Abstract: This invention claims a method for creating patterns of carbon or other elements as deposits on the surface of substrates or as self-supporting filaments in liquid or solid media by the selected application of directed energy. In some embodiments, the deposits or filaments may be of primary interest because of their mechanical properties. In other embodiments, the patterns may have useful physical properties such as being electrically conductive, semi-conductive or electric insulators. Many different deposit precursors, types of directed energy, and adjunct reagents are described. The invention anticipates numerous different embodiments created by selecting various combinations of these elements and sequences of application as a means to build complex devices. In particular, the patterns may constitute the elements of an electric circuit or device (e.g., wires, capacitors, diodes, transistors).

Abstract: In the present invention, a conductive film having low resistance is formed on a substrate, said film having excellent storage stability and high dispersion stability as an ink. A copper oxide ink (1) contains a copper oxide (2), a dispersant (3), and a reducing agent. The content of the reducing agent is in the range of formula (1), and the content of the dispersant is in the range of formula (2). (1) 0.00010?(reducing agent mass/copper oxide mass)?0.10 (2) 0.0050?(dispersant mass/copper oxide mass)?0.30 The reducing agent content promotes the reduction of copper oxide to copper during firing, and promotes the sintering of copper.

Abstract: A main object of the present disclosure is to provide an active material wherein an expansion upon intercalation of a metal ion such as a Li ion is suppressed. The present disclosure achieves the object by providing an active material comprising a silicon clathrate type crystal phase, and the active material includes a Na element, a Si element and a M element that is a metal element with an ion radius larger than the Si element, and a proportion of the M element to a total of the Si element and the M element is 0.1 atm % or more and 5 atm % or less.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to methods and systems for deep welding a workpiece, a surface of the workpiece being irradiated by a first laser beam and a second laser beam. In a workpiece surface plane (OE) a first beam width B1 of the first laser beam is larger than a second beam width B2 of the second laser beam and in at least the workpiece surface plane (OE) the second laser beam lies inside the first laser beam. The intensity of the first laser beam alone is sufficient to produce a keyhole in the workpiece. The keyhole produced in the workpiece has a width KB in the workpiece surface plane (OE), KB substantially equaling B1, and B2?0.75*KB. The methods and systems provide good seam quality, high penetration depth, and high welding speed.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to additive manufacturing in which the Langmuir equation can be used to predict composition in the processing. This equation can be integrated into a model with knowledge of elemental solubility and relative reactivity of relevant elements in the additive manufacturing processing. Use of thermodynamic principles can be programmed into a finite element modeling strategy integrating the Langmuir equation, coupling the thermal fields of additive manufacturing and the surrounding environments with the rules and/or equations to predict solute pickup and/or solute loss. The modeling strategy can be implemented to identify the elements in relative concentrations to be used in the additive manufacturing processing to provide for the controlled loss of certain elements to prevent absorption of unwanted elements into molten material, formed by additive manufacturing, from the atmosphere around the molten material. Additional systems and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A method of making molecularly doped nanodiamond. A versatile method for doping diamond by adding dopants into a carbon precursor and producing diamond at high pressure, high temperature conditions. Molecularly doped nanodiamonds that have direct incorporation of dopants and therefore without the need for ion implantation. Molecularly-doped diamonds that have fewer lattice defects than those made with ion implantation.

Abstract: Methods of additively printing an extension segment on a workpiece may include pretreating a workpiece-interface of a workpiece using an energy beam from an additive manufacturing machine, providing a pretreated workpiece-interface having received a pretreatment, with the pretreatment remediating an aberrant feature of the workpiece and/or the workpiece-interface. Such methods may additionally include additively printing an extension segment on the pretreated workpiece-interface using the energy beam from the additive manufacturing machine. Exemplary additive manufacturing system for printing an extension segment on a workpiece may include a controller operably coupled to a vision system and an additive manufacturing machine.

Abstract: The present invention belongs to the field of multi-material additive manufacturing (AM), and in particular discloses a forming system and method of hybrid AM and surface coating. The hybrid forming system includes an additive forming device, a laser-assisted cold spraying (LACS) device and a workbench. The additive forming device and the LACS device are located above the workbench. During manufacturing, the additive forming device forms a part to be formed on the workbench layer by layer, and the LACS device performs coating peening treatment on inner and outer surfaces of the part to be formed during the forming process, thereby jointly completing the composite manufacturing of the part to be formed. The present invention makes full use of the rapid prototyping advantage of the short-flow AM process, and integrates the surface coating peening process into the hybrid forming system.

Abstract: A metal powder contains not less than 0.10 mass % and not more than 1.00 mass % of at least one of chromium and silicon, and a balance of copper. The total content of the chromium and the silicon is not more than 1.00 mass %. In accordance with an additive manufacturing method for this metal powder, an additively-manufactured article made from a copper alloy is provided. The additively-manufactured article has both an adequate mechanical strength and an adequate electrical conductivity.

Abstract: In some examples, a method may include depositing, from a slurry comprising particles including silicon metal, a bond coat precursor layer including the particles comprising silicon metal directly on a ceramic matrix composite substrate. The method also may include locally heating the bond coat precursor layer to form a bond coat comprising silicon metal. Additionally, the method may include forming a protective coating on the bond coat. In some examples, an article may include a ceramic matrix composite substrate, a bond coat directly on the substrate, and a protective coating on the bond coat. The bond coat may include silicon metal and a metal comprising at least one of Zr, Y, Yb, Hf, Ti, Al, Cr, Mo, Nb, Ta, or a rare earth metal.

Abstract: A method of patterning a combined layer of an electrically-conductive film, such as indium-tin-oxide (ITO), that is disposed on a flexible substrate includes bending the combined layer about a radius of curvature. The combined layer is initially bent in a first direction so that the electrically-conducive film is distal to the radius of curvature, so as to form initial dielectric lines in the electrically-conductive film. The combined layer is then bent in another direction so that the electrically-conductive film is proximate to the radius of curvature to further enhance the dielectric performance of the initial dielectric lines. The dielectric lines electrically isolate a portion of the electrically-conductive film that is disposed therebetween, to form an electrically conductive electrode.

Abstract: An RF amplifier module comprises a package having a package base, at least one RF amplifier chip attached to the package base, and an RF power combiner chip attached to the package base. The RF amplifier chip comprises a substrate and at least one transistor disposed on an epilayer overlying the substrate. The substrate comprises a first layer of synthetic diamond characterized by an average value of thermal conductivity. An RF amplifier module comprises a package having a package base, at least one RF amplifier chip attached to the package base, and an RF power combiner chip attached to the package base. The RF amplifier chip comprises a substrate and at least one transistor disposed on an epilayer overlying the substrate. A first layer of synthetic diamond is at least partially disposed on top of the electronic device.

Abstract: A process of utilizing a heat-activated conductive spinel material for PCB via overcurrent protection includes forming a PCB laminate structure that includes a spinel-doped insulator layer having a heat-activated conductive spinel material incorporated into a dielectric material as a spinel-based electrically non-conductive metal oxide. A sensing via is formed in the PCB laminate structure at a location that is proximate to a power via in the PCB laminate structure. The sensing via is electrically isolated from the power via by a region of the spinel-doped insulator layer and is electrically connected to a monitoring component configured to detect current flow through the sensing via that results from an overcurrent event in the power via that generates sufficient heat to cause the spinel-based electrically conductive metal oxide to release metal nuclei into the region to provide a conductive pathway through the region from the power via to the sensing via.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing system wherein a gentle sintering run on heat-fusible particles is followed closely by a selective laser melting run. The laser sintering run slightly sinters the particles and causes the particles to adhere to each other, but not necessarily deform and lose their original shape. The particles become connected via bridges between each other, which holds them in place. During the laser melting run, the powder melts in place, with minimum particle ejection or mobility, since the particles form a network of connected particles.

Abstract: A dissimilar material joined three-dimensional laminated and shaped object is shaped using a three-dimensional laminating and shaping apparatus. The three-dimensional laminating and shaping apparatus includes a material supplier that supplies materials of a three-dimensional laminated and shaped object to a shaping surface, an irradiator that irradiates the materials with a light beam, and a controller that controls the material supplier. The three-dimensional laminated and shaped object is a joined member obtained by joining dissimilar materials. The controller controls the material supplier to form a graded composition of the materials in a boundary region between the dissimilar materials of the three-dimensional laminated and shaped object.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing system wherein a gentle sintering run on heat-fusible particles is followed closely by a selective laser melting run. The laser sintering run slightly sinters the particles and causes the particles to adhere to each other, but not necessarily deform and lose their original shape. The particles become connected via bridges between each other, which holds them in place. During the laser melting run, the powder melts in place, with minimum particle ejection or mobility, since the particles form a network of connected particles.

Abstract: The invention relates to glass-ceramics based on the lithium silicate system which can be mechanically machined easily in an intermediate step of crystallization and, after complete crystallization, represent a very strong, highly-translucent and chemically-stable glass-ceramic. Likewise, the invention relates to a method for the production of these glass-ceramics. The glass-ceramics according to the invention are used as dental material.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are disclosed for the deposition of a layer of a first material onto a substrate of a second material. Powder particles of the first material are entrained into a carrier gas flow to form a powder beam directed to impinge on the substrate. This defines a powder beam footprint region at the substrate. The powder beam and the substrate are moved relative to each other to move the powder beam footprint relative to the substrate, thereby to deposit the layer of the first material. A laser is operated to cause direct, local heating of at least one of a forward substrate region and a powder beam footprint region. The laser beam direction is defined with reference to a plane coincident with or tangential to a surface of the substrate at the center of the laser beam footprint in terms of an elevation angle from the plane to the laser beam direction and in terms of an acute azimuthal angle from the movement direction to the laser beam direction.

Abstract: Method for forming an oxide dispersion strengthened alloy. An alloy material (24) is melted with an energy beam (28) to form a melt pool (30) in the presence of a flux material (26), and particles (36) of a metal oxide are directed into the melt pool such that the particles are dispersed within the melt pool. Upon solidification, an oxide dispersion strengthened alloy (44) is formed as a layer bonded to an underlying substrate (20) or as an object contained on a removable support.

Abstract: A method of treating a ceramic surface containing zirconia, whereby the ceramic surface is ablated by directing a laser beam with a diameter of 200-400 ?m produced by a CO2 laser with a pulse frequency of 1200-1800 Hz onto the ceramic surface, and a N2 assist gas is concurrently applied with a pressure of 550-650 KPa co-axially with the laser beam to form an ablated ceramic surface comprising microgrooves with ZrN present on a surface of the microgrooves, wherein the ablated ceramic surface has a higher surface hydrophobicity than the ceramic surface prior to the ablating.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing material voxel-by-voxel using directed-energy deposition is given. Using the method, unsupported structures, via voxel-wise directed-energy deposition, with steep overhangs is described and demonstrated. Methods for forming arbitrarily-complex structures and shaped voxels and surfaces are also given. A method for forming materials with internally-varying properties is also given. The method utilizes a pulsed or modulated, rather than continuous-wave energy source, thus allowing rapid solidification of voxels, rather than contours, hatches or tracks. Tuning of pulsing or modulation, material flow, and deposition-path parameters allows the buildup of unsupported material using standard directed-energy deposition processing heads and 3-axis stages, for example. The methods are demonstrated using a modified-directed-energy-deposition processes and is applicable to powder-bed for the buildup of three-dimensional components, repair and the addition of features to existing components.

Abstract: A system and method for laser processing a complex pattern and a perimeter around the complex pattern on a moving web, the complex pattern and the perimeter processed continuously with a single laser. The complex pattern may be a plurality of holes such that cutting of the perimeter forms a disk having multiple holes. The plurality of holes are interior to the disk and laser processed using a camming program while a web of material is continuously moving. The laser is then repositioned to cut the perimeter while the laser remains on and the web is continuously moved. The multi-hole disk may be cut from a continuous roll of abrasive material.

Abstract: A laser liftoff process is provided. A device layer can be provided on a transfer substrate. Channels can be formed through the device layer such that devices comprising remaining portions of the device layer are laterally isolated from one another by the channels. The transfer substrate can be bonded to a target substrate through an adhesion layer. Surface portions of the devices can be removed from an interface region between the transfer substrate and the devices by irradiating a laser beam through the transfer substrate onto the devices. The laser irradiation decomposes the III-V compound semiconductor material. The channels provide escape paths for the gaseous products (such as nitrogen gas) that are generated by the laser irradiation. The transfer substrate is separated from a bonded assembly including the target substrate and remaining portions of the devices. The devices can include a III-V compound semiconductor material.

Abstract: Provided are a component and an additive manufacturing method for fabricating a component. The additive manufacturing method for fabricating a component includes providing a first wire segment and a second wire segment, the first and second wire segments each having a cross-sectional stackable geometry; positioning the first wire segment into an alignment with the second wire segment to form a workpiece stack, the alignment aligning adjacent surfaces in a line of sight direction; and directing an energy beam toward the first wire segment and the second wire segment along the alignment to weld the first wire segment to the second wire segment to form a welded stack. The component includes a workpiece stack comprising a plurality of wire segments welded together along aligned adjacent surfaces.

Abstract: A method of forming a thermal barrier coating on a metal part includes laser cleaning a surface of the metal part to remove undesirable oxides and residues from the surface of the part. It further includes depositing an aluminum containing bondcoat on the part and thermally interdiffusing the bondcoat and the part with a heat treatment. Laser cleaning a surface of the bondcoat to remove oxides and debris from the surface forms an alpha aluminum oxide layer on the bondcoat. A ceramic topcoat is then deposited on the alpha aluminum oxide layer at a temperature above 1800° F. (982° C.).

Abstract: In an organic EL display device, a resistance of a cathode electrode of OLEDs is substantially reduced while maintaining a higher opening ratio of pixels as an entire display area. A reference power supply line is formed on a glass substrate, and receives a reference potential for driving the OLED. The OLED is formed on the glass substrate where the reference power supply line is formed, and has a structure in which a lower electrode, an organic material layer, and an upper electrode that is a cathode electrode common to plural pixels are laminated on each other in the order from the bottom. In some of the plural pixels, a cathode contact that penetrates through the organic material layer, and electrically connects the upper electrode to the reference power supply line is formed within an opening area corresponding to a W sub-pixel.

Abstract: A method for repairing a damage site on a surface of an optical material is disclosed. The method may involve focusing an Infrared (IR) laser beam having a predetermined wavelength, with a predetermined beam power, to a predetermined full width (“F/W”) 1/e2 diameter spot on the damage site. The focused IR laser beam is maintained on the damage site for a predetermined exposure period corresponding to a predetermined acceptable level of downstream intensification. The focused IR laser beam heats the damage site to a predetermined peak temperature, which melts and reflows material at the damage site of the optical material to create a mitigated site.

Abstract: Composite polyamide fine particles include a polyamide (A1) which has a melting point or a glass transition temperature of over 100° C. and a polymer (A2) which is different from the polyamide (A1). The composite polyamide fine particles have: a dispersion structure in which a plurality of domains each having an average particle diameter of 0.05 to 100 ?m whose main component is the polymer (A2) are dispersed in a polyamide (A1) based matrix; an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 500 ?m; and a sphericity of 80 or more.

Abstract: A transmission electron microscope micro-grid includes a carbon nanotube layer sandwiched between a first metal layer and a second metal layer. The carbon nanotube layer includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other, and the carbon nanotube layer comprises a number of carbon nanotubes. The first metal layer is attached on the first surface. The second metal layer is attached on the second surface. The first metal layer and the second metal layer are bonded with the carbon nanotube layer via a number of dangling bonds on the number of carbon nanotubes, the first metal layer defines a number of first through holes, the second metal layer defines a number of second through holes, and the carbon nanotube layer is exposed through the number of first through holes and the number of second through holes.

Abstract: A method for making carbon nanotube composite wire includes providing a carbon nanotube array. A carbon nanotube film is drawn from the carbon nanotube array using a tool. The carbon nanotube film is treated using a graphene solution to obtain a carbon nanotube composite wire.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing a diamond carbon membrane on a surface of stainless steel, including: immersing the pretreated stainless steel into a solution of a biomass-derived carbonaceous mesophase in ethanol for several minutes, prior to taking out and air drying; or alternatively, spraying the solution of the biomass-derived carbonaceous mesophase in ethanol onto the stainless steel surface, to provide a layer of the biomass-derived carbonaceous mesophase film adhered on the stainless steel surface upon full volatilization of the solution on the surface; and then carrying out thermal treatment under a hydrogen atmosphere, to prepare the diamond carbon membrane on the stainless steel surface.

Abstract: A method of making a transmission electron microscope micro-grid includes following steps. A carbon nanotube layer is provided, and the carbon nanotube layer includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other. A first metal layer is electroplated on the first surface and a second metal layer is electroplated on the second surface. A number of first through holes are formed by etching the first metal layer, and a number of second through holes are formed by etching the second metal layer, wherein the carbon nanotube layer is exposed through the number of first through holes and the number of second through holes.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing method for forming a three-dimensional article through successive fusion of parts of at least one layer of a powder bed provided on a work table. Providing at least one rotatable powder container above said work table, said powder container comprising at least one exit for providing powder to a powder table arranged beside said work table, at least one opening inside said container is spatially separated from and connected to said at least one exit. Ejecting a fixed amount of powder from said powder container during at least one predetermined segment of rotational angles of said powder container, from the exit of said powder container onto said powder table, wherein said fixed amount is determined by the shape and size of the at least one opening inside said container. Distributing said powder onto said work table with a powder distributor.

Abstract: A fabrication resource receives a base material such as metal or other suitable material. The fabrication resource applies optical energy to a surface of the base material. Application of the optical energy transforms a texture on the surface of the base material. Subsequent to transforming the texture on the surface of the base material, the fabrication resource then adheres a supplemental material such as paste including glass powder to the transformed texture on the surface. Application of heat to the paste fuses the glass powder of the applied paste into a glass layer that adheres to the transformed texture. The fabrication resource contacts an electronic circuit device onto an exposed facing of the glass layer and reheats the combination of the electronic circuit device, glass layer, and base material. The application of heat secures the electronic circuit device to the layer of glass and corresponding base material.

Abstract: A display device comprises a display panel, a window layer and a coating formed of gel material. The window layer is formed on the display panel and the coating layer is formed on the window layer.

Abstract: Methods of forming a near field transducer (NFT), the method including depositing a plasmonic material; and laser annealing the plasmonic material.

Abstract: A three-dimensional article having spray-applied ink and a spray application process for three-dimensional articles are disclosed. The article includes a substrate and conductive ink spray-applied to a non-planar region of the substrate. The conductive ink on the non-planar region is at least a portion of a power trace, an antenna, a resistive heater, a conductive lead, a sensor, a functional electrical device, or a combination thereof. The process includes spray-applying conductive ink, ablating the conductive ink, photo-sintering the conductive ink, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for a multi-layer circuit board includes the following steps. Firstly, a substrate having a first via penetrating the substrate is provided. Next, a patterned circuit layer is formed on a surface of the substrate by using the first via as an alignment target. The first patterned circuit layer includes a first concentric-circle pattern surrounding the first via. Next, a first stacking layer is formed on the surface. Then, a first through hole penetrating regions where a first concentric circle from the center of the concentric-circle pattern is orthogonally projected on the first stacking layer and the substrate is formed. Next, a second stacking layer is formed on the first stacking layer. Afterward, a second through hole penetrating regions where a second concentric circle from the center of the concentric-circle pattern is orthogonally projected on of the first, the second stacking layers and the substrate is formed.

Abstract: A display device having a base film, a display structure, and a window, the base film including a first bending region having a wrinkled portion and a first region adjacent to the first bending region, a display structure disposed on a first face of the base film, and a window covering the display structure disposed on the first face of the base film, the first bending region having a material different from a material in the first region.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the treatment of parts for creating a surface with areas with shiny and matte appearances, in which on the surface previously coated with a first layer of copper and a second layer of metal a selective etching of the second layer is performed, wherein the selective etching of the second layer is performed according to the area or areas to be glazed with respect to the rest of the part. The process allows a finish with areas of a different shine (from mirror shine to matte), the differences in thickness of which cannot be observed by the human eye without optical aids.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for marking a coated substrate. In particular, the present invention relates to methods for marking a coated substantially cementitious substrate in the form of a cementitious building product. The method comprises the steps of treating at least a portion of an uncoated cementitious substrate to form indicia; and applying a surface coating on said cementitious substrate to at least partially cover said indicia such that a marking is formed.

Abstract: Provided is a resin composition capable of achieving a higher plating property. The resin composition comprises, relative to 100 parts by weight of a resin component comprising 30 to 100% by weight of a polycarbonate resin and 70% by weight or less of a styrene-based resin, 10 to 100 parts by weight of a glass filler and 2 to 20 parts by weight of a laser direct structuring additive, wherein the laser direct structuring additive comprises a metal oxide particle comprising titanium oxide coated with a composition comprising tin as a main component and antimony.

Abstract: A bearing surface of an oilfield component is treated by applying a surface treatment having a low coefficient of friction to the bearing surface of the oilfield component by weld fusing an overlay of a Cu—Ni—Sn alloy material to the bearing surface. Weld fusing the overlay of the Cu—Ni—Sn alloy material to the bearing surface can involve laser surface cladding the overlay of the Cu—Ni—Sn alloy material to the bearing surface, gas tungsten arc welding the overlay of the Cu—Ni—Sn alloy material to the bearing surface, or plasma tungsten arc welding the overlay of the Cu—Ni—Sn alloy material to the bearing surface.

Abstract: There are provided a printed circuit board and a method of manufacturing the same. The printed circuit board according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes an insulating layer including a glass core and a tempering treatment layer formed on one surface of the glass core, such that a problem about warpage may be minimized and an effect capable of thinning the printed circuit board may be achieved.

Abstract: Metalized plastic substrates, and methods thereof are provided herein. The method includes providing a plastic having a plurality of accelerators dispersed in the plastic. The accelerators have a formula ABO3, wherein A is one or more elements selected from Groups 9, 10, and 11 of the Periodic Table of Elements, B is one or more elements selected from Groups 4B and 5B of the Periodic Table of Elements, and O is oxygen. The method includes the step of irradiating a surface of plastic substrate to expose at least a first accelerator. The method further includes plating the irradiated surface of the plastic substrate to form at least a first metal layer on the at least first accelerator, and then plating the first metal layer to form at least a second metal layer.

Abstract: A method of forming graphene comprises supplying energy to at least a portion of an organic material monolayer disposed on a substrate. The energy is sufficient to carbonize the at least a portion of the monolayer exposed thereto to form a layer of graphene on the substrate.

Abstract: A metal-film forming method of the present invention includes a surface activation process of irradiating a laser beam to the surface of the base metal, thereby activating the surface of the basemetal, a noble-metal nanoparticle dispersion liquid coating process of coating the surface of the base metal with a noble-metal nanoparticle dispersion liquid, a solvent thereof, containing noble-metal nanoparticles in as-dispersed state, and a noble-metal nanoparticle sintering process of irradiating the laser beam to the noble-metal nanoparticle dispersion liquid coated on the surface of the base metal, thereby causing the noble-metal nanoparticles to be sintered. Further, a scudding press process of executing press forming of a base metal, and the metal-film forming process of applying noble-metal plating to the surface of the base metal are executed on the same line.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing a high-quality boron nitride film grown by using a borazine oligomer as a precursor through a metal catalyst effect. The method solves the problems, such as control of a gaseous precursor and vapor pressure control, occurring in CVD(Chemical vapor deposition) according to the related art, and a high-quality hexagonal boron nitride film is obtained through a simple process at low cost. In addition, the hexagonal boron nitride film may be coated onto various structures and materials. Further, selective coating is allowed so as to carry out coating in a predetermined area and scale-up is also allowed. Therefore, the method may be useful for coating applications of composite materials and various materials.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of: depositing an actuating material onto a bendable component; and applying heat or an electromagnetic force to the actuating material, such that the volume of the actuating material changes, causing the component to bend.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is a process for obtaining a substrate provided on at least one portion of at least one of its sides with a coating, comprising a step of depositing said coating on said substrate, then a step of heat treatment of said coating using a pulsed or continuous laser radiation focused on said coating in the form of at least one laser line, the wavelength of which is within a range extending from 400 to 1500 nm, said heat treatment being such that a relative displacement movement is created between the substrate and the or each laser line, the speed of which is at least 3 meters per minute, the or each laser line having a beam quality factor (BPP) of at most 3 mm·mrad and, measured at the place where the or each laser line is focused on said coating, a linear power density divided by the square root of the duty cycle of at least 200 W/cm, a length of at least 20 mm and a width distribution along the or each line such that the mean width is at least 30 micrometers and the difference betwe