally the effluent of different processes which contemplate iodine recovery for economic reasons.

Abstract: A closed loop power regeneration system combines chlorine and hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride at high temperatures and pressure. The high temperature, high pressure hydrogen chloride is used to drive a turbine after which the heat from the hydrogen chloride is extracted for use in a regeneration system. The hydrogen chloride is converted to hydrogen and chlorine in the regeneration system. In the regeneration system copper and cuprous chloride react with the hydrogen chloride at a temperature of at least about 200.degree. C. to generate cuprous chloride, cupric chloride and molecular hydrogen. In a second reactor containing cuprous chloride and cupric chloride the extracted thermal energy from the hydrogen chloride is utilized to generate copper, cuprous chloride and molecular chlorine. The molecular chlorine and hydrogen are recombined to form hydrogen chloride in the system. In an alternative embodiment, silver is used as a reagent rather than copper and cuprous chloride.

Abstract: An efficient, low-temperature process for the preparation of highly pure, free-flowing aluminum nitride powder without oxygen contamination, comprising the steps of:(1) forming a mixture of ##STR1## and (b) AlCl.sub.3 ;(2) reacting the mixture formed in step (1) at a temperature of from 0.degree. C. to 150.degree. C. and thereby forming ##STR2## (3) maintaining the Cl.sub.2 --Al--NH--Si(CH.sub.3).sub.3 formed in step (2) at a temperature of from 170.degree. C. to 200.degree. C. and thereby forming Cl--Al--NH and (CH.sub.3).sub.3 --SiCl; and(4) maintaining the Cl--Al--NH formed in step (3) at a temperature of at least 450.degree. C. and thereby forming H.sub.2, Cl.sub.2, and AlN.

Abstract: 1,2-dichlorobenzene is isomerized to 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the presence of a catalyst comprising (a) at least one of AlCl.sub.3 and AlBr.sub.3 and (b) at least one of iodine, alkaline earth metal halides and sulfates and lanthanide halides. Benzene and/or dichlorobenzene is chlorinated with free chlorine in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising (a) at least one suitable metal halide (preferably AlCl.sub.3, SbCl.sub.5 or FeCl.sub.3) and (b) free iodine and/or at least one organic iodo-compound (preferably methyl iodide of p-iodochlorobenzene), so as to obtain a reaction product comprising 1,4-dichlorobenzene. A preferred catalyst composition comprises (a) at least one of AlCl.sub.3 and AlBr.sub.3, (b) free iodine and (c) at least one of alkaline earth metal halides, alkaline earth metal sulfates and lanthanide halides.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the solvent extraction of polychlorinated organic compounds from porous materials. Specifically, the present invention describes a process for the use of a solvent extraction of polychlorinated organic compounds, such as hexachloroethane, hexachlorobutadiene and hexachlorobenzene from porous materials, such as a vinyl ester resin. When the level of hexachlorinated organic compounds is reduced to a level of 7 ppm or below, the porous material may be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner such as by incineration or by landfill.

Abstract: Bromine is advantageously recovered from a free bromine-containing aqueous solution or gas by placing the solution or gas in contact with an adsorbent comprising a ZSM-5 zeolite having an SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 molar ratio of at least 70 and heating the adsorbent at a temperature of at least 60.degree. C.

Abstract: An improved process for recovering gold from gold-containing materials by iodide/iodine leaching is provided wherein the pregnant lixiviant containing solubilized gold and iodine is treated in an electrolytic cell to reduce gold in solution to elemental gold for recovery and reduce iodine to iodide at the cathode, so as to prevent iodine from interfering with subsequent gold recovery processes, and at the same time reoxidize iodide present at the anode to elemental iodine to regenerate the leach solution to the desired iodide:iodine weight ratio, e.g. about 2:1 to about 10:1. Gold is precipitated in the cathode compartment, and if desired, the cathode effluent may be treated for further removal of traces of gold before being passed to the anode compartment. A method for preventing iron contamination of the cathode is also provided comprising buffering the lixiviant solution to a pH of about 5.

Abstract: A highly efficient continuous process for the winning of bromine from a bromide-containing brine which increases overall bromine recovery efficiency, decreases chlorine requirements, decreases waste-brine neutralization, improves steam recovery, increases capacity and significantly reduces total amount of steam necessary for bromine recovery over prior art. This is accomplished by operating a two-stage subatmospheric apparatus comprising a steaming out tower and a secondary flash chamber. The steaming out or contact tower is operated near the vapor pressure of the feed brine so that only stripping steam is required to remove elemental bromine from the brine. The second stage or secondary flash chamber is operated at a lower pressure than the stage one steaming out tower and enables recovery of bromine, steam and chlorine from the waste bromide-depleted brin or tail brine which might otherwise to be lost.

Abstract: A solid grain pure fluorine gas generator which comprises the in-situ generation of a thermodynamically unstable transition metal fluoride from its stable anion by a displacement reaction with a stronger Lewis acid, followed by the spontaneous irreversible decomposition of said unstable transition metal fluoride to a stable lower fluoride and elemental fluorine of superatmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A process for producing alumina involving reacting anhydrous aluminum chloride with a oxidizing agent with a temperature within the range of from about 700.degree. C. to about 1200.degree. C. to form aluminum oxide and chlorine and separating the chlorine and mixing a portion thereof with the reacting aluminum chloride and oxidizing agent.

Abstract: A method of forming chlorine hydrate is described which generally comprises, combining liquid chlorine with an aqueous liquid, and removing the heat of hydrate formation. This method may also include the steps of mixing the liquid chlorine with the aqueous liquid, and cooling the chlorine hydrate to provide a pressure decrease. However, in accordance with the present invention, no refrigeration of the aqueous liquid is required, as the heat of formation may be released to a substantially room temperature environment.