Abstract: A hydrogen generator including an initiator assembly having one or more contact members within a compressible member, and a removable fuel unit adjacent a surface of the compressible member. The fuel unit contains a hydrogen containing material that can release hydrogen gas when heated and an exothermic mixture that can react exothermically upon initiation by the initiator assembly. When no fuel unit is in the hydrogen generator, the compressible member is uncompressed and the contact members are at or below its surface, and when a fuel unit is disposed in the hydrogen generator, the compressible member is compressed so the contact members extend beyond the surface to make thermal contact with the fuel unit. Energy from the initiator assembly is conducted by the contact members to corresponding quantities of the exothermic mixture to initiate an exothermic reaction, providing heat for the release of hydrogen gas from the hydrogen containing material.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of processing discharge gas containing ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen, and an organic metal compound discharged from the production process of a gallium nitride compound semiconductor. The discharge gas is brought into contact with a cleaning agent prepared by impregnating an alkali metal compound with a metal oxide to remove the organic metal compound from the discharge gas. The discharge gas from which an organic metal compound is removed is brought into contact with an ammonia decomposition catalyst on heating to decompose the ammonia into nitrogen and hydrogen. The discharge gas in which ammonia is decomposed is brought into contact with palladium alloy membrane on heating to recover hydrogen that has penetrated through the palladium alloy membrane.

Abstract: In a method of preparing a ruthenium-containing catalyst on a non-conductive metal oxide support comprises dissolving one or more ruthenium precursor compounds in an liquid organic polyol, combining the thus obtained solution with (a) nano-powder(s) of one or more metal oxides in a ratio of moles metal oxide(s) to moles ruthenium atoms in the one or more ruthenium precursor compounds of about 0:1 to about 6:1, the metal oxide nano-powder(s) having a surface area of from about 5 to about 300m2/g and a point of zero charge (PZC) of pH 5.5 or higher, agitating the thus obtained mixture, adding pre-shaped alumina sup port pellets to the agitated mixture, which is than heated at a temperature of about 50° C.

Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to the use of gas clathrates. More particularly, this disclosure relates to systems, methods, and apparatuses related to the use of gas clathrates as a fuel source for automobiles. The gas clathrates may first be dissociated into at least one gas and the at least one gas delivered to the prime mover of a vehicle or the gas clathrates may be directly utilized by the prime mover as a fuel source.

Abstract: A process for extracting hydrocarbons from a molecular combination is provided. The process includes heating a molecular combination to dissociate it into a particle stream of carbon cations, hydrogen cations, and oxygen anions; guiding the stream through a non-conductive conduit; moving the dissociated particle stream through a magnetic field to separate the cations from the anions; and isolating the separated cations from the anions. In one embodiment, methane is formed from carbonic acid.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator and a fuel cell system including a fuel cell battery and the hydrogen generator. The hydrogen generator includes a cartridge, a housing with a cavity to removably contain the cartridge, and an initiation system. The cartridge includes a casing; a plurality of pellets including a hydrogen containing material; a plurality of solid heat transfer members in contact with but not penetrating the casing; a hydrogen outlet in the casing; and a hydrogen flow path from each pellet to the hydrogen outlet. A plurality of heating elements is disposed inside the housing. When the cartridge is in the cavity, each heating element is disposed so heat can be conducted from the heating element and through the casing and corresponding heat transfer member to initiate the release of hydrogen gas. The initiation system can selectively heat one or more pellets to release hydrogen gas as needed.

Abstract: A crystalline AlH3 is ball-milled in a hydrogen atmosphere while applying a force of 10 G to 30 G (in which G is gravitational acceleration). The milling time is more than 10 minutes and less than 60 minutes. The hydrogen storage material thus produced has a structure containing a plurality of matrix phases and a grain boundary phase disposed between the matrix phases. The matrix phases comprise Al and have a side length of 1 to 200 nm, and the grain boundary phase comprises an amorphous phase and contains hydrogen in the state of a solid solution.

Abstract: A hydrogen storage method is provided which enables a hydrogen storage alloy to store hydrogen up to a maximum hydrogen storage amount thereof in excess of a generally known theoretical value. In a hydrogenation step, a hydrogen storage ratio calculated as an atomic weight ratio between hydrogen and the hydrogen storage alloy is obtained beforehand as a theoretical value, a pressure at which the hydrogen storage alloy stores hydrogen up to the theoretical value is set as a first pressure value, a pressure value ten or more times greater than the first pressure value is set as a second pressure value, and pressure is increased up to the second pressure value. In a dehydrogenation step, the pressure is decreased from the second pressure value to or below the first pressure value. The hydrogenation step and the dehydrogenation step are repeatedly executed.

Abstract: It is an objective of the invention to provide a method for operating hydrogen separation devices which is capable of efficiently suppressing hydrogen embrittlement in a hydrogen separation alloy membrane and to provide a hydrogen separation device that performs favorably during repeated starting/stopping operations thereof. There is provided a method for operating a hydrogen separation device for separating hydrogen from a mixture hydrogen gas using a membrane separation technique with a hydrogen separation alloy membrane. The method comprises the successive steps of: stopping supply of the mixture hydrogen gas to the hydrogen separation alloy membrane with a temperature of the membrane within a range from 300 to 600° C.; supplying an oxidizing gas over a predetermined duration to at least an upstream side of the membrane with a temperature of the membrane within a range from 300 to 600° C.; and lowering the temperature of the membrane to below 200° C.

Abstract: Systems and methods for collecting, storing, and conveying aqueous thermal energy are disclosed. In a particular embodiment, a floating film retains solar energy in a volume of water located under the film. A series of curtains hanging from a bottom surface of the film define a passage between a periphery of the film and a center of the film to direct the heated water at the center of the film. The heated water is circulated to deliver the heat to a dissociation reactor and/or donor substance. The donor is conveyed to the reactor and dissociated.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator that can be operated in a broad temperature range is disclosed, which comprises a first ammonia conversion part having a hydrogen-generating material which reacts with ammonia in a first temperature range so as to generate hydrogen; a second ammonia conversion part having an ammonia-decomposing catalyst which decomposes ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen in a second temperature range; an ammonia supply part which supplies ammonia; and an ammonia supply passage which supplies ammonia from said ammonia supply part to the first and second ammonia conversion parts. The first temperature range includes temperatures lower than the second temperature range, and hydrogen is generated from ammonia by selectively using the first and second ammonia conversion parts. An ammonia-burning internal combustion engine and a fuel cell having the hydrogen generator are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to generating hydrogen using thermal energy. In some implementations, a method includes concentrating solar energy on an absorption element to heat the absorption element to about 2,000° C. or greater. The absorption element is in thermal contact with a reservoir of water. The water is at a pressure of, for example, approximately 760 Torr or less, and at least a portion of the water disassociates based on heat from the absorption element. The hydrogen and the oxygen are rapidly cooled to substantially avoid recombination. After cooling, the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are pressurized and then separated using a size-selective membrane.

Abstract: An arrangement for charging a substrate reservoir for boats or underwater boats when traveling at the surface, comprising an energy source which is either a propulsion system driven with fossil fuels or a nuclear-powered propulsion system, and a DC current generator operated therewith; a reservoir tank for distilled or deionized water; an electrolyzer for conversion of the water from the reservoir tank with the DC current from the energy source to hydrogen and oxygen; a chemical reactor for production of a high-energy form of the substrate having an extensive ?-conjugated system by chemical reaction by means of hydrogen; and a storage means for the high-energy form of the substrate produced in the reactor.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator that includes a solid fuel mixture, a liquid reactant, a liquid delivery medium (LDM), a movable boundary interface (MBI), a reaction zone, wherein the MBI provides constant contact between a reacting surface of the solid fuel mixture and the liquid reactant delivered by the LDM to form the reaction zone, and a product separation media, fluidly coupled to the reaction zone by a fluid junction, that degasses a product. The hydrogen generator may further include auxiliary LDMs disposed throughout the hydrogen generator, wherein said auxiliary LDMs may be operated based on a ratio of the liquid reactant flow rate to the hydrogen generation rate.

Abstract: A series of MOF-based hierarchical porous material, namely IPD-mesoMOF-1˜9, based on nanoscale MOFs of MIL-100(Al, Fe, Cr, Sc and In), MIL-53(Al), HKUST-1, DUT-5, DUT-4, MIL-101(Cr), MIL-101NDC(Cr), MIL-101BPDC(Cr) and MIL-110 respectively, forming the permanent interparticle porosities by using close (or relatively close) packing, and preparation methods thereof. Modulated or functionalized IPD-mesoMOFs can be applied for gas adsorption and molecule separation (such as CH4- and CO2-adsorption, gasoline/diesel desulfurization and purification), catalyst loadings and molecular recognition/immobilization of biological macromolecules and enzymes.

Abstract: A closure (40) for a container incorporates calcium hydride and a matrix material as a hydrogen-generating composition. In use, hydrogen is generated which reacts with oxygen permeating a container associated with the closure and a catalyst associated with the container catalyses reaction of the hydrogen and oxygen to produce water, thereby scavenging the oxygen. The composition of calcium hydride and matrix is also claimed.

Abstract: Among other things, hydrogen is released from water at a first location using energy from a first energy source; the released hydrogen is stored in a metal hydride slurry; and the metal hydride slurry is transported to a second location remote from the first location.

Abstract: The present subject matter provides heat management while generating hydrogen gas from a hydride achieved by coupling a hydride with a hydrate. The present subject matter unexpectedly provides improved methods so that the heat released by the hydride during hydrolysis is accurately balanced by the heat absorbed by the hydrate as the hydrate undergoes a phase transition to a less hydrated or to an anhydrous form. Examples of heat-moderated hydrogen generating systems are provided, and include, among others: NaBH4/Na2SO4.10H2O, NaBH4/CoSO4.7H2O, and NaBH4/FeSO4.7H2O. The subject matter provides a methodology for determining the correct proportions of hydride/hydrate to use in preparing a hydrogen generator capable of operating at a nearly constant temperature at or near a phase transition temperature of the hydrate or at a higher temperature that is still within a desired temperature range, such as, for example, 30-90° C.

Abstract: A process and system for substantially eliminating contaminants from a gas and a gas produced therefrom.

Abstract: A hydrogen-storage-material comprising ammonia borane and poly(ethylene oxide).

Abstract: A system for the generation of hydrogen for use in portable power systems is set forth utilizing a two-step process that involves the thermal decomposition of AlH3 (10 wt % H2) followed by the hydrolysis of the activated aluminum (Al*) byproduct to release additional H2.

Abstract: A nanocrystalline photocatalyst for water splitting and a method for fabricating a nanocrystalline photocatalyst for water splitting. The photocatalyst comprises a structure having a specific surface area and a volume fraction of atoms located both on the surface and at the grain boundaries adapted for enhancement of a photocatalytic reaction.

Abstract: A method is provided for extracting hydrogen from lithium hydride. The method includes (a) heating lithium hydride to form liquid-phase lithium hydride; (b) extracting hydrogen from the liquid-phase lithium hydride, leaving residual liquid-phase lithium metal; (c) hydriding the residual liquid-phase lithium metal to form refined lithium hydride; and repeating steps (a) and (b) on the refined lithium hydride.

Abstract: A method and a device for generating of hydrogen are provided with which an instantaneous release of hydrogen in considerable amounts is possible. The method comprises a one or two step mixing including injecting the fuel and an activator fluid into a reaction chamber. The device is adapted to be operated with such a method. Further, a fuel suitable for the use with such a method is provided, the fuel being based on a dry metal hydride or a dry metal borohydride being dispersed in a non-aqueous dispersion medium. Moreover, a method for (re-) fuelling the hydrogen generating device at a service station and a method for supplying a service station with fuel are provided.

Abstract: One embodiment of the invention includes a photovoltaic system that provides both electricity and low-grade heat, together with many options of utilizing the energy. The electricity may efficiently be used to drive a high-pressure electrolyzer that produces hydrogen. The hydrogen pressure may be boosted to a final compression of at least 700 bar. In one embodiment the pressure may be boosted using a metal-hydride compressor and stored. The stored high pressure hydrogen may be used to fill fuel-cell electric vehicle (FCEV) tanks. The electricity can also be used to efficiently charge the batteries in an extended range electric vehicle (EREV).

Abstract: In a method by which hydrogen supplied as a combustion aid to an ammonia combustion engine is produced from ammonia, the filling amount of a decomposition catalyst in an ammonia decomposition apparatus is reduced. The method includes an ammonia decomposition apparatus that produces hydrogen as a combustion aid and an ammonia oxidation apparatus that allows a part of introduced ammonia to react with oxygen for combustion by action of an oxidation catalyst in order to supply the heat needed for the ammonia decomposition reaction, wherein the amount of ammonia and the amount of air introduced into the oxidation apparatus are controlled in accordance with the entrance temperature of an ammonia oxidation catalyst layer, so as to set the ammonia decomposition ratio in the ammonia decomposition apparatus to be 40 to 60% at all times.

Abstract: Among other things, hydrogen is released from water at a first location using energy from a first energy source; the released hydrogen is stored in a metal hydride slurry; and the metal hydride slurry is transported to a second location remote from the first location.

Abstract: In some implementations, a system for disassociating water includes a decomposition chamber, a heating element, a plurality of hollow fiber membranes, and a water inlet. The heating element is positioned in the decomposition chamber and configured to generate heat sufficient to dissociate at least a portion of water to hydrogen and oxygen. The plurality of hollow fiber membranes include at least a section of each hollow fiber membrane that passes through the decomposition chamber and has an inner conduit and an outer wall. The inner conduit for each hollow fiber membrane is configured to pass a sweep gas, and the outer wall for each hollow fiber membrane is configured to selectively pass either oxygen or hydrogen. The water inlet connected to the decomposition chamber and configured to pass water vapor into the decomposition chamber.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for separately preheating gaseous ammonia and an oxygen-containing gas mixture, combusting them to form a hydrogen-containing gas mixture, and cooling the hydrogen-containing gas mixture in conjunction with the preheating of the next ammonia and the preheating of the next oxygen-containing gas mixture. Combustion may occur at combinations of pressure and temperature that permit rapid and non-catalyzed decomposition of the ammonia.

Abstract: Methods and systems of providing a source of hydrogen and oxygen with high volumetric energy density, as well as a power systems useful in non-air breathing engines such as those in, for example, submersible vehicles, is disclosed. A hydride reactor may be utilized in forming hydrogen from a metal hydride and a peroxide reactor may be utilized in forming oxygen from hydrogen peroxide. The high temperature hydrogen and oxygen may be converted to water using a solid oxide fuel cell, which serves as a power source. The power generation system may have an increased energy density in comparison to conventional batteries. Heat produced by exothermic reactions in the hydride reactor and the peroxide reactor may be transferred and utilized in other aspects of the power generation system. High temperature water produced during by the peroxide reactor may be used to fuel the hydride reactor.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods and systems reside in the decomposition of ammonia into a hydrogen gas mixture. An ammonia-rich gaseous mixture containing ammonia and oxygen enters into a conduit within which combustion and decomposition of the mixture is initiated, thereby liberating hydrogen. A mixture of gaseous products resulting from the reaction is expelled from the outlet of the conduit, the mixture including non-combusted hydrogen gas, which may then be used for other purposes. In the preferred embodiment, the incoming reactants including ammonia and oxygen are heat exchanged with the outgoing product mixture containing non-combusted hydrogen gas.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and method for capturing the hot humid gases from a gypsum board dryer and utilizing those gases in the production of a synthetic gas (referred to as “syngas”). The syngas produced can then be utilized within a gypsum board plant to reduce the amount of natural gas needed. The method utilizes the heated water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) found within the flue gas of a board dryer. The H2O and CO2 are used in a gasification process to yield the syngas.

Abstract: A nanostructure includes a plurality of metal nanoblades positioned with one edge on a substrate. Each of the plurality of metal nanoblades has a large surface area to mass ratio and a width smaller than a length. A method of storing hydrogen includes coating a plurality of magnesium nanoblades with a hydrogen storage catalyst and storing hydrogen by chemically forming magnesium hydride with the plurality of magnesium nanoblades.

Abstract: A sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst, in particular, a sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst capable of lowering the temperature required when producing hydrogen by an S—I cycle process is disclosed. A sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst that includes a composite oxide of tungsten, vanadium and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of transition metal and rare earth elements is provided. Also, a sulfur dioxide production process that includes decomposing sulfur trioxide into sulfur dioxide and oxygen by using the sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst above is provided. Furthermore, a hydrogen production process, wherein the reaction of decomposing sulfur trioxide into sulfur dioxide and oxygen by an S—I cycle process is performed by the above-described sulfur dioxide production process is provided.

Abstract: A method of producing high purity lithium metal is provided, where gaseous-phase lithium metal is extracted from lithium hydride and condensed to form solid high purity lithium metal. The high purity lithium metal may be hydrided to provide high purity lithium hydride.

Abstract: An apparatus and method purify hydrogen from a mixed fluid containing gaseous hydrogen, gaseous oxygen, and liquid water. The apparatus has a mixed fluid channel through which the mixed fluid flows; a first gas channel through which a mixed gas containing gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen flows; a second gas channel through which gaseous hydrogen or oxygen flows; a gas-liquid separating membrane forming a wall between the mixed fluid channel and the first gas channel, separating the mixed gas from the mixed fluid of the mixed fluid channel, and providing the separated mixed gas to the first gas channel; and a hydrogen or oxygen separating membrane forming a wall between the first gas channel and the second gas channel, separating gaseous hydrogen or oxygen from the mixed gas of the first gas channel, and providing the separated gaseous hydrogen or oxygen to the second gas channel.

Abstract: Hydrogen energy systems for obtaining hydrogen gas from a solid storage medium using controlled laser beams. Also disclosed are systems for charging/recharging magnesium with hydrogen to obtain magnesium hydride. Other relatively safe systems assisting storage, transport and use (as in vehicles) of such solid storage mediums are disclosed.

Abstract: A method and a device for generating of hydrogen are provided with which an instantaneous release of hydrogen in considerable amounts is possible. The method comprises a one or two step mixing including injecting the fuel and an activator fluid into a reaction chamber. The device is adapted to be operated with such a method. Further, a fuel suitable for the use with such a method is provided, the fuel being based on a dry metal hydride or a dry metal borohydride being dispersed in a non-aqueous dispersion medium. Moreover, a method for (re-) fuelling the hydrogen generating device at a service station and a method for supplying a service station with fuel are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a safe hydrogen-storing tank that is easy to manufacture and enables the quick kinetic absorption of hydrogen, which reduces the variations in volume and has a low cost in terms of material and energy. The invention has the aim of providing a tank for storing hydrogen, including a hydrogen inlet (21) and a hydrogen outlet (22) in fluid communication with at least one solid body (10-11) capable of the exothermal absorption and endothermal desorption of hydrogen, wherein said at least one solid body (10-11) is made of a compacted material containing light metal hydride and a heat-conducting matrix, and wherein said at least one solid body (10-11) is in heat-transfer relation with at least one heat recovery material (42) free from salt or molten-salt compounds and capable of absorbing the heat generated by the hydrogen absorption and of releasing said absorbed heat so as to provide heat for hydrogen desorption.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel complexes and to the use thereof as photosensitizers for generating hydrogen from water.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods and systems reside in the decomposition of ammonia into a hydrogen-containing product mixture. An ammonia-rich gaseous mixture containing ammonia and oxygen enters a conduit, within which combustion and decomposition of the mixture is initiated, thereby liberating hydrogen. A mixture of products, resulting from the reactions, is expelled from the outlet of the conduit, the mixture including non-combusted hydrogen gas, which may then be used for other purposes. The incoming reactants, including ammonia and oxygen, are heat exchanged with the outgoing product mixture containing non-combusted hydrogen gas.

Abstract: A hydrogen production catalyst used for generating hydrogen by splitting water, the catalyst comprising a composite metal oxide of cerium oxide and praseodymium oxide.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method of using hydrogen includes forming a crystalline solid mixture of a metal halide M2(HL)y with a metal borohydride M1(BH4)x; and forming an amorphous liquid mixture from the crystalline solid mixture.

Abstract: To provide a sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst, particularly, a sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst capable of lowering the temperature required when producing hydrogen by an S—I cycle process. A sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst comprising a composite oxide of vanadium and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of transition metal and rare earth elements is provided. Also, a sulfur dioxide production process comprising decomposing sulfur trioxide into sulfur dioxide and oxygen by using the sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst above, is provided. Furthermore, a hydrogen production process, wherein the reaction of decomposing sulfur trioxide into sulfur dioxide and oxygen by an S—I cycle process is performed by the above-described sulfur dioxide production process, is provided.

Abstract: A process for making molecular hydrogen, elemental sulfur and sulfur dioxide from hydrogen sulfide. The process involves contacting a gas stream of hydrogen sulfide within a contacting zone with a contacting composition comprising metal sulfide in a lower sulfided state and yielding from the contacting zone a product gas stream comprising hydrogen and a recovered contacting composition comprising metal sulfide in a higher sulfided state. The higher metal sulfide is regenerated with oxygen to yield elemental sulfur and sulfur dioxide.

Abstract: In a method by which hydrogen supplied as a combustion aid to an ammonia combustion engine is produced from ammonia, the filling amount of a decomposition catalyst in an ammonia decomposition apparatus is reduced. The method includes an ammonia decomposition apparatus that produces hydrogen as a combustion aid and an ammonia oxidation apparatus that allows a part of introduced ammonia to react with oxygen for combustion by action of an oxidation catalyst in order to supply the heat needed for the ammonia decomposition reaction, wherein the amount of ammonia and the amount of air introduced into the oxidation apparatus are controlled in accordance with the entrance temperature of an ammonia oxidation catalyst layer, so as to set the ammonia decomposition ratio in the ammonia decomposition apparatus to be 40 to 60% at all times.

Abstract: The present invention relates to pulverulent materials suitable for storing hydrogen, and more particularly to a method of preparing such a material, in which: (A) a composite metallic material having a specific granular structure is prepared by co-melting the following mixtures: a first metallic mixture (m1), which is an alloy (a1) of body-centered cubic crystal structure, based on titanium, vanadium, chromium and/or manganese, or a mixture of these metals in the proportions of the alloy (a1); and a second mixture (m2), which is an alloy (a2), comprising 38 to 42% zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum and/or tungsten and 56 to 60 mol % of nickel and/or copper, or else a mixture of these metals in the proportions of the alloy (a2), with a mass ratio (m2)/(m1+m2) ranging from 0.1 wt % to 20 wt %; and (B) the composite metallic material thus obtained is hydrogenated, whereby the composite material is fragmented (hydrogen decrepitation).

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an iodine-sulfur cycle for nuclear hydrogen production, which can improve thermochemical efficiency.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ammonia oxidation/decomposition catalyst including a support composed of an oxidizable and reducible metal oxide and a catalytically active metal supported thereon. By bringing the ammonia oxidation/decomposition catalyst including a support composed of an oxidizable and reducible metal oxide and a catalytically active metal supported thereon into contact with ammonia and air at ordinary temperature, the support in a reduced state reacts with oxygen to generate oxidation heat, and the temperature of the catalyst layer is increased in a moment. Once the temperature of the catalyst layer is increased to a temperature at which ammonia and oxygen react with each other, the ammonia oxidation reaction proceeds autonomously after that. The heat generated in this exothermic reaction is used in the course of decomposing ammonia in the presence of the catalytically active metal, thereby producing hydrogen.

Abstract: Provided is a catalyst material comprising aggregates of nanoneedles of mainly R-type manganese dioxide and having a mesoporous structure. With this, water can be oxidatively decomposed under visible light at room temperature to produce oxygen gas, proton and electron. Also provided is a catalyst material comprising aggregates of nanoparticles of mainly hydrogenated manganese dioxide. With this, acetic acid or an inorganic substance can be synthesized from carbon dioxide gas.