Abstract: A lighting module disclosed in an embodiment of the invention includes a substrate; a plurality of light emitting devices disposed on the substrate; a resin layer disposed on the plurality of light emitting devices; and a reflective member disposed around the plurality of light emitting devices. The reflective member includes a plurality of reflective units including a first reflective region and a second reflective region facing the first reflective region.

Abstract: Flexible plastic screen for glasses, sunglasses or helmet faceshields with controlled light transmission based on applied electrical voltage. The screen consists of two transparent flexible conductive polymer electrodes disposed and an electrochromic layer disposed between them. The electrochromic layer is a homogeneous mixture of active electrochromic components dissolved in a polymer matrix. The electrochromic screen is operable to vary the light transmission of any wearable electro-optical devices, such as the glasses, for creating an effect of a blackout for augmented/virtual reality glasses.

Abstract: A device having design film thicknesses, to suppress non-uniformity of a light emitting surface, to provide a quantum dot electroluminescence device with good luminous efficiency and light emitting life-span, and to provide an excellent quantum dot electroluminescence device with luminous efficiency and light emitting life-span. A quantum dot electroluminescence device including a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, and a light emitting layer disposed between the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer, wherein the hole transport layer includes a polymer material and a low molecular material, the light emitting layer includes a quantum dot having a core-shell structure, and a residual film ratio of the hole transport layer is greater than or equal to about 95%.

Abstract: A radiological image conversion panel 2 is provided with a phosphor 18 containing a fluorescent material that emits fluorescence by radiation exposure, in which the phosphor includes, a columnar section 34 formed by a group of columnar crystals which are obtained through columnar growth of crystals of the fluorescent material, and a non-columnar section 36, the columnar section and the non-columnar section are integrally formed to overlap in a crystal growth direction of the columnar crystals, and a thickness of the non-columnar section along the crystal growth direction is non-uniform in a region of at least a part of the non-columnar section.

Abstract: In general, according to one embodiment, a film coating apparatus includes a discharge section configured to discharge a film formation material; a voltage application section configured to apply a voltage to the film formation material, and to set the film formation material at a high potential relative to a film formation object which is subjected to film formation; a mask disposed at a position overlapping a non-coating portion of the film formation object along a direction from the discharge section toward the non-coating portion; and a potential adjusting module configured to make a potential of the mask equal to a potential of the film formation object.

Abstract: The formation in quantity of various different populations of a substance being studied with multiple combinations of distribution form and distribution density by dripping a suspension of a single concentration of the substance onto a masking member of a certain specified structure placed on a substrate by making use of the sedimentation of said substance.

Abstract: A method of making a filter adjusts the bottom heights of the color-resisting colors to make the top ends of the color-resisting blocks be in a same level by disposing the foundation layer between the transparent substrate and the light-shielding layer and disposing the groove in the foundation layer, so that ensuring that surfaces of the filter have a good evenness and the alignment of liquid crystals is normal for enhancing the displaying effect of the liquid crystal display. The present invention improves the bottom evenness of the through holes by disposing the foundation layer on the bottoms of the through holes, thereby eliminating the “ox horn-shaped segment difference” of the protruding edges of the color-resisting blocks formed later.

Abstract: A known method of forming organic semiconductor devices employs the deposition of a conductive polymer onto a substrate to form electrodes or conductive tracks and then to apply an electrical material such as an organic semiconductor on top of these tracks. Although the conductive polymer serves as a highly efficient injector of electrons into the semiconductor, it is not a good conductor. This introduces undesirable inefficient in the supply of current to and from the semiconductor. Worse still the conductivity may deteriorate with time. A solution to this problem has been found by printing the polymer (7) onto a conductive layer (6) carried on a substrate (5). The printed polymer (7) is then used as a resist during a process in which parts of the conductive polymer not protected by the polymer are removed. The resulting device benefits from the good electron injection qualities of the conductive polymer (7) and efficient conduction by virtue of the underlying conductive layer (6).

Abstract: The problem regarding volatileness of a solvent in an EL forming material, which occurs in adopting printing, are solved. An EL layer is formed in a pixel, portion of a light emitting device by printing. Upon formation of the EL layer, a printing chamber is pressurized to reach a pressure equal to or higher than the atmospheric pressure, and the printing chamber is filled with inert gas or set to a solvent atmosphere. Thus the difficulty in forming an EL layer by printing is eliminated.

Abstract: A method of forming a pattern and a manufacturing method of a liquid crystal display includes forming the pattern with a thin thickness by coating a pattern material on a printing roll using a nozzle, removing a surplus portion of the pattern material from the printing roll by using a plate, and transferring the pattern material remaining on the printing roll to a substrate to form the pattern.

Abstract: A full color organic light emitting display device (OLED) and a method of fabricating the same are provided. The OLED includes an element substrate and an encapsulating substrate. The element substrate includes a color filter layer or a color conversion layer, as well as an organic layer with an emission layer that emits light of a single color. The encapsulating substrate includes a color filter or a color conversion layer and a moisture absorbent, and a the color filter or color conversion layer corresponds to the emission region. Accordingly, there is no need to have a separate process for the moisture absorbent and the color filter layer or the color conversion layer may be formed without using a shadow mask, so that a high resolution OLED may be advantageously realized.

Abstract: A substrate structure applied in flexible electrical devices is provided. The substrate structure includes a carrier, a release layer overlying the carrier with a first area and a flexible substrate overlying the release layer and the carrier with a second area, wherein the second area is larger than the first area and the flexible substrate has a greater adhesion force than that of the release layer to the carrier. The disclosure also provides a method for fabricating the substrate structure.

Abstract: A method for producing a plasma display panel having a base layer including metallic oxides and agglomerated particles dispersed on the base layer includes the following steps of: forming the base layer on the dielectric layer; spreading an organic solvent in which the agglomerated particles are dispersed on the base layer to form a coating layer thereon; drying the coating layer under a reduced pressure to form an organic solvent coating film on at least the base layer; disposing the rear plate and the front plate on which the coating film is formed so as to face each other; heating the front plate and the rear plate facing each other to evaporate the coating film, dispersing the agglomerated particles on the base layer, and removing components of the evaporated coating film from the discharge space; and sealing the rear plate and the front plate from which the coating film is evaporated to each other.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions, useful in ink jet printing methods, that prevent clogging during dispensing, achieve stable dispensing, prevent precipitating of content matter during dispensing, and prevent phase separation during film formation. Also disclosed are uniform, homogenous, functional films formed using the compositions and manufacturing methods therefor, as well as organic EL devices and other such display devices and manufacturing methods therefor. The compositions contain a functional material and a solvent comprising at least one benzene derivative having one or more substituents, whereby the substituents have at least three carbon atoms in total.

Abstract: A color filter array is provided in an electro-optic display by ink jet printing a plurality of colored areas (22R, 22G, 22B) on one surface of a layer of electro-optic material (12), an adhesive layer or a protective layer. Alternatively, the ink jet printing may be effected on the same layers in various sub-assemblies used to produce electro-optic displays.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a panel from a base using a droplet ejection apparatus including two groups of heads with each group including first to fourth heads. In each group, the nozzle arrays of the first and third heads overlap throughout a first sub-area, the nozzle arrays of the first and fourth heads overlap throughout a second sub-area, and the nozzle arrays of the second and fourth heads overlap throughout a third sub-area when viewed from a second direction. The second sub-areas of the two groups partially overlap each other when viewed from the second direction. The method includes preparing the base, and supplying the liquid materials of the predetermined colors onto the base in the form of the droplets by ejecting the droplets by the droplet ejection apparatus while mutually moving the base and the head unit in the second direction.

Abstract: A method for forming a thin film by discharging a liquid including a material for forming the thin film, the material being dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, from a plurality of nozzles so as to dispose the liquid into a plurality of predetermined areas included in an effective area set on a substrate to form the thin film while the plurality of nozzles and the substrate are relatively scanned, includes: (a) forming a plurality of reception parts surrounded by a plurality of partitions and bottoms of the predetermined areas, the partitions being provided around the predetermined areas; and (b) forming a plurality of thin films by disposing the liquid from the nozzles into the reception parts. In step (a), a plan view area of at least one of the reception parts in a peripheral area of the effective area is made smaller than a plan view area of the reception part in a central area of the effective area.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions, useful in ink jet printing methods, that prevent clogging during dispensing, achieve stable dispensing, prevent precipitation of content matter during dispensing, and prevent phase separation during film formation. Also disclosed are uniform, homogenous, functional films formed using the compositions and manufacturing methods therefor, as well as organic EL devices and other such display devices and manufacturing methods therefor. The compositions contain a functional material and a solvent comprising at least one benzene derivative having one or more substituents, whereby the substituents have at least three carbon atoms in total.

Abstract: The various embodiments of the invention provide an addressable or a static emissive display comprising a plurality of layers, including a first substrate layer, wherein each succeeding layer is formed by printing or coating the layer over preceding layers. Exemplary substrates include paper, plastic, rubber, fabric, glass, ceramic, or any other insulator or semiconductor. In an exemplary embodiment, the display includes a first conductive layer attached to the substrate and forming a first plurality of conductors; various dielectric layers; an emissive layer; a second, transmissive conductive layer forming a second plurality of conductors; a third conductive layer included in the second plurality of conductors and having a comparatively lower impedance; and optional color and masking layers. Pixels are defined by the corresponding display regions between the first and second plurality of conductors.

Abstract: A multi-layer coating structure with anti-reflection, anti-static and anti-smudge functions includes a substrate and a coating module. The coating module is formed on a front surface of the substrate and composed of a plurality of indium tin oxide compound coating layers and a plurality of silicon dioxide compound coating layers that are alternately stacked upon each other. The coating module further includes a fluorocarbon compound coating layer that is the uppermost layer of the coating module. Because the surface layer has good electrical conductive properties, the surface layer reduces much of the work in the grounding process and also increases the total yield and reliability in high volume production. The present invention provides a surface conductive layer structure with an anti-reflection coating that can be applied to the LCD and PDP display industries for glass and plastic film substrates.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for producing display devices for forming deposited patterns conforming to pixels on a substrate by means of elongated evaporation sources and a deposition mask having regularly arranged apertures, the method including the steps of arranging the deposition mask and the substrate in such a way that the long sides of the apertures and pixels are parallel to the lengthwise direction of the evaporation sources irrespective of the direction in which the display panel regions are arranged within the substrate; and moving the substrate and the deposition mask relative to the evaporation sources, thereby forming the deposited patterns conforming to the pixels on the substrate.

Abstract: A method for making a liquid crystal display screen includes the steps of: providing a base comprising a surface; manufacturing a substrate, wherein manufacturing a substrate comprises: placing a carbon nanotube layer on the surface of the base, the carbon nanotube layer comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes substantially aligned along a same direction; applying a fixing layer on a surface of the carbon nanotube layer, thereby obtaining a first substrate; and supplying a liquid crystal layer, wherein the carbon nanotubes of a first substrate are arranged perpendicular to that of a second substrate.

Abstract: A binder material layer including an evaporation material is formed over a main surface of an evaporation source substrate, a substrate on which a film is formed is placed so that the binder material layer and a main surface thereof face each other, and heat treatment is performed on a rear surface of the evaporation source substrate so that the evaporation material in the binder material layer is heated to be subjected to sublimation or the like, whereby a layer of the evaporation material is formed on the substrate on which a film is formed. When a low molecular material is used for the evaporation material and a high molecular material is used for the binder material, the viscosity can be easily adjusted, and thus, film formation is possible with higher throughput than conventional film formation.

Abstract: An electrochromic display device includes a display substrate, a counter substrate facing the display substrate, counter electrodes formed on the counter substrate, at least first and second display electrodes arranged between the display substrate and the counter electrodes, the first display electrode and the second display electrode having a predetermined distance from each other, a first electrochromic layer arranged on the first display electrode and a second electrochromic layer arranged on the second display electrode, an electrolyte layer arranged between the respective first and the second display electrodes and the counter electrodes, and a protective layer made of an insulator material formed on a counter electrode facing side surface of one of the first and the second display electrodes such that the protective layer is sandwiched between the selected one of the first and the second display electrodes and a corresponding one of the first and the second electrochromic layers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a front substrate of a plasma display panel and fabricating method thereof, by which color temperature, color purity, and contrast of PDP are enhanced. The present invention includes an upper dielectric layer containing a colorant therein. And, the present invention includes the step of forming an upper dielectric layer having a colorant added thereto.

Abstract: Evaporation chamber for depositing a protective film on a surface, where a dielectric layer is formed, of front substrate, front substrate is formed a display electrode and the dielectric layer thereon; transporting unit for transporting front substrate into evaporation chamber; gas introducing units for introducing gas containing H2O into evaporation chamber; and partial pressure detecting unit for measuring a certain partial pressure of gas within evaporation chamber, extending from the center of deposition space of evaporation chamber to the downstream of transport direction of front substrate are provided. Gas containing H2O is introduced from gas introducing units such that the partial pressure of gas is controlled in the partial pressure detecting unit.

Abstract: In method of forming a dielectric film and a Plasma Display Panel (PDP) using the dielectric film, a paste is coated on a substrate and forms a dielectric film, and a lateral surface of a terminal portion of the dielectric film has a contact angle in a range of 30 to 80° with respect to a surface of the substrate. The PDP preferably includes: a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other and forming a discharge space; a plurality of pairs of sustain electrodes arranged on the first substrate; and a plurality of address electrodes arranged on the second substrate. At least one dielectric film is preferably arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate, and a lateral surface of a terminal portion of the dielectric film preferably has a contact angle in a range of 30 to 80° with respect to a surface of the first substrate.

Abstract: A printing screen, printing process and method for improving side-bottom ratio are provided. The printing screen mainly comprises a plurality of printing units, wherein each of the printing units comprises a body and a protrusion structure. The body has an ink aperture, and the protrusion structure extends from a surface of the body into the ink aperture. The printing process of a fluorescent layer in a plasma display panel utilizing the said printing screen can enhance the uneven film thickness of the fluorescent layer on the bottom of a discharge chamber, and further improve the side-bottom ratio of the fluorescent layer in a plasma display panel.

Abstract: An electronic display containing a light source and a color filter set, the color filter set comprising: a green color filter having a green filter layer comprising a first pigment having its maximum absorption at a wavelength from 600 to 700 nm wherein at least 90 volume percent of the first pigment particles have a particle size less than 300 nm, and a second pigment having its maximum absorption at a wavelength from 400 to 500 nm wherein at least 90 volume percent of the second pigment particles have a particle size less than 300 nm, and wherein the green filter layer has a transmittance of 60% or more at a wavelength of 520 nm and of no more than 10% at a wavelength of 480 nm and of no more than 10% at a wavelength of 590 nm; a blue color filter having a blue filter layer; a red color filter having a red filter layer; and wherein the color gamut defined by the electronic display has a % NTSCx,y ratio greater than 88%.

Abstract: A process for producing mosaics, tiles or various figures where the construction of these items retains the article or design inside the mosaic, tile or figure. The article or design may be of many different themes, such as underwater life including fish, shells and sea plants. Other themes might include, but not be limited to, trees, flowers, vegetables, fruits, etc. These finished mosaics, tiles or figures can be displayed anywhere that will allow the mounting of a tile such as in bathrooms, on walls, ceilings, floors, swimming pools (interior or exterior), etc.

Abstract: An ink-jet composition for a color filter excellent in storage stability, straightness and sustainability at the time of ejection from a head, wherein a cured layer thereof is excellent in heat resistance, adhesive property, and solvent resistance. The ink-jet ink composition for a color filter is a specific epoxy group-containing polymer (A), a specific epoxy group-containing compound (B) having two or more specific epoxy groups and a polycarboxlic acid derivative (C) in which specific carboxylic acid (c1) having alicyclic hydrocarbon is rendered latent by vinyl ether (c2), wherein the equivalence ratio of carboxyl groups rendered latent by the polycarbonoxylic acid derivative (C) to the total epoxy groups contained in the epoxy-group containing polymer (A) and the epoxy-group containing compound (B) is in the range from 0.7 to 1.1.

Abstract: The present invention is a ceramic discharge vessel for use in high-intensity-discharge (HID) lamps. The discharge vessel has a ceramic body and at least one seal region comprised of an aluminum oxynitride material. The seal region further has a surface layer for contacting a frit material wherein the surface layer is less reactive than the aluminum oxynitride material with respect to the molten frit during sealing. Preferably, the surface layer has a lower nitrogen content than the aluminum oxynitride material. The less reactive surface acts to minimize the formation of bubbles in the sealing frit during the sealing operation.

Abstract: A method for producing a layered article having a layer of particles stacked on a substrate, including the following steps: (1): preparing a mixed particle dispersion liquid by dispersing, in a liquid dispersion medium, inorganic particle chains (A) in a volume fraction of from 0.30 to 0.84, each of the chains being composed of three or more particles with a particle diameter of from 10 to 60 nm attached to each other in a chain form, inorganic particles (B) having an average particle diameter of from 1 to 20 nm in a volume fraction of from 0.10 to 0.45, and particles (C) having an average particle diameter Dc of larger than 20 nm in a volume fraction of from 0.06 to 0.25, (2): applying the mixed particle dispersion liquid onto the substrate, and (3): removing the liquid dispersion medium from the mixed particle dispersion liquid applied, thereby forming, on the substrate, the particle layer having a thickness of D that satisfies 0.5D?Dc?D.

Abstract: This invention provides a means for suppressing streaks of light emission in an organic EL display having an organic light-emitting layer formed by coating by an ink jet method. A manufacturing process of the organic EL display of this invention includes: preparing a display substrate having two or more linear banks in parallel to each other, and two or more pixel regions arranged in a region between the linear banks; arranging an ink jet head such that the alignment direction of nozzles and the line direction of the linear banks are in parallel; and relatively moving the ink jet head in a direction perpendicular to the line direction of the linear banks and discharging the ink from the nozzles to apply the ink to every region defined by the linear banks.

Abstract: An embodiment provides a liquid crystal display (LCD) color filter substrate comprises a transparent substrate and a black matrix, which comprises a plurality of horizontal bars and vertical bars. Electrode lines are provide on the horizontal bars or vertical bars of the black matrix, and are used to eliminate charges accumulated on the transparent substrate.

Abstract: A method of applying to a display substrate color elements and addressing busbars in a defined alignment relative to each other includes: forming said color elements and said busbars on a surface of a transfer carrier; 10 adhering said color elements and said busbars to said display substrate; and removing said transfer carrier.

Abstract: Light in the visible spectrum is modulated using an array of modulation elements, and control circuitry connected to the array for controlling each of the modulation elements independently, each of the modulation elements having a surface which is caused to exhibit a predetermined impedance characteristic to particular frequencies of light. The amplitude of light delivered by each of the modulation elements is controlled independently by pulse code modulation. Each modulation element has a deformable portion held under tensile stress, and the control circuitry controls the deformation of the deformable portion. Each deformable element has a deformation mechanism and an optical portion, the deformation mechanism and the optical portion independently imparting to the element respectively a controlled deformation characteristic and a controlled modulation characteristic. The deformable modulation element may be a non-metal.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a multi-touch LCD panel. A conductive colloidal mixture formed by mixing a plurality of conductive particles and a colloid is coated on the electrode layer of the counter substrate and is solidified to make the conductive particles electrically connect to the corresponding sensing electrodes of the array substrate. Consequently, when an external force is applied to one touching position on the counter substrate, the conductive particles electrically connect the sensing electrodes to the electrode layer and the touching signal of the position can be obtained. Due to the integration of the conductive particles into the liquid crystal cell gap, the multi-touch LCD panel has the advantages of slimness and lightness. Moreover, the manufacturing process of the conductive particles is introduced after the conventional counter substrate manufacturing method, and the objective of simple process, low cost and high yields can be achieved.

Abstract: The various embodiments of the invention provide an addressable or a static emissive display comprising a plurality of layers, including a first substrate layer, wherein each succeeding layer is formed by printing or coating the layer over preceding layers. Exemplary substrates include paper, plastic, rubber, fabric, glass, ceramic, or any other insulator or semiconductor. In an exemplary embodiment, the display includes a first conductive layer attached to the substrate and forming a first plurality of conductors; various dielectric layers; an emissive layer; a second, transmissive conductive layer forming a second plurality of conductors; a third conductive layer included in the second plurality of conductors and having a comparatively lower impedance; and optional color and masking layers. Pixels are defined by the corresponding display regions between the first and second plurality of conductors.

Abstract: An ink composition for a color filter includes about 100 parts by weight of a pigment dispersion, about 7 parts by weight to about 65 parts by weight of a thermosetting resin having hydroxyl group at a side chain of the thermosetting resin, about 0.015 part by weight to about 1.5 parts by weight of a thermal initiator, about 0.8 part by weight to about 15 parts by weight of an epoxy-based resin containing fluorine, and about 15 parts by weight to about 165 parts by weight of a solvent. A color filter substrate is manufactured using the ink composition for color filter. The ink composition for the color filter improves straightness of ink jetting through an ink-jetting nozzle and prevents the ink composition from spreading to neighboring pixels.

Abstract: Method of and apparatus for depositing a spacer on a substrate is provided. The invention includes depositing a first ink including an adhesive agent on a first area of the substrate and depositing a second ink including supporting elements on a second area of the substrate, the second area greater than and encompassing the first area. A portion of the second ink evaporates such that the supporting elements within the second ink migrate into the first area and bond to the adhesive agent in the first ink, forming a spacer. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a full color, reflective display includes the steps of depositing a first plurality of electrophoretic display elements in substantial registration with a first electrode and a second plurality of electrophoretic display elements in substantial registration with a second electrode. The electrophoretic display elements include a capsule containing a species of particles dispersed in a suspending fluid. The selective deposition of the display elements can be achieved by ink jet printing methods, screen printing methods or other printing methods. In some embodiments the electrodes are printed onto the substrate before selective deposition of the display elements, while in other embodiments the substrate is provided having the electrodes already disposed on it. In still other embodiments, the sequence of printing of electrodes and electrophoretic display elements can be varied.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a PDP includes: a partition forming step to form a first partition (124) and a second partition (125) substantially perpendicular to the first partition (124) on an address-electrode dielectric layer (122) of a rear substrate (120); a base layer forming step to form a base layer after the partition forming step by moving a base-forming-agent applying nozzle (200) along a second groove formed between the second partitions (125) and applying a base forming agent (201) thereto; and a phosphor layer forming step to form a phosphor layer after the base layer forming step by moving a phosphor applying nozzle along a first groove formed between the first partitions (124) and applying a phosphor paste thereto.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display according to an embodiment includes: a substrate; a plurality of signal lines formed on the substrate; a thin film transistor connected to the signal lines; a pixel electrode connected to the thin film transistor; an insulating layer covering the signal lines and having a first contact hole exposing a first end of the signal lines; and a first bridge connected to the signal lines through the first contact hole. The first bridge is disposed on the edge of the substrate, and the cross-section of the first bridge is exposed in the side direction of the substrate. A method for manufacturing a display device according to an embodiment includes forming a signal line on a first substrate; forming a passivation layer on the signal line, the passivation layer including a contact hole exposing a portion of the signal line; forming a bridge on the contact hole; and coating a sealant on the contact hole.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a semiconductor nanocrystal in a layer. The layer can be a non-polymeric layer.

Abstract: A substrate structure applied in flexible electrical devices is provided. The substrate structure includes a carrier, a release layer overlying the carrier with a first area and a flexible substrate overlying the release layer and the carrier with a second area, wherein the second area is larger than the first area and the flexible substrate has a greater adhesion force than that of the release layer to the carrier. The invention also provides a method for fabricating the substrate structure.

Abstract: A first pressure generating chamber, which is sealed by a first elastic plate mounted with a first piezoelectric element at one surface, and a second pressure generating chamber, which is sealed by a second elastic plate mounted with a second piezoelectric element at one surface are formed in a casing. The second pressure generating chamber is formed with an opening which is a discharge port. A mixture is discharged from the discharge port. A nozzle formed with an opening jets gas toward a substrate surface, and is provided in the vicinity of the discharge port of the ink head.

Abstract: An Interferometric Modulator (IMod) is a microelectromechanical device for modulating light using interference. The colors of these devices may be determined in a spatial fashion, and their inherent color shift may be compensated for using several optical compensation mechanisms. Brightness, addressing, and driving of IMods may be accomplished in a variety of ways with appropriate packaging, and peripheral electronics which can be attached and/or fabricated using one of many techniques. The devices may be used in both embedded and directly perceived applications, the latter providing multiple viewing modes as well as a multitude of product concepts ranging in size from microscopic to architectural in scope.

Abstract: A method of patterning a substrate according to several steps, including: a) mechanically locating a first masking film over the substrate; and b) segmenting the first masking film into a first masking portion and one or more first opening portions in first locations. Next, mechanically locate a first removal film over the first masking portion and first opening portions. Afterwards, one or more of the first opening portions are adhered to the first removal film. The first removal film and one or more of the first opening portions adhered to the first removal film are mechanically removed to form one or more first openings in the first masking film. Finally, materials are deposited over the substrate through the first openings in the first masking film.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an organic EL element according to the present invention comprises the steps of forming pixel electrodes (801), (802), (803) on a transparent substrate (804) and forming on the pixel electrodes by patterning luminescent layers (806), (807), (808) made of an organic compound by means of an ink-jet method. According to this method, it is possible to carry out a high precise patterning easily and in a short time, thereby enabling to carry out optimization for a film design and luminescent characteristic easily as well as making it easy to adjust a luminous efficiency.